JERAH
What is the theme for Petroglyph 2016?
"Inspiring Collaboration, providing energy solutions"
Because it is used in manufacturing numerous products such as gasoline, plastics, pharmaceuticals, and such, what phrase is used to describe crude oil?
"Mother of All Commodities"
How much did BP eventually pay in fines to settle the Deepwater Horizon fiasco?
$18.7 billion
What unwelcome byproduct of the kerosene refining process became a desirable fuel in about 1915?
(Gasoline)
law of superposition
. This law states that the oldest rocks are on bottom and the youngest rocks are on top.
What is the estimated gas reserve present in the world's largest gas field?
1,800 TCF (trillion cubic feet)
What is the pore volume of a sample that has a grain volume of 3, and a porosity of 0.3?
1.28
In 2018, how old will SPE be upon being independent from its mother organization?
33 years
Worth 20 points. Offshore collection of seismic data is done by a vessel that travels at what velocity in knots?
5 knots
Q7: Abnormally high pressure exerted by some subsurface formations.
A7: Geopressure (page88)
QUESTION (HISTORY & TRIVIA)
ANSWER
Standard unit of measurement for measuring crude oil quality
API gravity
It is a type of lava flow that has a jagged, blocky surface.
Aa flow
For 20 points, name the theory of petroleum generation in which petroleum is thought to have formed from hydrocarbons trapped inside the earth's crust while the earth was forming.
Abiogenic theory
It is a general term for the loss of ice and snow from a glacier.
Ablation
It is called the folding of layers by layer-parallel shortening controlled by contrasts in viscosity between layers (buckling).
Active Folding
This is a type of rifting that occurs when a thermal plume or sheet impinges on the base of the litosphere.
Active Rifting
It is a margin that is usually narrow and consists of highly deformed sediments. Such margins occur where oceanic lithosphere is being subducted beneath the margin of a continent.
Active continental margin
It is the zone above the permafrost that thaws in summer and refreezes in winter.
Active layer
It is a surface of low relief on which environmental conditions, resulting from repeated inundation by hypersaline waters, are ideal for the growth of algae.
Algal flats
miscible gas eor
An eor method that involves injection of gases that are capable of mixing themselves with the residual oil in the reservoir
microbial eor / meor
An eor method that involves the injection of genetically engineered microorganisms into the reservoir
in situ combustion
An example of thermal eor method that involves injection of combustible gas that will be ignited within the reservoir
What is the fine grained equivalent of diorite?
Andesite
He was the one who discovered the boundary between the crust and the mantle using seismic waves.
Andrija Mohorovicic (1909)
After finding commercial quantities of oil in 1908, this company took over the concession in 1909.
Anglo-Persian Oil Company
What type of unconformity is formed where the beds beneath the erosional surface are tilted and eroded?
Angular Unconformity
41. Name the geologic periods in order from oldest to most recent.
Answer. Precambrian, Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Mississippian, Pennsylvanian, Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Tertiary, Quaternary
At what geologic age do most oil and gas fields fall under?
Answer: Cretaceous
It is the first eon of Precambrian time. It extends between 4.5 and 2.5 billion years ago.
Archean eon
What group of equations relate the resistivity of a formation to the resistivity of the fluids saturating a formation, the porosity of the formation and the fractional degree of saturation of each fluid present?
Archie's Equations
It is a feldspar-rich sandstone.
Arkose
Sandstones that are feldspar mineral-dominated are called ___________.
Arkosic Sandstones
It is the flow generated when the potentiometric surface lays above the point where a well penetrates a reservoir and exits at the surface. These wells flow without artificial aid.
Artisan flow
Which continent is currently the largest consumer of petroleum?
Asia
These are complex hydrocarbon compounds that are relatively rich in Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Oxygen characterized by their high molecular weight and large size.
Asphaltenes or resins
It is a subdivision of the mantle situated below the lithosphere. This zone of weak material exists below a depth of about 100 kilometers (60 miles) and in some regions extends as deep as 700 kilometers (430 miles). The rock within this zone is easily deformed. What is this part of the mantle called?
Asthenosphere
It is the gaseous portion of a planet, the planet's envelope of air. One of the traditional subdivisions of Earth's physical environment.
Atmosphere
It is a coral island that consists of a nearly continuous ring of coral reef surrounding a central lagoon.
Atoll
This is a clay commonly used in salt water applications that is a fiber-like clay that builds viscosity with agitation
Attapulgite
It is a zone or halo of contact metamorphism found in the country rock surrounding an igneous intrusion.
Aureole
This implies the formation of a mineral during or after deposition.
Authigenesis
Commonly created by reaction or precipitation of connate fluid, what kind of clay forms within the pore spaces of the rock
Authigenic
In 1927 the Turkish Petroleum Company drilled a discovery well which brought in the Kirkuk field. Meaning Father of Flames in Kurdish, what was the name of this discovery well?
Baba Gurgur No 1
It is a type of basin that forms on the side of a volcanic arc away from the trench.
Backarc basin
It is the inner portion of the shore, lying landward of the high-tide shoreline. It is usually dry, being affected by waves only during storms.
Backshore
It is described as an isostatic basin restoration where focus is on the subsidence history of a basin by successively removing sedimentary sequences and balancing isostasy.
Backstripping
It is a poorly drained area on a floodplain resulting when natural levees are present.
Backswamp
Name the shale play that extends from the north United States into Saskatchewan Canada.
Bakken
What is the name of the formation that occupies approximately 200,000 square miles of the subsurface of the Williston Basin and is beneath parts of Montana, North Dakota, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba?
Bakken Formation
It is a solitary sand dune shaped like a crescent, with its tips pointing downwind.
Barchan Dune
It is a type of dune that forms scalloped rows of sand oriented at right angles to the wind. This form is intermediate between isolated barchans and extensive waves of transverse dunes.
Barchanoid dune
What drilling additive is very efficient at attenuating gamma rays and will give an anomalously low gamma ray reading?
Barite
It is a seismic wave that travels through Earth's interior.
Body wave
It is a stream that consists of numerous intertwining channels.
Braided stream
It is a structure that protects a near-shore area from breaking waves.
Breakwater
What mineral is the main component of limestone?
Calcite
On the Udden-Wentworth classification of grain size, what lies between pebble and boulder?"
Cobbles
It is a type of lithification in which the weight of overlying material compresses more deeply buried sediment. It is most important in the fine grained sedimentary rocks such as shale.
Compaction
What is the term for the physical process by which, sediments are consolidated, thereby reducing porsepace and grains are packed closer together?
Compaction
paleontology
Comparisons on the basis of fossil content of the formations is called?
It is the ratio of the connected pore volume to the total volume.
Connected Porosity
These are large continuous areas of land that include the adjacent continental shelf and islands that are structurally connected to the mainland.
Continent
Worth five points each. Name four evidences for continental drift.
Continental Jigsaw puzzle, Fossil matching, rock types and geologic feautures, paleomagnetism
It is the portion of the seafloor that is adjacent to the continents. It may include the continental shelf, continental slope, and continental rise.
Continental margin
It is the portion of the seafloor adjacent to major landmasses.
Continental margins
It its the gently sloping surface at the base of the continental slope.
Continental rise
The gently sloping submerged portion of the continental margin, extending from the shoreline to the continental slope.
Continental shelf
It is the steep gradient that leads to the deep-ocean floor and marks the seaward edge of the continental shelf.
Continental slope
ditch
Correalation sample that is continuously obtained
It is the determination of equivalence in time-stratigraphic or rock-stratigraphic units of the succession of strata found in two or more different places.
Correlation
It is the process of establishing the equivalence of rocks of similar age in different areas.
Correlation
this is defined as a mutual identification of layers
Correlation
side wall
Correlation sample that is small in size but free of conatmination
Based on wentworth scale, what is the name of particel that has size range between 64 - 256 mm?
Couble (Berakal in Indonesia)
The depression at the summit of a volcano or a depression that is produced by a meteorite impact.
Crater
what is the area of the rock adjacent to the perforation tunnel where permeability may be 50% less than initial, undamaged permeability?
Crush Zone
It is a process that occurs during the crystalliation of magma, in which the earlier-formed minerals are denser than the liquid portion and settle to the bottom of the magma chamber.
Crystal settling
It is the type of grain packing with the highest porosity percentage.
Cubic
It is the area of active erosion on the outside of a meander.
Cut bank
The lifting and removal of loose material by wind.
Deflation
exploration
Department that carries out the search for accumulations of oil and gas.
This term is the process of forming a sedimentary rock from the clastic grains. May also be in conjunction with several geochemical processes such as cementation reactions and chemical dissolution.
Diagenesis
What is the biological, physical, and chemical changes that take place after sediments are deposited called?
Diagenesis
Type of rocks according to their magnetic susceptibility that exhibit a repulsive force to magnetic field
Diamagnetic
The angle at which a rock layer or fault is inclined from the horizontal.
Dip
defined as The angle at which a rock layer or fault is inclined from the horizontal.
Dip
A fault in which the movement is parallel to the dip of the fault.
Dip-slip fault
The quantity of water in a stream that passes a given point in a period of time.
Discharge
A location, such as a spring or a stream, where groundwater flows back to the surface.
Discharge area
A section of a stream that leaves the main flow.
Distributary
A boundary in which two plates move apart, resulting in upwelling of material from the mantle to create new seafloor.
Divergent plate boundary
There are three types of continental margins. Name 2 for 5 points each.
Divergent, Convergent, Transform
An imaginary line that separates the drainage of two streams, often found along a ridge.
Divide
Formation fluid testing involves taking fluid samples from the formation and measuring their pressures. It gives information on the types and properties of fluids in the formation, indicates the presence of hydrocarbons, and provides information on the pressures of the fluids within the formation.
