Italian Art Exam 1

Master of the Saint Francis Cycle, early 14th century, Upper Church of San Francesco, Assisi

*Know all 3 scenes: talking to San Damiano crucifix, renouncing his worldly goods (with his father and bishop), and dream of Pope Innocent - attention to architecture - lots of color - no facial expression

Giotto's Frescoes of the Lives of the Virgin and Christ, and Last Judgment, made in 1305, Arena Chapel, Padua.

*Know the close up scenes starry blue sky was a common type of ceiling. He had some vices and virtues. Italian painter and architect from Florence. He is generally considered the first in a line of great artists who contributed to the Italian Renaissance. Commissioned by a wealthy man named Enrico Scrovegni, the son of a well-known banker (and a banker himself).

Giotto's Scenes from the Life of St. Francis, made in 1320s, Bardi Chapel, Santa Croce, Florence (Stigmata)

Above the entrance to the chapel is Giotto's Stigmatization of St. Francis. Christ's Crucifixion pierced St. Francis's soul "with a sword of compassionate grief," and when the vision disappeared, the marks of the nails began to appear in his hands and feet, turning rapidly into the nails themselves-the heads on one side, the bent down points on the other-and his right side was marked with a wound that often bled. A later version of the life of St. Francis

Jacopo Torriti's Coronation of the Virgin, made in 1294, commissioned by Pope Nicholas IV, in Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome

Apse mosaic - Story of the Virgin Mary and her death - Christ crowning her as the queen of heaven - Linear style of Byzantine art - Inclusion of many birds and 4 main colors

Filippo Brunellesci's Old Sacristy, San Lorenzo, made 1421-28, Commissioned by Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici and Cosimo de' Medici, Florence

Architectural sculpture by Donatello. they were buried simply. got the right to bury themselves inside. semi circular umbrella dome. terra cotta on frieze. fluted Corinthian plasters. dome on pendentives. supports dome. for dome to fit in square space. rests on pendentives.

Duccio's Maestà, made 1308-11, commissioned by the Opera del Duomo, for the High Altar of Siena Cathedral

Based on the narrative sequence, starting with the infancy of Christ on the front predella and finishing with the post-resurrection scenes on the back pinnacles, followed by the scenes of the later life of the Virgin on the front pinnacles.

Santa Maria Novella, begun 1246, Florence (Dominican)

Black and white stonework on the pointed arches - Italian Gothic style (4 part flat vaults) - Smaller amount of stained glass - Made from pietra forte (local limestone)

Cimabue's Crucifix, made in 1280, commissioned by the Franciscans for Santa Croce, Florence

Christ is suffering - Virgin Mary and John the Evangelist - 14' tall - Composition based on Christus patiens - Byzantine inspired

Duccio's Rucellai Madonna, made in 1285, commissioned by the Società della Vergine for Santa Maria Novella, Florence

Commissioned in 1285 by a group founded to combat heresy, the "Society of the Virgin Mary." Known as the Laudesi from the lauds or hymns of praise they sang to the Virgin Mother, this group had its own chapel at Santa Maria Novella.

Ugolino di Verio's Reliquary of the Santo Corporeale made in 1337, Orvieto Cathedral

Created to show the relic with the blood stains, Gothic pinnacles and dark blue enamel work. have been carried in procession through Orvieto on the feast day of Corpus Christi. For the scenes from the miracle of Bolsena and life of Christ, Ugolino followed the representations on Duccio's Maestii; for the new scenes representing the miracle at Bolsena, Commissioned by Bishop Tiamo Monaldeschi and the Canons of Orvieto Cathedral.

Simone Martini's The Investiture of St. Martin, made 1320-30, commissioned by Gentile Partini for the Lower Church of St. Francesco, Assisi

Demonstrates narrative ability. Scenes shown here are: The Mass of St. Martin, The Miracle of t'ire,The Knighting of St.Martin, St.Martin in the lmperial Camp, and, in the entrance arch, Sts. Mary Magdalen and Catherine of Alexandria.

