Jazz Age

Charles Lindbergh

(February 4, 1902 - August 26, 1974), nicknamed Slim, Lucky Lindy, and The Lone Eagle, was an American aviator, author, inventor, military officer, explorer, and social activist.

Lynching

(of a mob) kill (someone), especially by hanging, for an alleged offense with or without a legal trial.

Disposable

(of an article) intended to be used once, or until no longer useful, and then thrown away.

Fundamentalist

A conservative movement in theology among nineteenth- and twentieth-century Christians. Fundamentalists believe that the statements in the Bible are literally true. Note: Fundamentalists often argue against the theory of evolution.

National Origins Act

A law that severely restricted immigration by establishing a system of national quotas that blatantly discriminated against immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and virtually excluded Asians. The policy stayed in effect until the 1960s.

Warren G. Harding

A political leader of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, who served as president from 1921 to 1923.

Herbert Hoover

A political leader of the twentieth century, who was president from 1929 to 1933. Hoover became famous for his direction of relief work in Europe after World War I. He had been president only a few months when the Great Depression began ( see stock market Crash of 1929, stock market, and Hoovervilles ).

Josephine Baker

A twentieth-century African-American actress, dancer, singer, and civil rights activist. She gained her international reputation first in Europe.

Mass Advertising

Advertising designed to reach large numbers of people, for example through newspapers and television.

Consumer products

As an example, The United States Consumer Product Safety Act (CPSA), enacted in 1972 by Congress, has an extensive definition of consumer product: "any article, or component part thereof, produced or distributed (i) for sale to a consumer for use in or around a permanent or temporary household or residence, or a school

Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution

Darwinism is a theory of biological evolution developed by the English naturalist Charles Darwin (1809-1882) and others, stating that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce.

The Air Commerce Act of 1926

In May 1926, Congress passed the Air Commerce Act, which gave the government responsibility for fostering air commerce, establishing airways and aids to air navigation, and making and enforcing safety rules.

Margaret Sanger

Margaret Higgins Sanger (born Margaret Louise Higgins, September 14, 1879 - September 6, 1966, also known as Margaret Sanger Slee) was an American birth control activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse.

NBC, CBS,

NBC an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. ... The network is part of the Big Three television networks. CBS (an initialism of the network's former name, the Columbia Broadcasting System) is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation.

Installment Buying

Purchasing a commodity over a period of time. The buyer gains the use of the commodity immediately and then pays for it in periodic payments called installments.

Writers of the Jazz Age

The 1920s have many names in America: the Roaring Twenties, the Boom, the Jazz Age (the name Fitzgerald himself invented). It was a period of wild economic prosperity, cultural flowering and a shaking up of social mores. It was also the defining era of Fitzgerald's life as a writer.

Roaring Twenties

The 1920s in the United States, called "roaring" because of the exuberant, freewheeling popular culture of the decade. The Roaring Twenties was a time when many people defied Prohibition, indulged in new styles of dancing and dressing, and rejected many traditional moral standards. ( See flappers and Jazz Age.)

NAACP in the 1920s

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) [a] is an African-American civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909 by Moorfield Storey, Mary White Ovington and W. E. B.

Disparity of Income

The difference between the incomes of the richer and poorer parts of society. The more unequal the distribution of wealth in an economy, the greater the income disparity.

Mass Production

The manufacture of goods in large quantities by machinery and by use of techniques such as the assembly line and division of labor.

"New Morality"

The new morality glorified youth and personal freedom and influenced various aspects of American society. Women began to work and go to college.

Scopes Trial

The trial of John Scopes, a high school teacher in Tennessee, for teaching the theory of evolution in violation of state law. The trial was held in 1925, with eminent lawyers on both sides — William Jennings Bryan for the prosecution and Clarence Darrow for the defense.

18th Amendment

United States Constitution effectively established the prohibition of alcoholic beverages in the United States by declaring the production, transport, and sale of alcohol (though not the consumption or private possession) illegal.

F. Scott Fitzgerald "The Great Gatsby"

a 1925 novel written by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald that follows a cast of characters living in the fictional town of West Egg on prosperous Long Island in the summer of 1922.