Drillstem testing, wireline formation testing, producton testing
Who drilled the first ever oil well?
Edwin Drake
This type of permeability is a measure of the conductance of a porous medium for one fluid phase when the medium is saturated with more than one fluid. What is the name of this type of permeability?
Effective permeability
Effective permeability is the measure of the ease with which one fluid will flow through a porous medium in the presence of other immiscible fluid(s) occupying same pores and equally Continue reading
Effective permeability (Geology)
A negatively charged subatomic particle that has a negligible mass and is found outside an atom's nucleus.
Electron
A substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by ordinary chemical or physical means.
Element
The washing out of fine soil components from the A horizon by downward-percolating water.
Eluviation
Spherically shaped, negatively charged zones that surround the nucleus of an atom.
Energy levels, or shells
Which program of SPE educates students aged 10 to 17 years old as well as the teachers about the energy industry? This program also encourages the students to pursue an engineering career to safeguard the future of the oil and natural gas industry?
Energy4me
Who is the Chairman of the Department of Petroleum Engineering of PSU?
Engr. Edel F. Bober
What is the full name of SPE-PSU-SC's adviser?
Engr. Lexyber C. Manalo
ditch, side wall, core sample
Enumerate the 3 types of correlation samples
pore scale displacement, sweep, drainage, commercial cut off
Enumerate the 4 factors that affect secondary recovery to be so low
magnetic, resistivity, seicmic, gravity
Enumerate the 4 types of geophysical surveys
It is the largest interval into which geologic time is divided.
Eon
The largest time unit on the geologic time scale next in order of magnitude above era.
Eon
Name the four intervals in the geologic time scale for five points each.
Eon, Era, Period, Epoch
It is the location on Earth's surface that lies directly above the focus of an earthquake. What is this called?
Epicenter
A major division on the geologic time scale; eras are divided into shorter units called periods.
Era
The incorporation and transportation of material by a mobile agent, such as water, wind, or ice.
Erosion
The initial velocity an object needs to escape from the surface of a celestial body.
Escape velocity
A sinuous ridge composed largely of sand
Esker
A funnel-shaped inlet of the sea that formed when a rise in sea level or subsidence of land caused the mouth of a river to be flooded. Eukaryotes An organism whose genetic material is enclosed in a nucleus; plants, animals, and fungi are eukaryotes.
Estuary
Worth 10 points each. The Himalayas mountain range is a famous mountain range that is home to Mount Everest. Himalayas was formed by two subducting lithospheric plates. What are these?
Eurasian and Indian
What are 3 of the different dolomitization models?
Evaporative, Seepage Reflux, Mixing-Zone,Burial,Seawater
Developed by Darwin; offers an explanation why biostratigraphic method worked
Evolution
A large, dome-shaped structure, usually composed of granite, that is formed by sheeting.
Exfoliation dome
An oil and gas prone type of kerogen with yields of 40 to 60 %
Exinite
A stage in the value chain where the petroleum geoscientists needs to establish the presence of petroleum source rock, trap, seal and reservoir in the basin
Exploration
True or false. Pore fluid pressure increases the effective stress, which is the stress at grain contacts in porous rocks.
FALSE
A portion of a rock unit that possesses a distinctive set of characteristics that distinguishes it from other parts of the same unit.
Facies
It is a body of rock with specific characteristics. It is properly defined on the basis of color, bedding, composition, texture, fossils, and sedimentary structures.
Facies
This term means the different parts of a rock strata indicating a change in mineral content or deposition mechanics.
Facies
What is a map that shows areal variations in facies of a given statigraphic unit?
Facies map
It is any surface or narrow zone with visible shear displacement along the zone.
Fault
It it is the process where two adjacent fault segments interfere and connect, forming a hard-linked or soft-linked structure.
Fault Linkage
What are the types of secondary porosity in carbonate rocks?
Fenestral porosity (algal mats), Shelter porosity, intracrystalline porosity, moldic porosity, Vuggy or fracture porosity.
What are the types of secondary porosity in carbonate rocks?
Fenestral porosity (algal mats); shelter porosity; intracrystalline porosity; moldic porosity; vuggy/fracture porosity
Minerals wherein iron or magnesium join together with the silicates
Ferromagnesians
For what invention is the Hughes Tool Company most notably known for?
First rotary drill bit
It is the property of splitting easily into thin layers along closely spaced, parallel surfaces, such as bedding planes in shale.
Fissility
A crack in rock along which there is a distinct separation.
Fissure
The Deccan Traps and the Ontong Java Plateau are products of what type of eruption?
Fissure Eruption
It is produced by the action of streams. It is the process of stream flow.
Fluvial
The term given to the layered or banded appearance of minerals due to the metamorphism of rocks
Foliation
It is the underlaying side of a normal or thrust fault that has a dip between 90 degrees and 180 degrees as measured from the vertical axis.
Footwall
What is the portion of the shore that lies between the normal high and low water marks; the intertidal zone? - Foreshore
Foreshore
Tool measuring the electron density of a formation. It comprises a gamma ray source and detector
Formation Density Tool
The ratio between the volumes of petroleum at reservoir conditions to that at standard conditons
Formation Volume Factor
It is the analysis of subsurface formation characteristics, such as lithology, porosity, permeability, and saturation by methods such as wireline well logging and core analysis.
Formation evaluation
What do you call to the remains or traces of organisms preserved from the geologic past? - Fossil
Fossil
What is the definite and determinable order in which fossil organisms occur which enables us to identify many time periods by their fossil content?
Fossil succession
A step in seismic processing in which the signal is changed from the time to the frequency domain
Fourier Transforation
What do you call to any break or rupture in rock along which no appreciable movement has taken place? - Fracture
Fracture
Failure that tends to occur in high-overpressure situations
Fracture Failure
A term used to describe the first episode of exploration in a basin
Frontier Exploration
What is the mechanical breakup of rock caused by the exp-ion of freezing water in cracks and crevices? - Frost wedging
Frost wedging
What is the vent in a volcanic area from which fumes or gases escape?
Fumarole
What do you to the streams that gain water from the inflow of groundwater through the streambed? - Gaining stream
Gaining stream
This tool provides a picture of the combined gamma ray output of all the radioactive elements in the rock formations.
Gamma Ray tool
It is a logging method that is capable of detecting facies change in the formation.
Gamma ray log
It is a quartz arenite formed by extensive in-situ leaching.
Ganister
The relationship between reservoir conditions and standard conditions
Gas Expansion Factor
Real gases have a factor that is used to relate the gas to ideal conditions, what is the name of this factor?
Gas deviation, or 'z' factor
What do you call to the span of time since the formation of Earth, about 4.6 billion years? - Geologic time
Geologic time
What is the Largest oil field in the world?
Ghawar
It is an extinct colonial marine invertebrate that left fossils of flattened carbon films in sedimentary rocks that are similar in appearance to pencil marks. These existed from the Cambrian Period to the Mississippian Period. What is this invertebrate called?
Graptolite
What type of sandstone is characterized by being impure or dirty?
Graywacke
It refers to the common or characteristic shape of a crystal or aggregate of crystals.
Habit or crystal shape
One of geophysics method is refraction seismic. This method is application of whose method?
Hagiwara
Observance of strict protocol with regards to safety must always be observed, this is commonly referred to as HSE. Define HSE
Health, Safety and Environment
Worth 5 points each. What are the agents of metamorphism.
Heat, pressure, stress and chemically active fluids.
What is the horizontal displacement of a fault and is shown on a map as the width of the fault?
Heave
(Also reservoir heterogeneity) Heterogeneity is a term used to describe how rock properties change from one location to another within the same reservoir. The implication of this is that two Continue reading
Heterogeneity (Geology, Shale gas)
palynology
How many km is the man made causeway of saudi aramco?
structural trap
How many liters are there in 1 barrel?
Kerogen derived from land plants
Humic Kerogen
Name the hurricane that disrupted Gulf of Mexico production
Hurricane Isaac
what term is used for compounds of frozen water that contain gas molecules. Often considered for future hydrocarbon exploitation potential?
Hydrates
What term is used for a material's partial concentration of hydrogen per unit volume relative to water
Hydrogen Index
Who is the author of the book "History of Standard Oil Company"
Ida Tarbell
discovery well
If an exploration well penetrates oil or gas, it becomes a
What country is the only member of OPEC in Southeast Asia?
Indonesia
turbidites
Intermediate depth carbonate reservoirs formed along slopes of shelves
What is the meaning of IADC?
International Association of Drilling Contractors
An international treaty that outlines safety standards in construction, equipment and operations at sea
International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea / SOLAS
The most volcanically active body in the solar system
Io
Wireline logging
It is a conventional form of logging that employs a measurement tool suspended on a cable or wire that suspends the tool and carries the data back to the surface.
Anticline
It is a fold in sedimentary strata that resembles an arch.
Environment of deposition
It is a geographic setting where sediment accumulates. Each site is characterized by a particular combination of geologic processes and environmental conditions.
Gamma ray log
It is a logging method that is capable of detecting facies change in the formation.
Seismic Method
It is a method of data acquisition relying upon changes in the acoustic properties of rock to alter the properties of soundwaves transmitted through the rock.
stratigraphic trap
It is a potential petroleum trap formed by the deposition and diagenesis of the reservoir rock, such as limestone reef, river channel sandstone, an updip pinchout of a sandstone wedge in a shale layer or an oolite shoal.
Petroleum
It is described as a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules and lesser quantities of organic molecules containing sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, and some metals.
unconformity
It is is a gap in the rock record that represents a period during which erosion rather than deposition is occurring
If the size of the grains of a beadpack were double, how much would the permeability change (all else being equal)?