Andrea Bonaiuti's (aka Andrea da Firenze) Way of the Church, aka (The Triumph of Salvation) the Navicella, made 1366-68, Chapter House, (Spanish Chapel), Santa Maria Novella, Florence

For Buonamico Guidalotti. Shows how do dominicans get to heaven. saints mathew (angel) Saint luike is ox. Saint john is eagle. and saint mark is lion. intellectual monks. Drawn florence cathedral. reigning pope. cardinal royal emporer. dogs=domiinican, dogs of the lord. dancers, may festivals bring flowers and branches. in florence considered holiday. live life and be holy= domincan preaching. throne=sacrificial lamb. training monks confessions.

Ambrogio Lorenzetti's Allegory of Good Government and the Effects of Good Government in the City and the Country, made 1338-39, commissioned by the Commune of Siena, Palazzo Publico, Siena

Fresco in the Sala della Pace (Room of the Nine), Symbols for peace and fear

Giotto's Scenes from the Life of St. Francis, made in 1320s, Bardi Chapel, Santa Croce, Florence (Funeral)

Funeral of St. Francis, the tomb that was removed left an outline on the piece. The saint lies upon a bier. Friars crowd around him, weeping, kissing his hands and feet, or gazing into his face. Priests and monks at the saint's head intone the service for the dead. A richly dressed knight, his back to the spectator, kneels beside Francis and thrusts his hand into the wound in the saint's side in order to prove Francis's stigmata. Above, angels bear the released soul heavenward, his Franciscan habit now transformed into a celestial amethyst shade.

Siena Cathedral, facade

Gothic and roman inspired. is by the sculptor Giovanni Pisano. -Marble sculpture (originally) with other, colored stones and mosaic panels (largely restored). Most of the sculptures are copies; The bell tower seen here dates from before l2l5 and is the only surviving part of an earlier cathedral dedicated in 1179. The arches seen to the right were part of a Trecento expansion of the cathedral that was never completed; they would have formed the side aisle of a new nave.

Arnolfo di Cambio's Santa Croce, begun 1294, Florence (Franciscan)

Gothic pinnacles - Stained glass and pointed arches - Cimabue cross - Large timber-roofed nave (3 aisles) - vaulted polygonal apse separated from nave by triumphal arch - Octagonal columns (needless because there's no vaulting)

Arnolfo di Cambio's Palazzo della Signoria aka Palazzo Vecchio, made 1299-1310, Florence

Heavily rusticated - French Gothic mullioned windows with trefoil arches - Crenelations on top of building - Large lower story - The principle governing body of Florence - Major symbol of this city - One of the largest and last Italian medieval communal palaces to be built - Symbolizes the victory of civic harmony over the internal strife that tore the republic apart

Siena Cathedral, interior

Large altarpiece. The cathedral is built with two colors of marble: white from Catrara and dark green from Prato. It was lengthened by the addition of two bays in the choir area in the fourteenth century

Michelozzo di Bartolommeo's Palazzo Medici, begun 1444, Florence

Medici commission. guy comes back from exiled, for years purchased hoses (10 houses) piano, etc living story. has garden (rare) courtyard. dental molds. interior courtyard to let light in. safe place for women to walk. Corinthian columns. famous copies of gems and medals. open to public. visiting dignitaries would come.

Cimabue's Enthroned Madonna and Child with Angels and Prophets, made in 1280, commissioned for the high altar of Santa Trinità, Florence

Most ambitious panel painting attempted at the time - Angels holding the throne - Old testament prophets with scrolls of the Virgin birth - Restrained style - Eye structure is a characteristic of his style

Giotto's Enthroned Madonna with Saints (Ognissanti Madonna), made 1305-1310, commissioned for the high altar of the Church of the Ognissanti, Florence

Ognissanti=all saints Saints occupy realistic space. angels holding lily and roses symbolize enclosed vessel, virgin mary reference. After mary dies she is queen of heaven, wears crown.

Taddeo Gaddi's Annunciation to the Shepherds, made 1328-30, Baroncelli Chapel, Santa Croce, Florence

One of the first night scenes, Light only coming from the angel, Scientific influence of light?