The Jazz Singer (movie)

a 1927 American musical film. The first feature-length motion picture with synchronized sound, its release heralded the commercial ascendance of the "talkies" and the decline of the silent film era.

The Kellogg-Briand Pact

a 1928 international agreement in which signatory states promised not to use war to resolve "disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may be

Marcus Garvey "Negro Nationalism"

a Jamaican immigrant to the United States who founded the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) in 1914.

Claude McKay

a Jamaican-American writer and poet, who was a seminal figure in the Harlem Renaissance.

Modernist

a believer in or supporter of modernism, especially in the arts.

Cooperative individualism

a branch of cooperative economics that promotes the ownership and control of workplaces by the workers. Cooperative individualists argue that company profits should be paid as dividends to its workers.

Tea Pot Dome Scandal

a bribery incident that took place in the United States from 1921 to 1922, during the administration of President Warren G. Harding.

Harlem Renaissance

a cultural, social, and artistic explosion that took place in Harlem, New York, spanned the 1920s. During the time, it was known as the "New Negro Movement," named after the 1925 anthology by Alain Locke.

Ohio Gang

a gang of politicians and industry leaders closely surrounding Warren G. Harding, the 29th President of the United States of America. Many of these individuals came into Harding's personal orbit during his tenure as a state-level politician in Ohio, hence the name.

Fordney-McCumber Act

a law that raised American tariffs on many imported goods in order to protect factories and farms. Congress displayed a pro-business attitude in passing the tariff and in promoting foreign trade through providing huge loans to Europe, which in turn bought more American goods.

Supply-side economics

a macroeconomic theory that argues economic growth can be most effectively created by investing in capital and by lowering barriers on the production of goods and services.

The Washington Conference

a military conference called by U.S. President Warren G. Harding and held in Washington, D.C., from 12 November 1921 to 6 February 1922.

Bohemian

a native or inhabitant of Bohemia

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)

a nonpartisan, non-profit organization whose stated mission is "to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed to every person in this country by the Constitution and laws of the United States."

Ernest Hemingway "A Farewell to Arms"

a novel by Ernest Hemingway set during the Italian campaign of World War I. The book, published in 1929, is a first-person account of American Frederic Henry, serving as a Lieutenant ("Tenente") in the ambulance corps of the Italian Army.

Anarchist

a person who believes in or tries to bring about anarchy.

Source

a place, person, or thing from which something comes or can be obtained.

Isolationism

a policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries.

Race Riots

a public outbreak of violence between two racial groups in a community.

Ku Klux Klan

a secret organization of White Protestant Americans, mainly in the South, who use violence against Black people, Jewish people, and other minority groups. Ku Kluxer, Ku Klux Klanner, noun. Ku Kluxism, noun. C19 Ku Klux, probably based on Greek kukloscircle + Klanclan.

Assembly Line

a series of workers and machines in a factory by which a succession of identical items is progressively assembled.

Revelation

a surprising and previously unknown fact, especially one that is made known in a dramatic way.

Jazz

a type of music of black American origin characterized by improvisation, syncopation, and usually a regular or forceful rhythm, emerging at the beginning of the 20th century. Brass and woodwind instruments and piano are particularly associated with jazz, although guitar and occasionally violin are also used; styles include Dixieland, swing, bebop, and free jazz.

Traditionalist

adherence to the doctrines or practices of a tradition

Emergency Quota Act

also known as the Emergency Immigration Act of 1921, the Immigration Restriction Act of 1921, the Per Centum Law, and the Johnson Quota Act (ch. 8, 42 Stat. 5 of May 19, 1921) restricted immigration into the United States

Glenn Curtiss

an American aviation pioneer and a founder of the U.S. aircraft industry.

Duke Ellington

an American composer, pianist, and bandleader of a jazz orchestra, which he led from 1923 until his death in a career spanning over fifty years.

Edwin Armstrong

an American electrical engineer and inventor, best known for developing FM (frequency modulation) radio. ... He was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame and included in the International Telecommunication Union's roster of great inventors.

