IT ERA (HISTORY OF COMPUTERS)
Napier's Bones
Allow the operator to multiply, divide and calculate square and cube roots by moving the rods around and placing them in specially constructed boards
Electronic Discrete Variable Computer
EDVAC stands for
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
ENIAC stands for
John Presper Eckert & John W. Mauchl(y), 1946
ENIAC was developed by
Augusta Ada Byron
First computer programmer in 1840
Harvard Mark 1
First electro-mechanical computer
Arithmometer
First mass produced calculating machine
Professor John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry, Iowa state 1939, 1942
Invented Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
John Napier, 1614
Invented Napier's Bones
Charles Babbage, 1822 and 1834
Invented difference and analytical engine
Blaise Pascal, 1642
Invented pascaline
William Oughtred, 1622
Invented slide rule
Gottfried Wilhem Leibniz, 1672
Invented stepped reckoner
Homan Hollerith, 1890
Invented tabulating machine
Joseph-Marie Jacquard
Invented the jacquard loom
Babylonia, 2400 BC
Place and year where abacus was invented
China, 500 BC
Place and year where the abacus in the form we are most familiar was first used
Obsorne Computer Corporation, 1981
Released the Obsorne 1
Universal Automatic Computer
UNIVAC 1 stands for
Slide Rule
Used primarily for division, multiplication, logarithms and trigonometry Not for addition and subtraction
Augusta Ada Byron
Writes the program for analytical engine
Jacquard Loom
a mechanical loom that simplifies the process of manufacturing textiles with complex patterns. The loom was controlled by a "chain of cards", a number of punched cards, laced together into a continuous sequence.
Transistors
allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable. still generated a lot of heat causing computer damage
Arithmometer
mechanical calculator
Abacus
mechanical device used to perform mathematical calculations and basic arithmetic operations
Z1
to program the Z1 required that the user insert punch tape into a punch tape reader and all output was also generated through punch tape
Fifth Generation
today-future
2nd generation
transistors
Semiconductors
transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips called ________________ this drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers
40 vacuum tubes
1 transistor is equal to how many vacuum tubes
First Generation
1946-58
Second Generation
1959-64
Third Generation
1965-70
Fourth Generation
1971-today
Vacuum tubes
1st gen computer used this for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory often enormous, taking up entire rooms very expensive to operate, requires great electricity, generate more heat causing malfunctions
GUIs, mouse and handheld device
4th gen also saw the development of
microprocessors
4th gen comp thousand of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip
Difference Engine and Analytical Engine
Automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate POLYNOMIAL functions.
Scheutzian Calculation Engine
Based on Charles Babbage's difference engine
machine language
Binary code made up of 0s and 1s; usually this is data converted from a high-level language by a compiler. Often used as a synonym for low-level programming language.
IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC)
Harvard Mark 1 is also known as
EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)
Has a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data
Pascaline
Limitation to addition and subtraction
Stepped Reckoner
Machine that can add, subtract, multiply, divide automatically
4th gen
Microprocessors
Tally Sticks
ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers, quantities, or even messages
Microprocessors
as these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks which eventually led to the development of internet
Tabulating machine
assist in summarizing information and accounting
Slide Rule
based on Napier's ideas about logarithms
3rd gen computers
comps becomes accessible to a mas audience for the first time bc they were smaller and cheaper
Machine Language
computers relied on this the lowest language understood by computers, to perform operations, they can also solve one problem at a time
Von Neumann, 1952
designed EDVAC
John Presper Eckert & John W. Mauchly
developed UNIVAC 1
UNIVAC 1
first commercial computer
Electronic Controls Company
first computer company
Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
first electronic digital computing device
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
first electronic general purpose computer
Difference Engine and Analytical Engine
first mechanical computer
Osborne 1
first portable computer
Scheutzian Calculation Engine
first printing calculator
Z1
first programmable computer
Arithmometer
first reliable, useful and commercially successful calculating machine Can perform the 4 basic mathematic function
EDVAC
first stored program computer
John Presper Eckert & John W. Mauchly
founded the Electronic Controls Company
develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization
goal of 5th gen
paralled processing and superconductors
helping to make AI a reality
machine language
input was based on punched cards and paper tape and output was displayed on printouts
Howard H. Aiken, 1943
invented Harvard Mark 1
Per Georg Scheutz
invented Scheutzian Calculation Engine
Konrad Zuse, 1936-38
invented Z1
Thomas de Colmar, 1820
invented arithmometer
4rh gen
microprocessors
Second Generation computers
moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, assembly, languages which alllowed programmers to specify instructions in words
Semiconductors
much smaller and cheaper than 2nd gen computers can carry out instructions in billionths of a second
5 generations
number of computer generations
Transistors
replaced vacuum tubes
Punch Card
second gen computers still relies on this for input and printouts for output
3rd gen
semiconductors
voice recognition
some application/s in 5th gen
artificial intelligence (AI)
the 5th gen is based on this it is still in development
Development of the Integrated Circuit
the hallmark of the third gen computers
Transistors
these were also the first computers that stores their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology
3rd gen computers
users interacted with _________computers through KEYBOARDS and MONITORS and interfaced with an OPERATING SYSTEM, which allowrd the device to run many different apps at one time with a central program that monitored the memory
1st gen (device)
vacuum tubes