It would be 4 times larger
SPE International reqularly publishes articles and magazines related to the oil and gas industry, one of which is the JPT. What does JPT stand for?
Journal of Petroleum Technology
Enumerate the four (4) magazines published by SPE.
Journal of Petroleum Technology (JPT), The Way Ahead, Oil and Gas Facilities, and HSE Now
It is one of the smallest of Earth's tectonic plates. It is a remnant part of the once-vast Farallon Plate, which is now largely subducted underneath the North American Plate.
Juan de Fuca Plate
For 20 points. What is the chemical compof carnalite?
KCl MgCl2(H20)6
Igneous rock that is ultramafic in composition and fine grained in texture.
Komatiite
high hydrogen content
Large responses of neutron log means?
It is a red, highly leached soil type found in the tropics that is rich in oxides of iron and aluminum.
Laterite
This is what you call the magma that reaches the Earth's surface. -
Laurasia
A bulbous mass associated with an old-age volcano, produced when thick lava is slowly squeezed from the vent. Lava domes may act as plugs to deflect subsequent gaseous eruptions. -
Lava dome
What do you call a formal statement of the regular manner in which a natural phenomenon occurs under given conditions? -
Law
It is a natural, long, low ridge of sand and silt located along both banks of a river. It is parallel to the river channel. This is deposited by a river during floods when the river rises out of its banks. What is this called?
Levee
What North African country ranks 9th in world oil reserves?
Libya
These minerals lacks iron and/ or magnesium. They are generally lighter in color and have lower specific gravities than dark silicates. -
Light silicate
These are widespread in plants and are characterized by their aromatic structures. They are high molecular weight structures (polyphenols). The aromatic content of petroleum is derived from this group.
Lignins
Carbonate sedimentary rock composed of mostly calcite is what?
Limestone
What is the most abundant chemical sedimentary rock?
Limestone
These are fatty organic compounds, insoluble in water, found most abundance in algae, pollen, and spores, that are rich in hydrogen and yield high volumes of hydrocarbon molecules on maturation
Lipids
The process wherein sediments are converted into rock
Lithification
It is a type of a small load structure that is closely associated with sole marks. These are irregular bulging features on the base of sandstone beds that overlay shales.
Load casts
It is a continuous recording of a geophysical parameter along a borehole.
Log
Fill in the blanks. A period in which the Earth's polarity remains stable is called a ____________.
Magnetic chron
Worth 20 points. She was the one to have made the first scientific map of the Atlantic Ocean floor along with his partner Bruce Heezen. Her works confirmed the presence of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge causing a paradigm shift in earth science that led to acceptance of the theories of plate tectonics and continental drift. She was an American geologist and oceanographic cartographer. Who was she?
Marie Tharp
Which highly-acclaimed Hollywood actor played the role of Deepwater Horizon's chief electronics technician Mike Williams?
Mark Wahlberg
What does MSL stand for?
Mean Sea Level
It is the progressive loss of porosity due to imposed stress leading to the reduction of in thickness of the original sedimentary unit
Mechanical Compaction
The major tectonic/Stratigraphic units in a basin
Megasequences
Name the potential which exists at the junction between the non-invaded zone and shale
Membrane/Shale Potential
It is a naturally occurring compound similar to alcohol and phenols in structure but containing a sulfhydryl group. It is one way in which sulfur can occur in petroleum. It gives the petroleum a strong, pungent odor reminiscent of garlic and is used as an odorant in natural gas. This can be removed by washing with caustic soda to convert it to disulfide. What is the name of this compound
Mercaptan
What harmless, putrid-smelling organosulfur compound is used to identify if natural gas is leaking since it is naturally odorless?
Mercaptan or Methanethiol
This describes microscale deformation and deformation structures visible under the microscope. This is related to tectonic movement? What is this?
Microtectonics
What are the two types of tri-cone roller-cone bits?
Milled tooth and carbide insert
Typical oil-field measurement of reservoir rock permeability, which is one thousandth of a "Darcy", as defined by Darcy's Law.
Millidarcy
It is the branch of geology that deals with the identification and classification of minerals.
Mineralogy
After the breakup of Standard, what did the standard oil of New York turn into?
Mobil
What is the name of this ten-point scale of mineral hardness, keyed arbitrarily to the minerals talc, gypsum, calcite, fluorite, apatite, orthoclase, quartz, topaz, corundum, and diamond?
Mohs scale
Who is the current president of SPE International?
Nathan Meehan
During the refining of crude oil, the individual products are separated according to volatility and are referred to as "fractions". What is the lightest petroleum fraction?
Natural Gas/Methane
This provides pressure, which pushes oil out of the reservoir when a well is drilled.
Natural gas
Which log provides a good measurement of the Hydrogen in the formation?
Neutron
Despite being a major oil producer, known for the origin of Vikings, placed...
Norway
a log interpretation that displays a dead end of the presence of oil but no water is detected/
ODT
It is also known as kerogenshale. It is a fine-grained sedimentary rock that yields oil on heating.
Oil shale
One hour worth of energy from the Sun could power the Earth for how many years?
One (1)
Name 3 of the 4 types of clastic fragments in limestone.
Oolites, Intraclasts, Fossils, and Pellets
It is a naturally occurring concentration of one or more metallic minerals that can be extracted economically.
Ore
Name a source of vertical stress.
Overburden
It is referring to the fabric of a crystalline sedimentary rock in which the constituent crystals are multisized and larger crystals enclose smaller crystals of another mineral. It is also known as poikilocrystallic.
Poikilotopic
These are sediments deposited on the inside of a migrating meander loop of a stream or distributary.
Point bar
Measures the apparent movement of the poles across the Earth's surface through time
Polar Wander
It is the migration during geologic time of the earth's poles of rotation and magnetic poles.It isalso known as Chandler motion.
Polar wandering
It is the measeure of the ability of aggregates to exhibit skidding.
Polished Stone Value
The percentage of pore volume or void space, or that volume within rock that can contain fluids
Porosity
What is the total sum of openings or voids that occur within a rock?
Porosity
ratio of void space in a rock to the total volume of the rock
Porosity
What is the most common element in sedimentary rocks that influence log response?
Potassium
What drilling mud contributes to the total gamma ray count rate measured, increasing it considerably?
Potassium chloride-based
Name any 5 geologic periods in order from oldest to most recent.
Precambrian, Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Mississipian, Pennsylvanian, Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Tertiary, Quarternary
Porosity
Property of rock to hold fluid
The Shell Group of Companies around the world is managed under the official name Royal Dutch Shell plc. What does "plc" stand for?
Public limited company
Worth 10 points each. It is a common, brass or bronze-yellow mineral composed of Iron. It is a heavy mineral with a density of 5.01 g/cm3. It is often called fool's gold. What is this mineral and what is its chemical formula?
Pyrite, CuFeS2
Jasper is a form of what mineral?
Quartz
It is a river channel system marked by right-angle bends produced by the presence of joints and fractures in massive rocks.
Rectangular
Fill in the blanks. ____________ is a type of fold with an axial plane essentially in horizontal position.
Recumbent fold
It is the measure of how often a flood of a given magnitude is likely to occur.
Recurrence Interval
The Malampaya gas field is what kind of play?
Reef build up play
Fill in the blanks _______________ Magnetism exists where there is no applied magnetic field, entirely independent of the induction effects of the present Earth's field
Remnant Magnetism
It shows the origins of the three rock types.
Rock cycle
Geochemical prospecting is concerned primarily with the examination of what?
Rocks, water, wand gases
It is an asymmetric fold where the short limbs appear to have been rotated anticlockwise with respect to their long limbs.
S fold
What is the most abundant sedimentary rocks?
Sandstone
delta complex
Sandstone deposition environment that exhibits a cyclic intervals of bell and funnel shaped gamma ray log
distributary channel
Sandstone deposition environment that exhibits a cylindrical shaped gamma ray log
barrier bar
Sandstone deposition environment that exhibits a funnel shaped gamma ray log
low
Sandstones or carbonates are detected with what gamma ray log response?
Kerogen derived from algae
Sapropelic Kerogen
Which types of rock are of interest in the petroleum industry?
Sedimentary
It is an area of the earth's crust that is overlain by a thick sequence of sedimentary rocks. Often, an area where hydrocarbon accumulations are found. What is this called?
Sedimentary basin
what term is used for a depression in the crust of the Earth formed by plate tectonic activity in which sediments accumulate?
Sedimentary basin
The basic unit in sequence stratigraphy
Sequence
It is a type of stratigraphy developed from seismic stratigraphy.
Sequence Stratigraphy
Name the study of rock relationships within a chronostratigraphic framework of repetitive, genetically-related strata bounded by erosion or non-deposition surfaces or the correlative conformities
Sequence stratigraphy
It is a rock composed largely of a mineral group which comprises of chrysotile and antigorite, commonly derived from alteration of peridotite or sea floor basalt?
Serpentinite
In the oil and gas industry, these companies offer specialized services to other, larger companies, what are they called?
Service Company
The Petroleum Engineering Handbook contains how many volumes?
Seven (7)
It is the orogeny that occurred along the eastern edge of the Great Basin in Utah during times intermediate between the Nevadan orogeny to the west and the Laramide orogeny to the east, culminating early in the Late Cretaceous. What is the name of this orogeny?
Sevier orogeny
Which rock has a Photoelectric absorption index of 3.42 barns/electron?
Shale
high
Shale is detected with what gamma ray log response?
What is the difference between Shale and Mudstone?
Shale must exibit the ability to split into thin layers along well-developed, closely spaced planes. If the the rock breaks into chunks or blocks, the name mudstone is applied.
This test involves an exploratory well drilled in search of a new productive reservoir that is unknown, but suspected from data secured from other wells and is shallower than known productive pools.