Nicola Pisano's Pisa Baptistery Pulpit, made in 1260, commissioned by Archbishop Fredrigo Visconti

Panel with the Annunciation, Nativity and Annunciation to the Shepherds - 6 sided pulpit - Multicolored marble columns - Eagle of Saint John - Still in same location

Simone Martini and Lippo Memmi's Annunciation with Two Saints, made in 1333, commissioned by the Opera del Duomo for the Siena Cathedral

Saint Ansanus and Saint Margaret - Symbol of purity of the Virgin Mary - The angel, is crowned with olive leaves and holds an olive branch, is a symbol of peace. In the center of the marble floor is a vase of lilies which is a symbol of Mary's purity.

Bonaventura Berlinghieri's St. Francis Altarpiece, made in 1235, in San Francesco, Pescia

Saint Francis with scenes/miracles from his life - One of the first altarpieces that promoted the his cult - Considered to be Christ-like - Earliest known image of St Francis - Interest in emotional reaction - No attempt to represent natural space

Simone Martini's The Dream of St. Martin, made 1320-30, commisioned by Gentile Partini for the Lower Church of St Francesco, Assisi

Siena loves plaid. Christ appears to st.martin. under a rose and blue plaid silk coverlet heightened by gold threads. The simple architecture holds the sleeping saint, while the details of bed hangings and chest add an element of authenticity. The expressiveness of the faces is typical of Simone's style. in Simone's panel paintings, , stylistic principles espoused by Duccio is maintained.

Andrea di Cione's (called Orcagna) Enthroned Christ with Madonna and Saints, made 1354-7, commissioned by Tommaso di Rossello Strozzi, Strozzi Chapel, Santa Maria Novella

St. peter and St. dominic are closest to christ. st. catherine of alexandria. virgin mary and christ, is not naturalistic, mandorla around christ's head. sarafene angels with folded wings. (dominicans are blessed)

Lorenzo Maitani's Genesis and Last Judgment, Orvieto Cathedral

The reliefs represent the story of Adam and Eve scenes of genesis. Maitmani and his collaborators dispensed with the customary frame for such reliefs and composed the scenes in horizontal strips with closely packed figures. In contrast to fresco, the work proceeded form the bottom up. similar to roman midieval apse mosaics.

San Damiano Crucifix, made in 12th century, Assisi

The speaking crucifix that told Saint Francis to rebuild the church - Triumphant Christ surrounded by angels and followers - Still in existence

Andrea Orcagna's Marble Tabernacle, for Daddi's Madonna, made in 1355, commissioned by the Capitani of the Compagnia di Orsanmichele, Florence

after the terrible summer of the black death. The scale-more than 36 feet tall-and magnificent materials were made possible by the tremendous sums given to Orsanmichele as a result of the plague. Marble with glass mosaic background. The tabernacle is rich with sculpted reliefs and figures, and its white marble architecture is encrusted with iniaid ornament in blue, gold, and patterned glass. Orcagna's transformation of the Gothic style into a richer, more highly decorated

Papessa and Pope tarot cards, made 1441-7, for Bianca Visconti and Francesco Sforza

francescan woman dressed as pope when there was no pope. the female pope was not as valuable as the other cards.

Castello del Buonconsiglio's The Months (April-September), before 1407 Eagle's Tower, Trent, commissioned by Georg von Lichtenstein, Bishop of Trent

not purely secular, for the cycles of nature were considered a revelation of the divine order that orchestrates all of life. The repeated patterns of flowery meadows, Ieafy forests, and fields with haystacks here are surely meant to suggest the design motifs common in French Gothic tapestries and are a reminder that, during the Gothic period, a secular ruler would prefer to decorate his residence with tapestries than frescoes. Provided insulation, more valuable than frescoes.

Bernardo Daddi's Madonna and Child Enthroned with Angels, made in 1347, commissioned by the Capitani of the Compagnia di Orsanmichele, Florence

notes: incense candle, sweet gesture, gold finch (passion of christ) (gold finch pulls out his thorns later) finch references what is to cmoe later. christian society. (PAINTING IS LOCATED INSIDE GRAIN MARKET) this work was MAKING MIRACLES. linked to past. brought good luck. in the art worl, people dying, workshops died, masters passing out traditions, died of another reason. Late medieval and early Renaissance histories considered the replacement or recreation of an older painting as an act of homage. It was believed that the potency of the original was inherited or even intensified by the substitute. in the church of Orsanmichele, which replaced two earlier miraculous images. Located in the oratory where all guilds met, and tended by its own confraternity whose members devoutly sang hymns before it, the Orsanmichele Madonna was among the city's most venerated works.

