IT ERA (HISTORY OF COMPUTERS)

Napier's Bones

Allow the operator to multiply, divide and calculate square and cube roots by moving the rods around and placing them in specially constructed boards

Electronic Discrete Variable Computer

EDVAC stands for

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer

ENIAC stands for

John Presper Eckert & John W. Mauchl(y), 1946

ENIAC was developed by

Augusta Ada Byron

First computer programmer in 1840

Harvard Mark 1

First electro-mechanical computer

Arithmometer

First mass produced calculating machine

Professor John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry, Iowa state 1939, 1942

Invented Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)

John Napier, 1614

Invented Napier's Bones

Charles Babbage, 1822 and 1834

Invented difference and analytical engine

Blaise Pascal, 1642

Invented pascaline

William Oughtred, 1622

Invented slide rule

Gottfried Wilhem Leibniz, 1672

Invented stepped reckoner

Homan Hollerith, 1890

Invented tabulating machine

Joseph-Marie Jacquard

Invented the jacquard loom

Babylonia, 2400 BC

Place and year where abacus was invented

China, 500 BC

Place and year where the abacus in the form we are most familiar was first used

Obsorne Computer Corporation, 1981

Released the Obsorne 1

Universal Automatic Computer

UNIVAC 1 stands for

Slide Rule

Used primarily for division, multiplication, logarithms and trigonometry Not for addition and subtraction

Augusta Ada Byron

Writes the program for analytical engine

Jacquard Loom

a mechanical loom that simplifies the process of manufacturing textiles with complex patterns. The loom was controlled by a "chain of cards", a number of punched cards, laced together into a continuous sequence.

Transistors

allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable. still generated a lot of heat causing computer damage

Arithmometer

mechanical calculator

Abacus

mechanical device used to perform mathematical calculations and basic arithmetic operations

Z1

to program the Z1 required that the user insert punch tape into a punch tape reader and all output was also generated through punch tape

Fifth Generation

today-future

2nd generation

transistors

Semiconductors

transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips called ________________ this drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers

40 vacuum tubes

1 transistor is equal to how many vacuum tubes

First Generation

1946-58

Second Generation

1959-64

Third Generation

1965-70

Fourth Generation

1971-today

Vacuum tubes

1st gen computer used this for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory often enormous, taking up entire rooms very expensive to operate, requires great electricity, generate more heat causing malfunctions

GUIs, mouse and handheld device

4th gen also saw the development of

microprocessors

4th gen comp thousand of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip

Difference Engine and Analytical Engine

Automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate POLYNOMIAL functions.

Scheutzian Calculation Engine

Based on Charles Babbage's difference engine

machine language

Binary code made up of 0s and 1s; usually this is data converted from a high-level language by a compiler. Often used as a synonym for low-level programming language.

IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC)

Harvard Mark 1 is also known as

EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)

Has a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data

Pascaline

Limitation to addition and subtraction

Stepped Reckoner

Machine that can add, subtract, multiply, divide automatically

4th gen

Microprocessors

Tally Sticks

ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers, quantities, or even messages

Microprocessors

as these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks which eventually led to the development of internet

Tabulating machine

assist in summarizing information and accounting

Slide Rule

based on Napier's ideas about logarithms

3rd gen computers

comps becomes accessible to a mas audience for the first time bc they were smaller and cheaper

Machine Language

computers relied on this the lowest language understood by computers, to perform operations, they can also solve one problem at a time

Von Neumann, 1952

designed EDVAC

John Presper Eckert & John W. Mauchly

developed UNIVAC 1

UNIVAC 1

first commercial computer

Electronic Controls Company

first computer company

Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)

first electronic digital computing device

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)

first electronic general purpose computer

Difference Engine and Analytical Engine

first mechanical computer

Osborne 1

first portable computer

Scheutzian Calculation Engine

first printing calculator

Z1

first programmable computer

Arithmometer

first reliable, useful and commercially successful calculating machine Can perform the 4 basic mathematic function

EDVAC

first stored program computer

John Presper Eckert & John W. Mauchly

founded the Electronic Controls Company

develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization

goal of 5th gen

paralled processing and superconductors

helping to make AI a reality

machine language

input was based on punched cards and paper tape and output was displayed on printouts

Howard H. Aiken, 1943

invented Harvard Mark 1

Per Georg Scheutz

invented Scheutzian Calculation Engine

Konrad Zuse, 1936-38

invented Z1

Thomas de Colmar, 1820

invented arithmometer

4rh gen

microprocessors

Second Generation computers

moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, assembly, languages which alllowed programmers to specify instructions in words

Semiconductors

much smaller and cheaper than 2nd gen computers can carry out instructions in billionths of a second

5 generations

number of computer generations

Transistors

replaced vacuum tubes

Punch Card

second gen computers still relies on this for input and printouts for output

3rd gen

semiconductors

voice recognition

some application/s in 5th gen

artificial intelligence (AI)

the 5th gen is based on this it is still in development

Development of the Integrated Circuit

the hallmark of the third gen computers

Transistors

these were also the first computers that stores their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology

3rd gen computers

users interacted with _________computers through KEYBOARDS and MONITORS and interfaced with an OPERATING SYSTEM, which allowrd the device to run many different apps at one time with a central program that monitored the memory

1st gen (device)

vacuum tubes