Shallow pool test
It is the spatial description of open or closed surfaces such as folded layer interfaces or fault surfaces.
Shape
It is where extensive coarse-grained sedimentation occurs in situations where the sea level does not fall below the shelf/slope break
Shelf margin or Shelf Margin Systems Tract (SMST)
It is a common, yellowish-brown, brownish-red, brownish-black, white, or gray mineral composed of FeCO3. It has a specific gravity of 3.8 and is found as beds or nodules in shale. It is readily soluble in hydrochloric acid. Because it contains iron, a sequestering agent is used when acidizing a formation containing this mineral to prevent a gel from forming. What is this mineral called?
Siderite
It is a pyramid-shaped structure of a silicon ion bonded to four oxygen ions, (SiO4)4-? - silicate tetrahedron
Silicate tetrahedron
Most common rock forming mineral group that contains the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
Silicates
All silicate minerals have the same fundamental building block. What is the name for this?
Silicon oxygen tetrahedron
What do you call a tabular or sheetlike igneous intrusion that lies parallel to the grain or layering of country rock? - sill
Sill
Worth 10 points. Define law of superposition in sedimentary rocks.
Sir Joggy
It is a metamorphic foliation aligned in a plane perpendicular to the direction of maximum tectonic compressive stress.
Slaty cleavage
_______________ is any type of mass wasting in which the rock or regolith initially moves as coherent blocks over a fracture surface.
Slide
It is the distance that rocks on opposite sides of a fault have moved? - slip
Slip
What is the steep lee side of a dune that is at the angle of repose for loose sand so that the sand slides or slips?
Slip face
It is a type of mass wasting in which the rock and regolith move as a consolidated unit with a back- ward rotation along a concave fracture?
Slum
This refers to the downward sliding of a mass of rock or unconsolidated material moving as a unit along a curved surface.
Slump
What is the most common swelling clay?
Smectite
Give the meaning of SPE
Society of Petroleum Engineers / SPE
This organization aims to collect, disseminate, and exchange technical knowledge concerning the exploration, development, and production of oil and gas resources and related technologies for public benefit
Society of Petroleum Engineers / SPE
Organic matter rich in _________ , such as algae yields oil with associated gas on maturation
Soft and Waxy Tissues
what term is used for the amount of gas dissolved in oil?
Solution Gas Oil Ratio
What is the name for the lowest point of closure on a structural trap which defines the maximum possible size of the trap?
Spill Point
It is a record of the direct current voltage differences between the naturally occurring potential monitored by a movable electrode in the borehole and a fixed potential, located at the surface. This potential results from differences in salinity between the drilling fluid and formation fluids.
Spontaneous potential curve
This area is believed to be rich in oil and natural gas; this is the reason why it has recently been the focal point of international interest due to overlapping territorial claims, the biggest of which being China and the Philippines
Spratly Islands
The day or date where the main drill bit begins drilling into the ground is referred to as?
Spud date/day
In formation evaluation, What does STOOIP stands for?
Standard tank original oil in place
Fill in the blanks. _________________ in deformed rocks reveal how much the rock has been strained, and information about the nature of the deformation can be obtained.
Strain markers
The term used for time-dependent deformation of a rock is _____________.
Strain rate
Identify these deposits that consists of layers formed in lower parts of either funnel-shaped intrusions or sill-like intrusion.
Stratiform Deposits
It is a type of volcanic eruption characterized by fire fountains of lava from a central crater.
Strombolian
It is a branch of geology that revolves on folds, faults and other deformation structures in the lithosphere - how they appear and how and why they formed.
Structural Geology
What traps are formed most commonly by structural uplift and differential compaction?
Structural Traps
For 5 points each, what are the type of traps for oil?
Structural and stratigraphic
what map indicates variations of elevations over the geographic region?
Structural contour map
Up to the 1920s the mapping and identification of likely prospects was based on the visible landscape. What is this type of geology called?
Surface Geology
What do you call to an earthquake wave that travels along the surface of the Earth or along a boundary between layers within the Earth? - Surface wave (L-wave)
Surface wave (L-wave)
What is the portion of a stream's load that is carried for a considerable time in suspension, free from contact with the stream bed? - Suspended load
Suspended load
TRUE OR FALSE: Ductile deformation is a type of deformation that can change the shape and size of the object without fracturing.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: Granitic magmas may produce explosive clouds of hot ash and gases that evolve into eruption columns.
TRUE
The drilling mud is at a pressure greater than the fluid pressure in the formation.
TRUE
True or False. Cataclasis in the fault core reduces grain size and therefore reduces porosity and permeability.
TRUE
True or False. Cataclastic deformation bands show the most significant permeability reductions.
TRUE
This form of cross bedding is where the bedding contacts are essentially planar.
Tabular cross lamination
What do you call a rock formed by contact metamorphism of carbonate rocks and it is typically coarse-grained and rich in garnet?
Tactite
What is the name for a cut off in time that has the effect of eliminating some kinds of noise from seismic data?
Tail mute
from seismic data?What is the name for a cut off in time that has the effect of eliminating some kinds of noise
Tail mute
These are piles of debris that accumulate along the edges of exposed rock formations. They form due to the weathering and erosion of the rock.
Talus slope
These are large ships with hollow cavities in them built for the purpose of transporting oil by sea
Tankers / Oil Tankers
Sandstone containing highly viscous, asphalt-like hydrocarbon compounds is referred to as what?
Tar Sand
What is the small lake at the base of a cirque? - Tarn
Tarn
This is the study of the large-scale processes that collectively deform Earth's crust. -
Tcetonics
One of the two main controls of subsidence that are influenced by extensional and compressional forces acting on the lithosphere
Tectonic
What is the branch of geology that deals with the broad architecture of the outer part of the Earth; specifically the relationships, origins, and histories of major structural and deformational features? - Tectonics
Tectonics
What do you call a mineral's toughness or resistance to breaking or deforming?
Tenacity
It is the type of stress that pulls a body apart.
Tensional stress
It is the four Earth-like planets closest to the sun—Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars—which are composed primarily of rocky and metallic materials? - Terrestrial planets
Terrestrial planets
These are seafloor sediments derived from terrestrial weathering and erosion. Whatis this sediment called?
Terrigenous sediment
What is the production of oil or gas by artificially augmenting the reservoir energy, as by injection of steam or detergents?
Tertiary recovery
The Eastern Offshore portion of the Wilmington field in Longbeach consists of four man made islands. What companies were the original field contractors of THUMS Longbeach company?
Texaco, Humble Oil (now Exxon), Union Oil, Mobil, and Shell
In which American state can you find the location of the international headquarters of SPE?
Texas
The size, shape, and distribution of the particles that collectively constitute a rock. -
Texture
For 10 points each. The classification of igneous rocks is based largely on two criteria. Name these criteria.
Texture and composition of magma
What does TASSIC stand for?
Thallium activated single sodium iodide crystal
What was the first major contribution of geology to oil exploration?
The Anticline Theory
What was the main cause of the BP oil spill in 2010?
The BOP failed to correctly seal the well due to an un-centered drillpipe
Who developed the first electrical log
The Schlumberger Brothers
This is another term for the ocean floor.
The abyssal plain
retrograde
The behavior on a pt diagram where liquid revaporizes at some points
petrophysicists
The closest contact of production geologist
fault compartments
The division of reservoir due to fault activities
hydrodynamic trap
The downward flow of water past a tilted anticline causing the hydrodynamic accumulation of hydrocarbons. These are very rare.
gas cap
The gas that exists above the reservoir
top side
The geologic map is seen at what side of a block diagram?
strike
The intersection line of a dipping rock and a horizontal plane
superposition
The law simply states that in an undeformed sequence of sedimentary rocks, each bed is older than the one above and younger than the one below.
section line
The line that is drawn across a map that will serve as a guide on where to look for viewing its cross section
Permeability
The measure of the degree to which fluid can be transmitted
pressure maintenance
The more accurate term used in reservoir management instead of saying secondary recovery
What is the difference between Compaction and Cementation
The most common physical diagenetic change is compaction. while The most important process by which sediments are converted to sedimentary rock is cementation.
migration
The movement of hydrocarbons from a source rock to an area of accumulation.
lithology of the rocks
The only basis for the comparison of intervals in different wells that remains in practice
triple point
The point in pvt diagram where solid, liquid, and gas may co-exist with each other
What is the difference between primary porosity and secondary porosity?
The porosity of the rock resulting from its original deposition. (v) Secondary porosity The porosity resulting from diagenesis.
sublimation
The process of solid turning directly into gas
Gas to oil ratio
The proportion of gas and oil in the produced fluid at stock tank conditions.
Formation Volume Factor
The ratio between the volumes of petroleum at reservoir conditions to that at standard conditons
What is the term for the equilibrium point between the sublimation line, the melting point line, and the vapor pressure line?
The triple point
Production String
The tubing from the reservoir to the surface
What do you call a well-tested and widely accepted view that explains certain observable facts? -
Theory
It is one of the two main controls of subsidence which revolves on the changes in lithospheric heat flow.
Thermal
What is the permanent magnetism of rocks and minerals that results from cooling through the Curie point?
Thermoremanent magnetism
inclusions
These are fragments of one rock unit that have been enclosed within another.
effective porosity
These are interconnected pore volume availabe to free fluids
conformable strata
These are layers of rock that have been deposited essentially without interruption,
Neutron Logs
These are logs that determine the hydrogen atom concentration in a formation.
retrograde gas
These gases are aka as condensates
reservoir engr
This engineer studies the consequences of withdrawn fluids druing production
What are the three elements used as the source of natural gamma rays in sedimentary rocks?
Thorium, Uranium, and Potassium
Halite has how many planes of cleavage?
Three (3)
What is the vertical component of a fault's displacement?