Henry Ford

an American industrialist, the founder of the Ford Motor Company, and the sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production.

Langston Hughes

an American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist from Joplin, Missouri. He was one of the earliest innovators of the then-new literary art form called jazz poetry.

Louis Armstrong

an American trumpeter, composer, singer and occasional actor who was one of the most influential figures in jazz. His career spanned five decades, from the 1920s to the 1960s, and different eras in jazz.

The Dawes Plan

an attempt in 1924 to solve the World War I reparations problem, which had bedeviled international politics following World War I and the Treaty of Versailles.

Model T

an automobile built by the Ford Motor Company from 1908 until 1927. Conceived by Henry Ford as practical, affordable transportation for the common man, it quickly became prized for its low cost, durability, versatility, and ease of maintenance.

Mass media

any of the means of communication, as television or newspapers, that reach very large numbers of people.

Ongoing

continuing; still in progress.

The Farm Crisis

describes times of agricultural recession, low crop prices and low farm incomes. The most recent US farm crisis occurred during the 1980s.

Speakeasy

during Prohibition) an illicit liquor store or nightclub

Organized Crime

illegal behavior that is planned and carried out by groups of people in a very systematic fashion. An example of organized crime is the activities of money laundering done by the mafia.

Disposable Income

income remaining after deduction of taxes and other mandatory charges, available to be spent or saved as one wishes.

Unify

make or become united, uniform, or whole.

Bootlegging

make, distribute, or sell (illicit goods, especially liquor, computer software, or recordings) illegally.

Blues

melancholic music of black American folk origin, typically in a twelve-bar sequence. It developed in the rural southern US toward the end of the 19th century, finding a wider audience in the 1940s as blacks migrated to the cities. This urban blues gave rise to rhythm and blues and rock and roll.

Uneven prosperity

often refers to a society where wealth is not evenly distributed.

Symbolize

represent by means of symbols.

The Sacco-Vanzetti Case

sacco and vanzetti in Culture Expand. Sacco and Vanzetti [( sak -oh; van- zet -ee)] Two anarchists ( see anarchism ), Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, who were convicted of a robbery and two murders in Massachusetts in the early 1920s and sentenced to death.

Bessie Smith

she was the most popular female blues singer of the 1920s and 1930s. She is often regarded as one of the greatest singers of her era and was a major influence on other jazz singers.

Diverse

showing a great deal of variety; very different.

Flapper

something broad and flat used for striking or for making a noise by striking.

Deny

state that one refuses to admit the truth or existence of.

Calvin Coolidge "silent Cal"

the 30th President of the United States (1923-29). ... Soon after, he was elected as the 29th vice president in 1920 and succeeded to the presidency upon the sudden death of Warren G. Harding in 1923.

21st Amendment

the United States Constitution repealed the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which had mandated nationwide Prohibition on alcohol on January 17, 1920. The Twenty-first Amendment was ratified on December 5, 1933.

Credit

the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future.

Volstead Act

the act by Congress that enforced prohibition from 1919 to 1933. An example of the Volstead Act was the law that prevented people from selling alcohol

Prohibition

the action of forbidding something, especially by law.

Investigation

the action of investigating something or someone; formal or systematic examination or research.

Impact

the action of one object coming forcibly into contact with another.

Creationism

the belief that the universe and living organisms originate from specific acts of divine creation, as in the biblical account, rather than by natural processes such as evolution.

Margin

the edge or border of something.

Gertrude Stein "Lost Generation"

the generation that came of age during World War I. The term was popularized by Ernest Hemingway, who used it as one of two contrasting epigraphs for his novel, The Sun Also Rises. In that volume Hemingway credits the phrase to Gertrude Stein, who was then his mentor and patron.

Great Migration

the movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1910 and 1970.

Tin Pan Alley

the name given to the collection of New York City music publishers and songwriters who dominated the popular music of the United States in the late 19th century and early 20th century.

Nativism

the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.

Evolution

the process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth.

Red Summer

the summer and early autumn of 1919, which was marked by hundreds of deaths and higher casualties across the United States, as a result of race riots that occurred in more than three dozen cities and one rural county. In most instances, whites attacked African Americans