ISTQB Exam Prep

Equivalence Partitioning

A black box testing technique appropriate to all levels of testing

Decision testing

A form of control flow testing based on decision outcomes

Keyword-driven testing

A scripting technique that uses data files to contain not only test data and expected results, but also keywords related to the application being tested. The keywords are interpreted by special supporting scripts that are called by the control script for the test.

Stub

A skeletal or special-purpose implementation of a software component, used to develop or test a component that calls or is otherwise dependent on it. It replaces a called component.

Driver

A software component or test tool that replaces a component that takes care of the control and/or the calling of a component or system.

Why are static testing and dynamic testing described as complementary?

Because they share the aim of identifying defects but differ in the types of defect they find

CAST stands for

Computer Aided Software Testing

The purpose of exit criteria is

Define when to stop testing, end of test level, and when a set of tests has achieved a specific precondition

In a risk-based approach, the risks identified may be used to:

Determine the test technique to be employed, determine the extent of testing to be carried out, and prioritize testing in an attempt to find critical defects as early as possible.

A MAJOR test planning test is

Determining exit criteria

A MAJOR test planning task

Determining the exit criteria

Static testing is performed by

Developers and designers

Typical defects that are easier to find in reviews than in dynamic testing are

Deviations from standards, requirement defects, design defects

IEEE

Does not come under international standard

User Acceptance Testing (UAT)

During this event, the entire system is tested to verify that all functional, information, structural, and quality requirements have been met. A predetermined combination of tests is designed that when executed successfully, satisfy management that the system meets specifications.

Benefits of using test tools?

Easy to access information about tests and testing and Greater consistency of tests.

EULA

End User License Agreement

A static analysis tool would be most useful for

Enforcement of coding standards

Black Box Testing Techniques

Equivalence partitioning, state transition, and Use Case Testing

Fault Masking is

Error condition hiding another error condition

Is not the project risk

Error-prone software delivered

Best basis for fault attack testing?

Experience, defect and failure data, knowledge about software failures

Best test approach when there are poor specifications and time pressures

Exploratory Testing

Setting aggressive schedules, integrating complex systems, and failing to control changes

Factors contribute to humans making mistakes that can lead to faulty software.

includes both Black box and White Box Testing features

Gray Box testing

Success factor when rolling out a new tool?

Provide training and mentoring to new users

Success factors when rolling out a new tool

Provide training and mentoring to new users.

Type of tools to be used for Regression Testing

Record/Playback

Type of tools used for Regression Testing

Record/Playback

Potential benefit of using the test support tools?

Reducing repetitive work and gaining easy access to test information.

Majority of system errors occur in the ________ phase

Requirements Phase

In which phase static tests are used

Requirements, Design, and Code

Static Analysis

Same as static testing and done by the developers

Defect arrival rate curve:

Shows the number of newly discovered defects per unit time

A common test technique during component test is

Statement and branch testing

Decision testing

Structure-based testing

System Integration testing should be done after

System testing

Reviewing the test Basis is a part of which phase

Test Analysis and Design

What consists of a set of input values, execution preconditions and expected results?

Test Case

Hand over of Testware is a part of which Phase

Test Closure Activities

Code Coverage is used as a measure of what?

Test Effectiveness

Reporting discrepancies as incidents is a part of which phase

Test Implementation and execution

Test data planning essentially includes

Test Procedure Planning

Test Case grouped into Manageable and scheduled units are called as:

Test Suite

The ____________ may facilitate the testing of components or part of a system by stimulating the environment in which the test object will run

Test harness

Risks of managing your project's schedule with a statistical reliability model are:

Testers spend more energy early in the product trying to find bugs than preparing to do the rest of the project's work more efficiently, managers might not realize that the testing effort is ineffective, late in the project, because they expect a low rate of bug fining, so the low rate achieved doesn't alar, them. It can increase the end-of-project pressure on testers to not find bugs, or to not report bugs.

Exploratory Testing

Testing carried out to achieve specific test objectives, possibly to complement structed testing.

Complete statement and branch coverage means:

That you have tested every statement and every branch in the program.

Difference between the metrics-based approach and the expert-based approach for test estimation:

The metrics-based approach uses calculations from historical data while the expert based approach relies on team wisdom.

What does the term "Test Pyramid" refer to and illustrate situations for?

The number of automated unit tests is higher than the number of automated tests for higher test levels.

Moderator

The person who leads the review of the documents, planning the review, running the meeting and follow-up after the meeting.

Failure rate

The ratio of the number of failures relative to a category and a unit of measure.

test procedure specification

The specification which describes steps required to operate the system and exercise test cases in order to implement the associated test design.

Why are experience-based test design techniques useful?

They can identify tests not easily captured by formal techniques and they make good use of tester's knowledge, intuition, and experience

Experience-based test design techniques are useful because:

They can identify tests not easily captured by formal techniques and they make good use of tester's knowledge, intuition, and experience.

Goals of a Pilot Project for tool evaluation:

To evaluate how the tool fits with existing processes and practices, to determine use, management, storage, maintenance of the tool and test assets, and to assess whether the benefits will be achieved at reasonable cost.