Throw
The alternating horizontal movement of water associated with the rise and fall of the tide. -
Tidal current
A deltalike feature created when a rapidly moving tidal current emerges from a narrow inlet and slows, depositing its load of sediment. -
Tidal delta
It is a subaqueous delta of sediments, usually sand, that can be located on both the seaward or lagoonal side of a tidal inlet or channel through a barrier island. The sediments are deposited by the reversing tides that flow through the tidal inlet or channel. What is this delta called?
Tidal delta
A marshy or muddy area that is alternately covered and uncovered by the rise and fall of the tide. -
Tidal flat
It is The periodic change in the elevation of the ocean surface. -
Tide
It is the cyclic rise and fall of ocean water caused by the gravitational force of the Moon and, to a lesser extent, of the Sun? - Tide
Tide
What is the name of the world's first long-distance pipeline?
Tidewater
Is a glacier that flows directly into the sea. - Tidewater glacier
Tidewater glacier
Unsorted sediment deposited directly by a glacier. -
Till
It is a rock formed when glacial till is lithified. -
Tillite
What is a sedimentary rock formed of lithified till? - Tillite
Tillite
This is a ridge of sand that connects an island to the mainland or to another island.
Tombolo
It is a type of map that uses contour lines, measuring sea-level are called?
Topographic map
An essentially horizontal sedimentary layer deposited on top of a delta during flood-stage. -
Topset bed
A description of the sealed petroleum-bearing container
Trap
A general term that describes a rock formation that allows for the accumulation of hydrocarbons
Trap
What is the most common method to calculate a rock volume from an isopach map?
Trapezoidal Rule
This is a form of limestone that is deposited by hot springs or as a cave deposit.
Travertine
A system of streams in which nearly parallel tributaries occupy valleys cut in folded strata. -
Trellis drainage pattern
It is a drainage pattern characterized by a series of fairly straight parallel streams joined at right angles by tributaries? - Trellis drainage pattern
Trellis drainage pattern
What is the long, narrow depression of the sea floor formed where a subducting plate sinks into the mantle? - Trench
Trench
What do you call to a stream that contributes water to another stream? - Tributary
Tributary
What do you call to the pattern in which water flows in an irregular and chaotic manner? - Turbulent flow
Turbulent flow
nonsealing fault
Type of fault that provides more passageways for fluid to flow and migrate.
dry gas
Type of reservoir gas primarily made of methane
deep reser
Type of reservoir that is generated by severe faulting and has often reduction of porosity and permeability
Chemical sedimentary rock
Type of sedimentary rock consisting of material that was precipitated from water by either inorganic or organic means.
What is a glacially eroded valley with a characteristic U-shaped cross section? - U-shaped valley
U-shaped valley
For a Country Group 2 Professional Membership category, how much annual dues should you pay for your SPE Membership?
US$50
Fill in the blank. An_________________ is a buried erosional or non-depositional surface separating two rock masses or strata of different ages, indicating that sediment deposition was not continuous.
Unconformity
It is a gap in the geological record, such as an interruption of deposition of sediments, or a break between eroded igneous and overlying sedimentary strata, usually of long duration? - Unconformity
Unconformity
The surface that represents a break in the rock record, caused by erosion and nondeposition. -
Unconformity
specialists
Under e & p companies these are responsible for work in the various subdisciplines.
In the field of structural geolpogy, It is a state of strain in which there is shortening in a direction Z and it is compensated for by identical stretching in all directions perpendicular to Z.
Uniform flattening or axially symmetric flattening
It is the concept that the processes that have shaped Earth in the geologic past are essentially the same as those operating today but with different magnitude.
Uniformitarianism
The smallest group of atoms, ions, or molecules that form the building block of a crystal. -
Unit cell
Darcy
Unit of used in measuring permeablity
Name the schools that have won Petrobowl for the past 4 years
University of Tulsa (2014), UNAM (2015), Universidade Federal Do Rio De Janeiro (2016), UNAM (2017)
This is The area above the water table where openings in soil, sediment, and rock are not saturated but filled mainly with air. -
Unsaturated zone
Oil and Gas Industry sector that primarily deals with the searching, exploration, drilling, development and production of oil and gas wells?
Upstream
These are the electrons involved in the bonding process; they occupy the highest principal energy level of an atom. -
Valence electron
Limitation in seismic interpretation creted by lateral variations in the seismic velocity of the overburden. They will disappear if the seismic is properly depth-migrated
Velocity "pull-ups" and "push downs"
This is the surface opening of a conduit or pipe.
Vent
These are seismic surveys acquired with standard near-surface sources, but with receivers down a well
Vertical Seismic Profiles (VSP)
This is A term applied to aphanitic igneous rocks that contain many small cavities called vesicles.
Vesicle texture
Spherical or elongated openings on the outer portion of a lava flow that were created by escaping gases.
Vesicles
Fill in the blanks. Rocks that contain voids left by gases that escape as lava solidifies are said to exhibit a __________ texture.
Vesicular
It is the original trade name for a seismic exploration process in which the seismic energy is put into the substance by a hydraulically or electromechanically vibrating truck or an array of vibrator trucks. The frequencies can be scanned from 0.1 to 120 Hz. It was invented and patented by Conoco in the 1950s.
Vibroseis
The measure of a fluid's resistance to flow. -
Viscosity
The primary source of this kerogen type is higher plant debris found in coals or coaly sediments. What is this kerogen type called?
Vitrinite
When a source rock is examined under a reflectance microscope, the amount of light reflected by this plant organic matter helps define the maturity of the source rock. Name this organic matter.
Vitrinite
These are the gaseous components of magma dissolved in the melt. They will readily vaporize at surface pressures.
Volatiles
It Pertains to the activities, structures, or rock types of a volcano. -
Volcanic
What is A streamlined pyroclastic fragment ejected from a volcano while still semimolten.
Volcanic bomb
It is a zone in the upper mantle in which earthquakes occur when a lithospheric plate is subducted.
Wadati-Benioff Zone
What is the phenomenon that occurs from a sudden decrease in salinity of a brine flowing through a sandstone that will cause formation damage by dispersing clay particles?
Water Sensitivity
It involves the physical breakdown (disintegration) and chemical alteration (decomposition) of rock at or near Earth's surface.
Weathering
This is the breaking down of rocks, soil and minerals as well as artificial materials through contact with the Earth's atmosphere, biota and waters.
Weathering
What company introduced the gamma ray log?
Well Surveys Inc.
It is a method used for finding strain in two dimensions that is also described as a geometric construction. It is typically demonstrated on fossils with orthogonal lines of symmetry in the undeformed state. This method is called?
Wellman method
Name the premier with professional and educational background in geology of the world's second largest economy, China?
Wen Jiabao
WTI is a grade of crude oil used as a benchmark in oil pricing. It is light because of low density and sweet because of low sulfur content. What does "WTI" stand for?
West Texas Intermediate
surfactants
What do we call the chemical that is injected to the reservoir that will emulsify itself with the oil and water molecules for easier mobiity for oil recovery?
cross section
What do you call the sides of a block diagram?
caustic flooding
What is the chemical eor method that involves injection of chemicals that will break down heavy hydricarbons into lighter ones and will also act as emulsifiers to easilty recover these heavy hydrocarbons
zero
What is the dip angle of a horizontal rock layer?
Sedimentary
Which types of rock are of interest in the petroleum industry?
mixed rock fragments
Why is it difficult for a logging tool to determine the rock types along a falut line?
Name 4 erosional processes that transport and deposit sediments
Wind, water, gravity, ice
Identify the aspect of logging that employs an electrical cable to lower tools into the borehole and is distinct from measurements while drilling and well logging
Wireline
These are tools that are attached to a "wireline," or steel cable, lowered to the bottom of a well after each major stage of drilling and then hauled back.
Wireline log tools
It is a conventional form of logging that employs a measurement tool suspended on a cable or wire that suspends the tool and carries the data back to the surface.
Wireline logging
It is a tool that is attached to a "wireline" or steel cable, lowered to the bottom of a well after each major stage of drilling and then hauled back.
Wireline logs
Which global organization partnered with oil and gas companies in an advocacy to stop the practice of flaring - the burning off of natural gas as a byproduct at crude oil wells, typically where there is no pipeline to capture the gas - since it wastes a valuable energy resource?
World Bank
oil drive
Write "bonus" on the answer area
The meteorite impact that contributed to the extinction of the dinosaurs was the Chicxulub meteorite that hit _________ peninsula in mexico.
Yucatan
Folds whose short limbs appear to have been rotated clockwise with respect to their long limbs.
Z folds
Who is the acting Secretary for the Department of Energy?
