Psych Exam 2

normative social influence

"the need to be liked".... influence of other people that comes from the desire to avoid disapproval and other social sanctions (asch's line experiment)

informational social influence

"the need to be right"... influence of other people as a source of info as to what is correct, proper, effective (smoke filled room experiment)

recall vs. recognition memory

*recall*: ability to retrieve and reproduce information encountered earlier (what was your 1st grade teacher's name?) *recognition*: ability to identify information you have previously seen read, or heard about (shown 2 names... which was your 1st grade teacher?)

internal factors that influence aggression

-age (1-3 are most aggressive) -gender (males tend to me more aggressive) -personality traits

At what age do people appear to be the most aggressive?

1 to 3 years

Gottman's Four Horsemen of the Relationship Apocalypse

1) criticism 2) stonewalling 3) defensiveness 4) contempt

external factors that influence aggression

1) frustration aggression theory frustration signals that a goal has been thwarted... aggressive feelings arise to motivate goal achievement 2) unpleasant events being provoked, social exclusion, temperature, loud noise, being in a messy place 3) being around weapons 4) violent media exposure

What is the difference between stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination?

Stereotypes are based on beliefs, prejudice is based on emotions, and discrimination is based on behavior.

Which of the following is true of Milgram's (1963, 1965) research on obedience to authority?

With each increment of shock voltage, fewer participants obeyed, but about 65% still administered 450 volts (the highest level).

working memory

a memory system in which currently-relevant memories are maintained & manipulated

quillian's model

a model attempting to teach language to a computer

prejudice

a negative attitude or affective response toward a certain group and its individual members

right-wing authoritarianism

a social attitude characterized by a high degree of submissiveness, aggression, and conventionalism

Milgram Obedience Studies

a teacher and a learner (learner is a confederate), teacher thought that they were shocking the learner if they got a word wrong... 1st experiment --> t & l in different rooms... 65% shocked at highest level (450V) 2nd experiment --> t & l in the same room... 40% shocked at highest level (450V) 3rd experiment --> t placed l's hand on shock... 30% shocked at highest level

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

a technique for revealing nonconscious prejudices toward particular groups

subtle biases

a type of modern bias, unexamined an sometimes unconscious biases with real consequences

Ruby is angry at her little sister for wearing Ruby's favorite shirt without permission and then spilling paint on it. Ruby walks over to her sister and yells at her. Ruby's actions are an example of ________.

aggression

hostile aggression

aggression in which causing pain or harm is the only goal

instrumental aggression

aggression in which the pain or harm caused is a means to some other goal

discrimination

an action directed against persons of a certain group based on their membership in that group

social dominance orientation

and old fashioned bias, the extent to which one desires one's in-group to be dominant and superior to out-groups... High SDO= preference for hierarchy-enhancing ideologies + policies Low SDO= preference for hierarchy attenuating ideologies + policies

aggression

any behavior that involves the intention to harm another... an unintentional behavior that is undesired by the victim

Identity Privilege

any benefit or advantage one receives in society because of their identity

While walking out of a convenience store, Nicholas openly mocks the clerk's accent to his friend. "EVERY convenience store I go into is owned by an Indian," he says. "Can't they do anything else?" Nicholas's open expression of his opinion and his lack of embarrassment suggests that this is a(n) ________ bias.

blatant

conformity

changing one's behavior or beliefs in response to some real or imagined pressure from others (elevator video)

what is chunking in memory?

clustering individual elements into groups together... ex: 1492

blatant bias

conscious beliefs, feelings, and behavior that people are perfectly willing to admit, are mostly hostile, and openly favor their own group

explicit long term memory

conscious memory for events and knowledge that we can recall

memory cue

context that activates associated memories

old-fashioned bias

explicit, saying things outright to people... blatant biases

gratitude

feelings of appreciation or thankfulness in response to receiving a benefit

internal causes of happiness

inborn temperament, personality, outlook, resilience

memory priming

info in semantic memory can be highly active without you realizing it... easier to recognize than non-primed info

forgetting is due to

interference

Stenberg's Triangular Theory of Love

intimacy-feelings of emotional closeness passion- physical love commitment- deciding to stay together romantic love= passion + intimacy companionate love= intimacy + commitment fatuous love= passion + commitment CONSUMATE LOVE= all three

humility

involves a clear and accurate sense of one's abilities & achievements... the ability to acknowledge one's own mistakes & limitations

repetition priming

it is easier to process info a second time if it was processed once before

word length effect

it is more difficult to remember a list of long words than a list of short words

verbal short term memory

made up of two mechanisms: phonological loop & articulatory control process

modern bias

more implicit/unconscious biases

Shania notices that all of her high school friends have started wearing glitter eye shadow to school. She doesn't really like the look but she wants to fit in with the crowd, so she starts wearing it too. Shania has engaged in __________.

normative social influence

subjective well-being (SWB)

overall life satisfaction and happiness

phonological similarity effect

people are better at remembering lists of dissimilar sounding words than similar words

Bargh (1996)

people who read suggestive old people words walked slower

stereotype content model

perceived competition predicts warmth vs coldness perceived status predicts competence vs incompetence pity | pride/admiration ------------------------- disgust | envy

All of the following factors influence subjective well-being except?

productivity

what influences attraction?

proximity, familiarity, similarity, personality characteristics

Recall that through either photographic or computer technology, researchers can make a composite (or "averaged") face out of any number of individual faces. When people are asked to rate the attractiveness of composite faces relative to individual faces,

regardless of sex, people tend to prefer composite faces.

retrospective memory

remembering information from the past

prospective memory

remembering to do things in the future (ex: taking pills)... active monitoring or spontaneous retrieval

stages of memory

sensory --> working --> long-term

echoic memory

sensory memory for auditory information

iconic memory

sensory memory for visual information

sensory memory

short-lasting memory for sensory info

procedural memory

skills that are important to performing a task but you can't explain them (eg. riding a bike)

interventions for aggression

social learning, cooperation

episodic memory (explicit)

specific memory of a time, place, or event

Thinking and feeling that your life is going well is defined as what?

subjective well-being

obedience

submitting to the demands of the person in authority, typically in a relationship of unequal power

external causes of happiness

sufficient material resources, sufficient social resources, desirable society

Asch's Line Experiment

tested normative social influence... 76% conformed erroneously to the majority

perceptual memory

the ability to recognize patterns

descriptive norms

the behavior exhibited by most people in a given context

stereotype

the belief that certain attributes are characteristic of members of a particular group

propinquity effect

the closer two people are physically the greater the odds that an attraction will develop between them

forgiveness

the decision to give up your perceived or actual right to get even with or hold in debt someone who has wronged you

Distance is to ______________ as familiarity is to ______________.

the propinquity effect; the mere exposure effect

social psychology

the scientific study of the way in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people

implicit long term memory

unconscious memory that is only observable through examination of behavior

automatic biases

unintended, irresistible, immediate biases (eg. sports team allegiance)

3 main components of working memory

visuospatial short-term memory, verbal short-term memory, and executive attention

semantic memory

your knowledge base... info you can report even if you don't remember learning it

universal standards of beauty

youthfulness, clear skin, symmetry, average features