Test comparator tool usually associated with

Tool support for test execution and logging

requirements management tool

Tool which stores requirement statements, check for consistency and allow requirements to be prioritized and enable individual tests to be traceable to requirements, functions, and features

Requirements management tools

Tool which stores requirement statements, checks for consistency and allows requirements to be prioritized and enable individual tests to be traceable to requirements, functions, and features.

Capture/Playback

Tools involved in the automation of regression test?

What is a type of non-functional testing?

Usability testing

Business scenarios

Use cases can be performed to test

developers

Usually performs debugging activities

What can static analysis NOT find?

Whether the value stored in a variable is correct

Is a major task of evaluating exit criteria and reporting

Writing a test summary report for stakeholders

Tests are prioritized so that:

You do the best testing in the time available

Best definition of complete testing:

You have discovered every bug in the program.

Describe a characteristic of a keyword driven test execution tool

a table with test input data, action words, and expected results, controls the execution of the system under test.

Equivalence partition

an input or output range of values such that only one value in the range becomes a test case

Why is successful test execution automation difficult?

because the maintenance of the test system is difficult.

Not a Component testing

check the decision tables

Static Analysis

defects cab be found that are difficult to find with dynamic testing

Regression testing

ensure that alterations do not break existing functionality/performance

Black box testing techniques

equivalence partition, decision tables, and transaction diagrams

Purpose of test design technique is

identifying test conditions and identifying test cases

Activities performed during the selection and implementation of a testing tool

investigate the organization's test process, conduct a proof of concept, and identify coaching and mentoring requirements for the use of the selected tool.

External Failure

maintenance releases and technical assistance centers are examples of what costs of quality?

Statement coverage will not check for

missing statements

A project risk includes:

organizational factors

What is a potential product risk factor?

poor software functionality

Can be considered as success factors when deploying a new tool in an organization

providing coaching to users and defining usage guidelines.

Potential benefits of using test support tools.?

reducing repetitive work and gaining easy access to test information

Acceptance test cases are based on what

requirements

White Box Testing

same as glass box testing or clear box testing

The principal attributes of tools and automation are

speed and efficiency & accuracy and precision

Tests typically performed by developers

static analysis and dynamic analysis

Test Incident Report

summarizes the testing activities associated with one or more test design specifications.

In formal review, Rework: fixing defects found typically done by

the Author

Static analysis is best described as

the analysis of program code.

What is the important criterion in deciding what testing technique to use?

the objective of the test

Testing throughout the project in a three-dimensional sense refers to the following dimensions

time, organizational, and cultural

What is the main purpose of exit criteria?

to define when to stop testing

Software engineer's role in tool selection

to identify, evaluate, and rank tools and recommend tools to management.

A test comparator tool usually associated with

tool support for test execution and logging

A potential risk in using test support tools

underestimating the effort needed to maintain the test assets

During the software development process, at what point can the test process start?

when the software requirements have been approved

When to stop testing?

when the test completion criteria is met

A KEY test closure task is..

writing a test summary report

If you find a lot of bugs in testing....

you should not be very confident about the quality of software

Failure is

Incorrect program behavior due to a fault in the program

What is the benefit of independent testing?

Independent testers tend to be unbiased and find different defects

IEEE stands for

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

A benefit of test independence

It avoids author bias in defining effective tests

Why is exploratory testing a useful test design technique?

It is useful when there are limited specification documents available and when the testing is constrained due to time pressures

The principle of Cyclomatic complexity, considering L as edges or links, N as nodes, and P as independent paths

L - N + 2P

Requirement specifications, test cases, and user guides are good candidates for

Manual static testing

Test harness

May facilitate the testing of components or parts of a system by simulating the environment in which the test object will run.

Syntax testing

Not a part of white box testing

easy to implement and maintain

Not considered as a benefit of testing tools

The most important tests first

Order in which tests should be run?

PDCA

Plan, Do, Check, Act

During which test activity could faults be found most cost-effectively?

Planning

Main phases of a formal review

Planning, kick off, individual preparation, review meeting, rework, follow up

Equivalence Partition

An input or output range of values such that only one value in the range becomes a test case.

Characteristics of a keyword driven test execution tool:

A table with test input data, action words, and expected results, controls the execution of the system under test.

State Transition Testing

A test technique used which may be used to verify different systems depending on current conditions or previous history.

Decision Table Testing

A test technique which combines combinations of inputs that might not otherwise have been exercised during testing.

Component integration testing can be done

After component testing

Error guessing is best used

After more formal techniques have been applied

Branch testing

Also known as Algorithm test or Arc testing. A white box test design technique in which test cases are designed to execute branches.

Exploratory Testing

Best test approach when there are poor specifications and time pressures?

Equivalence Partitioning, State Transition, Use Case Testing, and Decision Table are all

Black Box testing Techniques

Skill and staff shortages

Categorized as project risks

In any software development lifecycle model, what are characteristics of good testing?

Having corresponding testing activity for each development activity, testers should be involved in reviewing documents as soon as drafts are available, and each test level has test objectives specific to that level.

Reviews, static analysis, and dynamic testing have the same objective

Identifying defects

Which aspects of testing will establishing traceability help?

Impact analysis and requirements coverage

Which activitiy in the fundamental test process creates test suites for efficient test execution?

Implementation and execution