Zenaida Monsada
nonconformity
a situation in which younger sedimentary strata overlie older metamorphic or intrusive igneous rocks
the attraction between different moelcules
adhesion
Name the siliceous rock with alternating bands of chalcedony and variously colored chert
agate
Name one of the two primary sources of organic chemicals in oil and gas
algae and plankton
In structural geology, what is the name for a fold that is convex up and has its oldest beds at its core?
anticline
What is the textural term meaning "fine-grained" that applies to igneous rocks.
aphanitic
well that aims to decide whether the hydrocarbon pool will produce profitable amounts of oil and gas
appraisal wells
It is a knife like ridge of rock between two glacially eroded valleys.
arete
sandstone deposition environment that exhibits a funnel shaped gamma ray log
barrier bar
What dark colored extrusive igneous rock underlies ocean basins and is composed chiefly of calcium plagioclase and pyroxene?
basalt
why is it difficult for a logging tool to determine the rock types along a falut line?
because of too much mixed type of rock fragments
a mechanism that involves water coming from aquifers causing a pushing pressure directly below the area of the oil reservoir.
bottom water drive
what clastic rock has angular gravel shaped particles?
breccia
what type of fluid is believed to be contained when the resistivty log is low?
brine
What is the name for a comparatively impervious stratum immediately overlying an oil- or gas-bearing rock?
cap rock
these are layers of rock that have been deposited essentially without interruption,
conformable strata
For 30 points, or 10 point each, give 3 types of plate boundaries:
convergent, transform, divergent
type of reservoir that is generated by severe faulting and has often reduction of porosity and permeability
deep reser
this is the meaurement of the angle that a rock layer tilits from the horizonal
dip
Mention 2 active wave source that is used in geophysics
electromagnetic, seismic wave
Mention 2 active wave source that use in geophysics!
electromagnetic, seismic wave
It refers to any planar (nearly flat) arrangement of mineral grains or crystals within a rock.
foliation
Where can you find the zone of accumulation on a glacier?
head
The downward flow of water past a tilted anticline causing the hydrodynamic accumulation of hydrocarbons. These are very rare.
hydrodynamic trap
This is a potassic ultrabasic hybrid igneous rock containing large crystals or megacryst of olivine enstatite. Name this igneous rock.
kimberlite
Carbonate sedimentary rock composed of mostly calcite is known as what?
limestone
Carbonate sedimentary rock composed of mostly calcite is what
limestone
What is the unit used to measure the strength of magnetic field
oersteds (Oe)
what is the common chemical that is added to the water in order to increase its sweep efficiency?
polymer
what variable is being measured by the density log?
porosity
the behavior on a PT diagram where liquid revaporizes at some points
retrograde
these gases are AKA as condensates
retrograde gas
Identify the small, nearly parallel sand ridges and troughs that are also formed by moving water or wind.
ripple marks
pore spaces that resulted from post depositional activities
secondary porosity
this is a mechanism when crude oil has dissolved gas on it, the gases aid in helping the oil feel lighter, thus enhancing the mobility of our oil up to the surface for production.
solution gas drive
what do we call the chemical that is injected to the reservoir that will emulsify itself with the oil and water molecules for easier mobiity for oil recovery?
surfactants
Worth 20 points. Define lithification.
the processes by which unconsolidated sediments are transformed into solid sedimentary rocks
this refers to all the porosity of the rock whether effective or not
total porosity
Weatherford is one of the largest international oil and natural gas service companies. The company provides products and services for drilling, evaluation, completion, production and intervention of oil and natural gas wells, along with pipeline construction and commissioning. Headquartered in Switzerland, Weatherford currently operates in more than 100 countries across the globe and employs more than 60,000 people. Name the CEO of this multi-national company.
(Bernard Duroc-Danner)
What does a fracture look like on a acoustic image log?
(Sinus) curve
What is the gamma radiation value of pure calcite in API units?
0
What percentage of Sodium Chloride is required in a drilling fluid for it to be called a saltwater mud?
1%
How much oil did Libya produce before the start of its revolution?
1.6 million bbl/day
Linking the Mediterranean and Red Seas, how much crude oil and refined products go through the Suez Canal
1.8 million barrels
Shale has approximately what API?
100
If the prospect is more or less circular, how many degrees apart the ideal outstep directions?
120
The World Coal Institutes says that at the current coal production of the world, the proven coal reserves are estimated to last for how many years?
147
This temperature window allows for the creation of crude oil from organic matter in sedimentary rocks. What are these values?
150-300F
The basic work for flow through porous material was done by Henry Darcy, when was this conducted?
1856
In which decade did Russia become a net oil exporter
1880s
Name the decade and state for the first submerged oil well drilled in saltwater in the U.S.
1890s, California
In what year was a major oil discovery made that confirmed the anticline theory?
1913
20. Schlumberger Limited is the world's largest oilfield services company. Schlumberger employs approximately 126,000 people representing more than 140 nationalities working in more than 85 countries. For 10 points, in what was this company founded?
1926
What year was the first horizontal well drilled near Texon, Texas?
1929
What year was the gamma-ray log introduced?
1939
When was Ecopetrol established, what does Ecopetrol stand for and what country is Ecopetrol based in?
1948, Empresa Colombiana de Petróleos, Columbia
For 10 points each, name the year in which Hubbert created and used the models behind peak oil and identify the 5 year range when he predicted US production would peak
1956, 1967-1972
Name the year when the petroleum branch of AIME became its own organization
1957
When was SPE established?
1957
In what year did SPE become a separately incorporated organization from its mother organization?
1985
What year was Saudi Aramco established, succeeding Aramco following a royal decree by King Fahd?
1988
Year of the establishment of PSU's Petroleum Engineering Department
1995
During this year, JPT celebrated its 50th anniversary and BP discovered the Thunder Horse field in the Gulf of Mexico. Name this year that saw the mergers of Total and Petrofina
1999
When someone mentions a 2:1 clay mineral such as smectite, what do the "2" and the "1" represent.
2 is number of tetrahedral sheets, 1 is number of octahedral sheets
What is the typical maximum allowable point of approach for sea vessels when within the vicinity of offshore drilling rigs?
2 nautical miles
Fill in the blank. From 2008 to 2012, the average pump price of one liter of the most commonly sold gasoline gasoline in the Philippines amounts to 1.25 dollars, the pump price in Turkey, on the other hand, is one of the highest in the world at ___ USD/ liter? (5% deviation from the correct answer is allowable)
2.41 to 2.67 (2.54 USD/L)
What is the grain density of quartz in g/cm3?
2.65
What is the specific gravity of calcite?
2.71
Give the reserve size of Saudi Aramco in bbl of oil
260B bbl of oil
What percentage of SPE is comprised of students?
29% (As of 2012)
During the year 2013, what was the average daily oil consumption of the Philippines?
299.39 thousand bbl/day
In petrophysics, what is Stone's model used to predict?
3-phase relative permeability
In 2014, the Philippines produced a total of 77,261 Gwh of electricity, what percent of this is sourced from fossil fuels, particularly petroleum based fossil fuels?
31.58%
Total number of SPE student chapters around the world
368
As of 2018, how many student chapters were registered and recognized by the SPE?
382
What is the length to width ratio of megasequences?
3:1(3 is to one)
A borehole geometry tool has how many arms?
4
Worth 20 points. What is the currently accepted half-life value for Uranium-238?
4.5 billion years
The packing model, assuming uniform grain size in sedimentary rocks, considers two ideal geometric arrangements. They are rhombohedral & cubic. What is the porosity of cubic pack?
47,6%
What is the theoretical maximum porosity in a cubic, rhombohedral, and hexagonal packing?
47.6%, 26.0%, and 39.5% respectively
Worth 20 points. Cubic grain packing has a theoretical maximum porosity of ______ percent.
47.60%
Fill in the blank. In 2000, the Philippines was able to generate a total of 11.045 billion kilowatthours of geothermal electricity which amounted to ___ percent of the total geothermal electricity generated in Asia including Oceania. (5%deviation from the final answer is allowed)
48.507 -53.62; (51.063%)
How many barrels of oil are there in 1 cubic meter of oil?
6.2898 barrels
In 2011, BP celebrated the anniversary of its...
60th anniversary of BP statistical review
When natural gas is cooled to a temperature of -162°C, it becomes liquid. When it is liquefied, its volume is decreased by how many times?
615 times
What is the size range of the detrital rock Cobble in millimeters?
64-256 mm
In the first days of petroleum exploration, Edwin Drake managed to drill the first ever oil well. At what depth did his well start to produce oil?
69.5 ft
Estimated reserve size of the gas field in Isabela?
71 BCF (billion cubic feet)
During the year 2013, what was the average daily oil consumption of the world?
90 345.27 thousand bbl/day / 90.345 million bbl/day
According to OPEC, what is the 2017 world daily oil demand?
93 million bbl/day
For 30 points, or 5 points each, give 6 rock forming minerals:
: olivine, mica, feldspar, pyroxene, clay minerals, calcite, amphibole, quartz, dolomite
Percentage range of porosity in reservoirs
>0 to <40% Porosity
drill string
A borehole geometry tool has how many arms?
reef / bioherms
A carbonate reservoir environment known formed in shallow areas
cementation
A control on porosity that involves the glueing effect of grains
compaction
A control on porosity that results into elongation of previously round sized grains by the overburden pressure
Trap
A description of the sealed petroleum-bearing container
oil refinery
A factory where crude oil is cleaned and turned into useful oil products
. Give an indication of facies change
A gradual change in the porosity and permeability of a formation.
hydrocarbon
A large response of density log could mean a high content of what?
OWC
A log interpretation that displays a dead end of the presence of oil and water is immediately next to the oil
ODT
A log interpretation that displays a dead end of the presence of oil but no water is detected/
hydrocarbon
A lowresponse of density log could mean a low content of what?
A non-clastic limestone, characterized by loosely consolidated, earthy calcium carbonate and clay containing deposits of shell.
A marl or marlstone
gas drive / gas expansion drive
A mechanism that involves the gas cap being the source of pressure for the pushing of oil into the surface
bottom water drive
A mechanism that involves water coming from aquifers causing a pushing pressure directly below the area of the oil reservoir.
edge water drive
A mechanism that involves water coming from aquifers causing a pushing pressure into the edges of the oil reservoir.
steam flooding
A method of thermal eor where high temperature vapors of water are injected into the reservoir to heat up the oil and lower its viscosity to increase mobility
What is a complex assembly of irregularly shaped minerals with void spaces which are likewise irregularly shaped and distributed?
A porous medium
well sorted
A rock that has same grain sizes is said to be a ___ sorted rock
poorly
A rock that has varying grain sizes is said to be a _____ sorted rock
fractures
A secondary porosity that resulted from cracking of rock layers
Name 4 conditons allowing the accumulation of hydrocarbons in resevoir worth 5 points each.