Filippo Brunelleschi's Cathedral Dome, made 1420-36. Commissioned by the Arte della Lana (Wool Guild) and the Opera del Duomo, Florence

notes: people didnt know how to make a dome. solution: made outer dome adn inner dome. used pulleys. kept pointed top gothic. heavy stone, bottom ribs. lighter near top. stairway. medium: Construction materials: pietra forte (local limestone) and brick; decorative materials include white marble from Carrara, dark green marble from Prato, and pink marble. Similar to rome, completed dome exactly half as wide as it is tall. 72 braccia by 144 braccia. four semicylindrical exedrae that function as buttresses. based on circular roman temples. at the Duomo the columns are paired-a favorite Brunelleschian motif-and alternate with shellheaded niches. The eight ribs of the dome culminate in eight buttresses, each surmounted by a volute. Each angle is decorated with a Corinthian pilaster.

Filippo Brunelleschi's Santo Spirito, begun 1434, Florence

paid for by public money. its a perished church. 3 aisle and shuckle, roundeed arches. corinthian capitals. using modules. coffers pierstory windows. plan, nave dome. wanted doors and chapels to be rounded, he didnt get the sculptural look he wanted. hray stone. white plaster. space cubes with semi domes on top. vaults piers. USED RATIOS OF MULTIPLES.

Master of the Triumph of Death, The Triumph of Death, made in 1330's, Camposanto, Pisa

reveals an understanding of both Florentine and Sienese innovations of the period. The enclosed cemetery next to Pisa Cathedral is known as the Camposanto (holy field) because it contained earth brought from the Holy Land. The Tbree Liuing and the Three Dead are found at the far left. 3 nobleman come across 3 open coffins. center of this left section is a heap of Death's most recent victims, oblivious to death. Last Judgment, Christ and Mary are side-by-side in twin mandorlas. while Christ uses his left hand to display the wound in his side, Mary shrinks back in fear. The dead arise from square tombs while an expansive representation of hell to the right completes the program. The fresco as a whole reminds us of how art functioned in a culture and society distinctly different from our own.

Giotto's Scenes from the Life of St. Francis, made in 1320s, Bardi Chapel, Santa Croce, Florence (Undergoing Fire)

st. francis claims "my faith is so strong, I will not be burned walking through fire. Islamic priests walk away not willing to walk fire.

Palazzo Davanzati frescoes of the Chastelaine de' Vergi, made in 1395

story: a woman who ran a wealthy house. had a secret love affair with a knight who worked for burgundy. duchess of burgundy pursued him (even tho she is married) the knight tells the duke of burgundy about his wife and love affair. duchess, upset, finds this out and plays a trick that she knows about love affair. the wealthy woman, sad commits suicide. the knight follows suite. the duke kills duchess and duke goes to Jerusalem crusade. fresco cycle really high.

C&C the various scenes from the Life of St. Francis from the Upper Church at Assisi (and even Giotto's Bardi chapel frescoes) with Andrea Bonaiuti/Andrea da Firenze's frescoes of the Triumph of the Church in the Guidalotti/Spanish Chapel, (and possibly Orcagna's Enthroned Christ) in Santa Maria Novella, Florence. Discuss how the differences between Dominicans and Franciscans are revealed in these images. You will also need to discuss the differences and similarities in location, function, audience and patronage of these works.

the differences between Dominicans and Franciscans are revealed.... the differences and similarities in location, function, audience and patronage of these works....

Bonino da Campione's Equestrian Monument for Bernabò Visconti, made in 1363, high altar of San Giovanni in Conca, Milan

the guy who died was supposed to rule, he was poisoned,. christian..bernabo took the papers and made deligates eat the documents (lamb skin) he over taxed everyone. his nephew deposed him and killed him. executed him. before he died, he commissioned this equestrian statue. (figures depicted= justice, strength, 4 evangeliosts. crucifixion scene. hes in full armor, back has serpent, swallows man. s of serpent in front. hes a mercenary general, CONDOTIERRE. overlords snatched territories this way, carqophigous. (even if they dont desrerve it, shows christ to show you are religious person.)