psyc 311 ch7

basic cry

A rhythmic pattern usually consist of a cry , followed by a briefer silence, then a shorter inspiratory whistle that is somewhat higher in pitch than the main cry, the another brief rest before the next cry. Usually triggered by hunger

Infants develop an internal working model

A simple mental model of the caregiver, their relationship, and the self as deserving of nurturant care Also play a pivotal role on the discovery of links between attachment and subsequent emotional understanding and self-perception

social smile

A smile that occurs in response to an external stimulus, typically a face in the case of a young infant. Social smiling occur as young as 4 to 6 weeks of age

reflexive smile

A smile the occur in response to external stimuli and appears during the first month after birth, usually during sleep

pain cry

A sudden long , initial cry followed by breath holding; no preliminary moaning is present. Triggered by a high-intensity stimulus

angry cry

A variation of the basic cry in which more excess air is forced through the vocal cords. This cry has a loud, harsh sound to it almost like shouting.

Extraversion/surgency

Positive anticipation, impulsivity, activity level, and sensation seeking. Uninhibited children fit in this category

Common way to classify emotions is positive and negative

Positive emotions: Enthusiasm, joy, and love Negative: Anxiety, anger, guilt, and sadness

difficult child (10% of the children)

Reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and slow to accept change

Jerome Kagan

concluded that the structural immaturity of the infant brain make it unlikely that emotions requiring thought (guilt, pride, despair, shame, empathy, and jealousy) can be experienced in the first year

Babies first forms of emotional communication are

cries and laughs

hree basic types of temperament:

easy child, difficult child, and slow to warm up child

primary emotions

emotions that are present in humans and other animals. These emotions appear within the first 6 months of human infant's development. Include: surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust

Separation protest:

he fear infants when being separated from caregiver, they usually cry when caregiver is leaving

Cries may provide information about the

health of the newborn's central nervous system

later in infancy

infants sometimes redirect their attention or distract themselves from arousal

During the first-year infants gradually develops an ability to

inhibit, or minimize, the intensity and duration of emotional reactions

social referencing

is "reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a specific situation Infants become better at this in their second year

independence

is an important issue in the 2nd year of life Stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt. Doing too much for the infant at this age would spoil them

smiling

is critical as a means of developing and is a key social signal

family

is the constellation of subsystems-a complex whole made up of interrelated, interacting parts- defined in terms of generation, gender, and role. Father and child Mother and father Mother-father-child

Insecure resistant babies

often cling to the caregiver and resist her by fighting against the closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away. In the Strange Situation these babies often cling anxiously to the caregiver and don't explore the playroom. When the caregiver leaves, they often cry loudly and push away if she tries to comfort them on her return.

fear

one of a baby's first emotions that typically appears at about 6 month of age and peak at about 18 months. Abused and neglected babies start to show appear at about 3 months.

Many parents worry that child care would

reduce their infants attachment to them and slow down their cognitive development

Goodness to fit

refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with.

There are two types of smiles in infants

reflexive smile and social smile

Self-conscious emotions:

self-awareness that involves consciousness and a sense of "me". Include: jealousy, empathy, embarrassment, pride, shame, guilt, Occur for the first time at some point in the second half of the first year or during 2nd year

Insecure avoidant babies

show insecurity by avoiding the mother. In the Strange Situation, these babies engage in little interaction with the caregiver, are not distressed when she leaves the room, usually does not reestablish contact on her return, and may even turn their back on her. If contact is established, the infant usually leans away or look away.

The most frequent fear of infants involves ___, in which an infant shows a fear an wariness of strangers.

stranger anxiety First appear at 9 months when the fear of strangers is more intense and peak at around 1 year of age

Early in infancy babies put their thumbs in their mouths to soothe themselves but

they first mainly depend on caregivers for soothing

prenatal leave

2 million kids in the US receive licensed child care Millions uncounted by unlicensed "baby-sitters"

a toddler can use words to state how they feel by

2 years of age

Effortful control (self-regulation)

Attentional focusing and shifting, inhibitory control, perceptual sensitivity, and low-intensity pleasure Children that are high in effortful show and ability to keep their arousal under control

The more stressed the mother is the faster the baby's heart rate occur

Babies detect their mother's stress.

In infancy emotion play an important role in:

Communication with others Infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as joy, sadness, interest, and fear Behavioral organization Emotions influence infants' social responses and adaptive behavior as they interact with others in their world

Negative affectivity

Fear, frustration, sadness, and discomfort These children are easily distressed and may cry often; inhibited kids fit in this category

Kagam's Behavioral Inhibition: 3 broad dimensions best represent temperament:

Extraversion/surgency, Negative affectivity, Effortful control (self-regulation)

easy child (40% of the children)

Generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences

Slow-to-warm-up child (15% of children)

Has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood

true

Newborns tend to response to cries or negative facial expressions when they hear other newborns cry. (Newborns of depressed mothers showed less vocal distress when another infant cried, reflecting emotional and physiological dysregulation)

Bowlby's four phases of attachment

Phase 1: from birth to 2 months. Infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures. Strangers, siblings, and parents are equally likely to elicit smiling or crying from the infant. Phase 2: from 2 to 7 months. Attachment becomes focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver, as the baby gradually learns to distinguish familiar and unfamiliar people. Phase 3: from 7 to 24 months: specific attachments develop. With increased locomotor skills, babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers, such as mother and father Phase 4: from 24 months on. Children become aware of others' feelings, goals, and plans and begin to take these into account in forming their own actions.

true

Parent can distinguish the cry of their own baby better than those of another baby

Infants are securely or insecurely attached in one or three ways:

Securely attached babies, Insecure avoidant babies, Insecure resistant babies, and Insecure disorganized babies

Temperament involves individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristics ways of responding.

Shows the differences in how individuals emotions are shown, how strong it is, how long it last, and how quickly it fades away

crying

The most important mechanism newborns have for communication.

true

The percentage of infants who engage in separation protest vary by culture but they all seem to peak at the same age, just before the middle of the second year of age

emotion

a feeling or affect that occurs when a person is in a state of an interaction that is important to him or her, especially in relation to his or her well-being.

Strange situation (Ainsworth)

an observational measure of infant attachment in which the infant experiences a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order. The caregiver's presence provides the infant security and comfort

Insecure disorganized babies

are disorganized and disoriented. In the Strange Situation, these babies might appear dazed, confused, and fearful. To be classified as disorganized, babies must show strong patterns of avoidance and resistance or display certain specified behaviors, such as extreme fearfulness around the caregiver.

Freud, Erikson, and Bowlby

argued that infants become attach to a person by oral satisfaction. Saying that's is how infants are attach to their mom because of feeding

Infants have at least 3 typed of cries

basic cry, angry cry, and pain cry

kagan

believe that children inherit a physiology that biases them to have a particular type of temperament. They may learn to modify their temperament to some degree

Securely attached babies

use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment. When in the presence of their caregiver, securely attached infants explore the room and examine toys that have been placed in it. When the caregiver departs, securely attached infants might protest mildly, and when the caregiver returns these infants reestablished positive interaction with her, perhaps by smiling or climbing on her lap. Subsequently, they often resume playing with the toys in the room.

Emotional development and coping with stress are influenced by

whether caregivers have maltreated or neglected children and whether children's caregivers are depressed or not

A caregiver's emotional expression corresponds

with the baby's and vice versa

The ability of infants to communicate emotions permits coordinated interactions

with their caregivers and the beginning of an emotional bond between them