A source rock containing the original organic remains. 2. Pressure and temperature conditions suitable to convert the organic remains into oil and gas. 3. A porous, permeable reservoir rock where the hydrocarbon can accumulate. 4. A migration pathway from the source rock to the reservoir rock for the hydrocarbons. 5. A suitable trap to keep the hydrocarbons in the reservoir rock until we wish to exploit it.
What is a semiveriogram?
A statistical tool that measures the spatial correlation or continuity in geophysical data
reservoir
A subsurface volume of porous and permeable rock that has both storage capacity and the ability to allow fluids to flow through it.
Dike
A tabular-shaped intrusive igneous feature that cuts through the surrounding rock.
A sandstone containing highly viscous, asphalt-like hydrocarbon compounds is referred to as what?
A tar Sand
drill stem test
A temporary completion of a well that provides info whether to complete or not the well.
sealing fault
A type of fault that never allows fluid to passs by it anymore
Who first patented Kerosene?
Abraham Gesner
The grinding and scraping of a rock surface by the friction and impact of rock particles carried by water, wind, and ice.
Abrasion
Absolute porosity is a measure of the portions of a rock that are occupied by void spaces. Rocks that have pores within them are called porous rocks. The absolute Continue reading
Absolute porosity (Geology)
It is a very level area of the deep-ocean floor, usually lying at the foot of the continental rise.
Abyssal plain
(Also Abyss) Abyssal plain is a relatively smooth, large and flat area typically found at the end of the continental rise and right before the mid-ocean ridge. Abyssal plains are Continue reading
Abyssal plain (Geology)
Accommodation space is the available space on a surface upon which sediments can be deposited at any given point in time. This surface can be a marine surface or a Continue reading
Accommodation space (Geology)
It is a Zone between two overlapping fault segments where offset is transferred from one fault segment to the other. It is used specifically for the zone connecting two oppositely dipping half-grabens. What is the name for this zone?
Accommodation zone
exploration department
According to the technical wing, aside from the petrophysicists, this is where the prod geo is also in close contact
It is a large wedge-shaped mass of sediment that accumulates in subduction zones.
Accretionary wedge
It is the combination of the contrasts in velocity and density, and is characterized by the reflection coefficient
Acoustic Contrast
What three well logs can be combined to determine the mineral composition of a formation?
Acoustic, neutron, and density
is a porosity log that measures the interval transit time of a compressional wave traveling through one foot of formation
Acoustic/Sonic log
What does a smooth cylindrical gamma ray log response imply in terms of environment of deposition. Worth 5 points each
Aeolian dunes Tidal sands Fluvial Channels
residual oil
After doing water injection and water flooding, what do we call the remaining oil in the reservoir?
It is A smaller earthquake that follows the main earthquake.
Aftershock
Give me atleast three(3) examples of chert
Agate, flint, jasper, arrowhead, Petrified wood
Most common energy source for seismic acquisition in water areas where it discharges a high pressure of air into the water
Air gun
Which is higher in sand with dispersed shale, brine or air permeability?
Air permeability
Worth 20 points. Who was the French geologist who coined the term nuee ardente which is a pyroclastic flow generated by dome collapse? An example of a nuee ardente is the pyroclastic flow generated by the eruption of Mt Pelee that destroyed the city of St. Pierre in 1902.
Alfred Lacroix
The Continental drift hypothesis suggested that all present continents once existed as a single supercontinent. Further, beginning about 200 million years ago, the supercontinent began breaking into smaller continents, which then "drifted" to their present positions. Who formulated the continental drift hypothesis?
Alfred Wegener
This is a group of hydrocarbons formed by saturated compounds such as Methane, Ethane, Propane, and Butane. They are also called paraffins.
Alkanes
Give atleast three(3) examples of Sedimentary Environments
Alluvial Fan, Eolian Dunes, Flluvial System, Lakes, deltas, Shallow-Marine System and Sub-marine fans
It is a stream channel in which the bed and banks are composed largely of unconsolidated sediment (alluvium) that was previously deposited in the valley.
Alluvial channel
It is a fan-shaped deposit of sediment formed when a stream's slope is abruptly reduced.
Alluvial fan
These are unconsolidated sediment deposited by a stream.
Alluvium
In 1957, the SPE is founded as a constituent society of which American organization?
American Institute of Mining Engineers
When SPE was established, it was a constituent society of what organization?
American Institute of Mining Engineers / AIME
In order to compare the quality of crude oil from different sources with relative ease, the API scale was introduced. What is the meaning of API?
American Petroleum Institute
What does API stand for
American petroleum institute
Name the two atributes measured from P waves during seismic acquisition?
Amplitude and Reflection time
It is a type of unconformity in which the older strata dip at an angle different from that of the younger beds. This type of unconformity is called?
Angular unconformity
In structural geology, this volume change involves not only a change in volume, but also a change in shape because its effect on the rock is different in different directions.
Anisotropic volume change.
This type of secondary fault is set with opposite direction with respect to the primary fault.
Anithic or antithetic fault
It is a river channel system where streams follow paths that are segments of circles that ring a dissected dome or basin.
Annular
Name the six minerals in the Bowen's reaction coninuous series.
Anorthite, bytonitie
What are the 3 types of structural traps?
Answer. Anticline, fault, salt dome
Name four types of naturally occurring hydrocarbons
Answer. Paraffins, Napthenes (cycloparaffins), Aromatics, Asphalts
Fill in the blanks. The depth at which metamorphism begins depends on pressure and temperature. The pressure is controlled by the (1) _______ whereas the temperature is controlled by the (2) ___________.
Answer: (1) weight of the overlying rocks (2) geothermal gradient
This principle states that each layer of sedimentary rock in a sequence not disturbed is relatively older than the layer above and younger than the layer below. Name this principle.
Answer: Superposition
It is a stream that continued to downcut and maintain its original course as an area along its course was uplifted by faulting or folding.
Antecedent stream
It is a fold in sedimentary strata that resembles an arch.
Anticline
This is a kind of trap that is formed when strata folds into the shape of an arch which is long and narrow.
Anticline trap
What are the 3 types of structural traps?
Anticline, fault, salt dome
These are faults that dip opposite from the regional sedimentary rock bedding. In reality, the orientation of these faults is independent from the bedding dip and results from adjustment to regional stress relief. What are these faults called?
Antithetic fault
Who is the President and CEO of PNOC?
Antonio Cailao
Name a log that does not work in oil based mud?
Any normal electric log.
It is called the distance between the two walls of a fracture.
Aperture
It is a texture of igneous rocks in which the crystals are too small for individual minerals to be distinguished without the aid of a microscope.
Aphanitic texture
It is the stage where the internal architecture of the reservoir is revealed
Appraisal
It is a rock or sediment through which groundwater moves easily.
Aquifer
It is an impermeable bed that hinders or prevents groundwater movement.
Aquitard
It is an opening created when cave is eroded all the way through a narrow headland? - Sea Arch
Arch
What are the two eons that divide Precambrian?
Archean and Proterozoic
This is a sandstone containing 25% or more of feldspars, usually derived from silicic igneous rocks.
Arkose
When a sandstone contains appreciable quantities of feldspar (25% or more), the rock is called?
Arkose
Term used to describe unsaturated hydrocarbon ring compunds
Aromatics
These are unsaturated hydrocarbon ring compounds.
Aromatics
Flow generated when the potentiometric surface lays above the point where a well penetrates a reservoir and exits at the surface. These wells flow without artificial aid.
Artisan flow
What clays are formed "in-place" by the degradation of other minerals, typically feldspars? These often form the matrix of arenaceous sedimentary rocks, binding grains together into consolidated sediments.
Authigenic clay
Worth 20 points. It is an apron of sediment along a mountain front created by the coalescence of alluvial fans.
Bajada
Name the two companies that merged to create the modern Baker-Hughes
Baker International and Hughes Tool Company
. What US oil rich formation is described as a lookalike of an oreo cookie, representing two layers of black shale that leak oil into a central dolomite layer?
Bakken Shale
Which large US oil rich formation is described to look like an oreo cookie, representing to layers of black shale that leak oil into a central dolomite layer?
Bakken Shale
Which large US oil rich formation is decribed to look like an Oreo cookie, with two layers of black shale that bleed oil into a middle dolomite layer
Bakken shale
In sedimentary Geology what does BIF stand for?
Banded Iron Formation
Which mineral has a Photoelectric absorption index of 266.82 barns/electron?
Barite
These are long, narrow sand bodies that can occur within deltas, along delta fronts, and in oceanic and lacustrine environments with no direct connection to deltas. They are more likely to form when there is a steady supply of sand to the coast, the depositional basin has a limited tidal range, and the coastal plain is moderately stable with a low gradient. What is this body of sand called?
Barrier Islands
It is a low, elongate ridge of sand that parallels the coast.
Barrier island
It is a fine-grained igneous rock of mafic composition.
Basalt
It is a compositional group of igneous rocks indicating that the rock contains substantial dark silicate minerals and calcium-rich plagioclase feldspar.
Basaltic composition
Fill in the blanks. The limiting level below which a stream cannot erode the land is called the__________ of the stream.
Base Level
For 10 points. What does BOSIET stand for?
Basic offshore safety induction emergency training
shallow res
Basic type of reservoir created by folding where there is low internal reservoir pressures
What is an irregular intrusion of an igneous rock into another rock?
Batholith
It is a large mass of igneous rock that formed when magma was emplaced at depth, crystallized, and subsequently exposed by erosion.
Batolith
It is a whitish, grayish, brown, yellow, or reddish-brown rock composed of hydrous aluminum oxides and aluminum hydroxides and containing impurities such as free silica,silt,iron hydroxides,and clay minerals. It is the principal commercial source of aluminum.
