Psych Exam 2
normative social influence
"the need to be liked".... influence of other people that comes from the desire to avoid disapproval and other social sanctions (asch's line experiment)
informational social influence
"the need to be right"... influence of other people as a source of info as to what is correct, proper, effective (smoke filled room experiment)
recall vs. recognition memory
*recall*: ability to retrieve and reproduce information encountered earlier (what was your 1st grade teacher's name?) *recognition*: ability to identify information you have previously seen read, or heard about (shown 2 names... which was your 1st grade teacher?)
internal factors that influence aggression
-age (1-3 are most aggressive) -gender (males tend to me more aggressive) -personality traits
At what age do people appear to be the most aggressive?
1 to 3 years
Gottman's Four Horsemen of the Relationship Apocalypse
1) criticism 2) stonewalling 3) defensiveness 4) contempt
external factors that influence aggression
1) frustration aggression theory frustration signals that a goal has been thwarted... aggressive feelings arise to motivate goal achievement 2) unpleasant events being provoked, social exclusion, temperature, loud noise, being in a messy place 3) being around weapons 4) violent media exposure
What is the difference between stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination?
Stereotypes are based on beliefs, prejudice is based on emotions, and discrimination is based on behavior.
Which of the following is true of Milgram's (1963, 1965) research on obedience to authority?
With each increment of shock voltage, fewer participants obeyed, but about 65% still administered 450 volts (the highest level).
working memory
a memory system in which currently-relevant memories are maintained & manipulated
quillian's model
a model attempting to teach language to a computer
prejudice
a negative attitude or affective response toward a certain group and its individual members
right-wing authoritarianism
a social attitude characterized by a high degree of submissiveness, aggression, and conventionalism
Milgram Obedience Studies
a teacher and a learner (learner is a confederate), teacher thought that they were shocking the learner if they got a word wrong... 1st experiment --> t & l in different rooms... 65% shocked at highest level (450V) 2nd experiment --> t & l in the same room... 40% shocked at highest level (450V) 3rd experiment --> t placed l's hand on shock... 30% shocked at highest level
Implicit Association Test (IAT)
a technique for revealing nonconscious prejudices toward particular groups
subtle biases
a type of modern bias, unexamined an sometimes unconscious biases with real consequences
Ruby is angry at her little sister for wearing Ruby's favorite shirt without permission and then spilling paint on it. Ruby walks over to her sister and yells at her. Ruby's actions are an example of ________.
aggression
hostile aggression
aggression in which causing pain or harm is the only goal
instrumental aggression
aggression in which the pain or harm caused is a means to some other goal
discrimination
an action directed against persons of a certain group based on their membership in that group
social dominance orientation
and old fashioned bias, the extent to which one desires one's in-group to be dominant and superior to out-groups... High SDO= preference for hierarchy-enhancing ideologies + policies Low SDO= preference for hierarchy attenuating ideologies + policies
aggression
any behavior that involves the intention to harm another... an unintentional behavior that is undesired by the victim
Identity Privilege
any benefit or advantage one receives in society because of their identity
While walking out of a convenience store, Nicholas openly mocks the clerk's accent to his friend. "EVERY convenience store I go into is owned by an Indian," he says. "Can't they do anything else?" Nicholas's open expression of his opinion and his lack of embarrassment suggests that this is a(n) ________ bias.
blatant
conformity
changing one's behavior or beliefs in response to some real or imagined pressure from others (elevator video)
what is chunking in memory?
clustering individual elements into groups together... ex: 1492
blatant bias
conscious beliefs, feelings, and behavior that people are perfectly willing to admit, are mostly hostile, and openly favor their own group
explicit long term memory
conscious memory for events and knowledge that we can recall
memory cue
context that activates associated memories
old-fashioned bias
explicit, saying things outright to people... blatant biases
gratitude
feelings of appreciation or thankfulness in response to receiving a benefit
internal causes of happiness
inborn temperament, personality, outlook, resilience
memory priming
info in semantic memory can be highly active without you realizing it... easier to recognize than non-primed info
forgetting is due to
interference
Stenberg's Triangular Theory of Love
intimacy-feelings of emotional closeness passion- physical love commitment- deciding to stay together romantic love= passion + intimacy companionate love= intimacy + commitment fatuous love= passion + commitment CONSUMATE LOVE= all three
humility
involves a clear and accurate sense of one's abilities & achievements... the ability to acknowledge one's own mistakes & limitations
repetition priming
it is easier to process info a second time if it was processed once before
word length effect
it is more difficult to remember a list of long words than a list of short words
verbal short term memory
made up of two mechanisms: phonological loop & articulatory control process
modern bias
more implicit/unconscious biases
Shania notices that all of her high school friends have started wearing glitter eye shadow to school. She doesn't really like the look but she wants to fit in with the crowd, so she starts wearing it too. Shania has engaged in __________.
normative social influence
subjective well-being (SWB)
overall life satisfaction and happiness
phonological similarity effect
people are better at remembering lists of dissimilar sounding words than similar words
Bargh (1996)
people who read suggestive old people words walked slower
stereotype content model
perceived competition predicts warmth vs coldness perceived status predicts competence vs incompetence pity | pride/admiration ------------------------- disgust | envy
All of the following factors influence subjective well-being except?
productivity
what influences attraction?
proximity, familiarity, similarity, personality characteristics
Recall that through either photographic or computer technology, researchers can make a composite (or "averaged") face out of any number of individual faces. When people are asked to rate the attractiveness of composite faces relative to individual faces,
regardless of sex, people tend to prefer composite faces.
retrospective memory
remembering information from the past
prospective memory
remembering to do things in the future (ex: taking pills)... active monitoring or spontaneous retrieval
stages of memory
sensory --> working --> long-term
echoic memory
sensory memory for auditory information
iconic memory
sensory memory for visual information
sensory memory
short-lasting memory for sensory info
procedural memory
skills that are important to performing a task but you can't explain them (eg. riding a bike)
interventions for aggression
social learning, cooperation
episodic memory (explicit)
specific memory of a time, place, or event
Thinking and feeling that your life is going well is defined as what?
subjective well-being
obedience
submitting to the demands of the person in authority, typically in a relationship of unequal power
external causes of happiness
sufficient material resources, sufficient social resources, desirable society
Asch's Line Experiment
tested normative social influence... 76% conformed erroneously to the majority
perceptual memory
the ability to recognize patterns
descriptive norms
the behavior exhibited by most people in a given context
stereotype
the belief that certain attributes are characteristic of members of a particular group
propinquity effect
the closer two people are physically the greater the odds that an attraction will develop between them
forgiveness
the decision to give up your perceived or actual right to get even with or hold in debt someone who has wronged you
Distance is to ______________ as familiarity is to ______________.
the propinquity effect; the mere exposure effect
social psychology
the scientific study of the way in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people
implicit long term memory
unconscious memory that is only observable through examination of behavior
automatic biases
unintended, irresistible, immediate biases (eg. sports team allegiance)
3 main components of working memory
visuospatial short-term memory, verbal short-term memory, and executive attention
semantic memory
your knowledge base... info you can report even if you don't remember learning it
universal standards of beauty
youthfulness, clear skin, symmetry, average features