Bauxite
Where can you find the greatest tidal range on Earth?
Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia
It is a sandbar that completely crosses a bay, sealing it off from the main body of water.
Baymouth bar
It is an accumulation of sediment found along the landward margin of the ocean or a lake.
Beach
Worth 20 points. Why is color not a good distiguishing property for minerals?
Because minerals come in different colors that may coincide with other minerals.
These are sediments moved along the bottom of a stream by moving water, or particles moved along the ground surface by wind.
Bed load
It is a nearly flat surface that separates two beds of sedimentary rock. Each of this marks the end of one deposit and the beginning of another having different characteristics.
Bedding plane
Name the drilling mud additive that thickens and increases viscosity of the mud.
Bentonite
Volcanic tuff altered to montmorillonite is called what?
Bentonite
It is the dry, gently sloping zone on the backshore of a beach at the foot of coastal cliffs or dunes.
Berm
An important pipeline route for resource-rich Central Asia to Europe, Turkey has one of the world's most promising economies. Name the prime minister of Turkey
Binali Yıldırım
It is a type of chemical sediment that forms when material dissolved in water is precipitated by water-dwelling organisms. Shells are common examples.
Biochemical Sediment
It is the process of breaking down organic wastes with microbes. Bacteria that are naturally present in the environment use microbial enzymes to break down die materials into a soluble form that passes through the cell walls of the bacteria. What is the name of this process?
Bioremediation
It is a type of stratigraphy that is based on the observations that fossil assemblages in similar rocks of different ages are dissimilar.
Biostratigraphy
It is described as the post-depositional disturbance of sediments by living organisms.
Bioturbation
It is described as a component of organic matter which is composed of compounds that are soluble in organic solvents
Bitumen
Which petroleum product, soluble to carbon bisulfide, was used to coat the Noah's Ark and Moses' basket?
Bitumen
On March 23, 1989, the crude carrier Exxon Valdez struck which reef along the Prince William Sound in Alaska?
Bligh Reef
It is a lava that has a surface of angular blocks associated with material having andesitic and rhyolitic compositions.
Block lava
These are zones of failure of the wall of a well that give the borehole an irregular and typically elongated shape. This is referred as?
Borehole breakouts
It is the prime source of direct temperature measurement in sedimentary basins drilled for oil and gas.
Boreholes
It is a layer of fine sediment deposited beyond the advancing edge of a delta and then buried by continued delta growth.
Bottomset bed
It is a gravity value correction for the attraction of rocks located between the gravity measurement station and the datum elevation, usually sea level.
Bouguer correction
Give 5 classifications of sedimentary rocks according to their diameter
Boulder, Cobble, Pebble, Granule, Sand, Silt, Clay
It is the vertical sedimentary sequence deposited by a complete turbidity current coming to rest. It is divided into units labeled a, b, c, d, and e, that are distinguished by sedimentary structures and grain size. What is this sequence called?
Bouma sequence
Name the schematic description of the order in which a series of minerals form during the cooling and solidification of magma
Bowen's Reaction Series
When the gravel-sized particle in coarse detrital rock are angular. What will be the rock called?
Breccia
What is described to be the most important type of crude oil used in Europe, extracted from the North Sea, and is also used as a benchmark in oil pricing?
Brent crude
The Anglo-Persian Oil Company still exists today, albeit under a different name. What is APOC known as in the present time?
British Petroleum / BP
This energy company was recently asked to place a sum of $20B in escrow in the United States to cover the long term costs of Deepwater Horizon incident. Name the company.
British Petroleum / BP
What company was responsible for the operation of the rig that blewout in April of 2010?
British Petroleum / BP
The temperature and pressure at which part of a liquid begins to convert to a gas.
Bubble point
It is a folding mechanism that occurs when layers that have higher viscosity than the matrix are compressed parallel to the layering. As stress increases, the layer becomes unstable and buckles through the amplification of minute irregularities along the layer interfaces. This folding mechanism is called?
Buckling
These are data measured using mercury displacement and Archimedes' principle to determine porosity.
Bulk Volume
It is the major force that cause petroleum to move which is also the density contrast between petroleum and subsurface brine.
Buoyancy
With executive order number 3299, the U.S. Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar separated the Minerals Management Service into 3 distinct entities. What are their names?
Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE), and the Office of Natural Resources Revenue
Low-grade metamorphism that occurs in the lowest layers of very thick accumulationsof sedimentary strata.
Burial metamorphism
Pristane is a regular isoprenoid hydrocarbon which is a biomarker, found in crude oil and sediments and derived from chlorophyll, that is used to correlate crude oils and source rocks. What is the chemical formula for this compound.
C19H40
Mention 3 logs which is used for cement quality analysis!
CBL (Cement Bond Log), VDL (Variable Density Log), CEL (Cement Evaluation Log)
The canadian oil company Nexen announced in July 2012 that they are being acquired by which company?
CNOOC
Name this compound that naturally occurs as limestone which is primarily used today as a bridging material in drill-in, completion and workover fluids. Sized particles of this compound, along with polymers, control fluid loss in brines or drill-in, completion and workover fluids. Name this compound that has a formula CaCO3.
Calcium Carbonate
What precipitate is formed when hydrofluoric acid reacts with calcium carbonate?
Calcium Fluoride (CaF2)
Name the two ions involved in dolomitization.
Calcium and magnesium
Which city will be hosting ATCE in 2019?
Calgary, Alberta, Canada
This well log makes a record of the borehole diameter, which is usually constantly changing.
Caliper Log
What well log is used to determine the wellbore radius and may also be used to determine the location of permeable formations along the wellbore?
Caliper log
It is the the huge expansion in biodiversity that occurred at the beginning of the Paleozoic era.
Cambrian explosion
In which country can you find the largest deposit of oil sands in the world?
Canada
Cap rock is a rock that forms a laterally continuous impermeable seal above and around a hydrocarbon reservoir such that hydrocarbon fluids become trapped below the rock. Cap rock detection Continue reading
Cap rock (Geology)
It is the normal mode of seal failure under hydrostatic and moderate to overpressure conditions
Capillary Failure
It is a type of seal failure which is the normal mode of seal failure under hydrostatic and moderate over pressure conditions.
Capillary failure
It is a relatively narrow zone at the base of the zone of aeration. Here water rises from the water table in tiny, threadlike openings between grains of soil or sediment.
Capillary fringe
Name the class of sedimentary rocks composed primarily of carbonate minerals.
Carbonate Rock
Archie's equation has two factors based off the formation type, tortuosity factor, n, and cementation exponent, m. When there is no knowledge of the local parameters, values of 1 and 2 can be assumed for n and m, respectively. For what formation lithology are these values correct?
Carbonates (limestone or dolomite)
It is the brittle crushing of grains, accompanied by frictional sliding and rotation. It is derived from a Greek word for crushing.
Cataclasis
The fracture and crushing of grains, coupled with frictional sliding along grain contacts and grain rotation, is______________.
Cataclasis
The process of breaking down chemical bonds in kerogen and clays within shale to generate liquid hydrocarbons.
Catagenesis
What is the process by which kerogen is converted, at elevated temperatures, into petroleum?
Catagenesis
Give the 3 stages of hydrocarbon formation.
Catagenesis, diagenesis, metagenesis
One way in which sedimentary rocks are lithified. As material precipitates from water that percolates through the sediment, open spaces are filled and particles are joined into a solid mass.
Cementation
It is a soft, porous, sedimentary rock that is made up almost entirely of the hard parts of microscopic marine organisms.
Chalk
Worth 20 points. Define metamorphism.
Change in form
Fill in the blanks. The Principles of Geology: being an attempt to explain the former changes of the Earth's surface, by reference to causes now in operation is a book by the Scottish geologist _________________, first published in 3 volumes in 1830-1833. He popularizd the theory of Uniformitarianism and used this to describe how the Earth's surface was changing over time.
Charles Lyell
Type of Sedimentary rock consisting of material that was precipitated from water by either inorganic or organic means.
Chemical sedimentary rock
The processes by which the internal structure of a mineral is altered by the removal and/or addition of elements.
Chemical weathering
This hard, silicate sedimentary rock is similar to flint but with a less ordered structure. It is a cryptocrystalline form of quartz and is known to be extremely hard on drill bits.
Chert
First made using bamboo and used to make evaporated salt brine, the first natural gas pipelines were built in 500 B.C. in which country?
China
Which country has the largest expected recoverable shale gas resources in the world, with almost double the resources of the United States?
China
What element when present in significant amounts will cause the neutron tool to overestimate porosity?
Chlorine
It is a type of stratigraphy derived from some combination of seismic stratigraphy, sequence stratigraphy and biostratigraphy.
Chronostratigraphy
It is a rather small volcano built primarily of ejected lava fragments that consist mostly of pea- to walnut-size lapilli.
Cinder cone
It is an amphitheater-shaped basin at the head of a glaciated valley produced by frost wedging and plucking.
Cirque
What is the texture of chalk and rock salt is it clastic or nonclastic?
Clastic and Nonclastic respectively
What rock type is made of broken fragments that are cemented together?
Clastic rocks
What kind of sedimentary rocks are composed of lithified clastic sediment named and classified primarily according to the size of the clastic grains?
Clastic/ clastic sedimentary rocks
It it is the tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weak bonding.
Cleavage
Planes along which a rock may break
Cleavage
On the Udden-Wentworth classification of grain size, what lies between pebble and boulder?
Cobbles
Name the last petrobowl champion not coming from Oklahoma and Texas and the years of competition
Colorado School of Mines (2006)
The Chuchupa field is a natural gas field found in the Guajira basin along with two minor gas fields. It was discovered in 1977. The Guajira basin has been a primary source of gas for a certain country since it hosts three dry gas fields which include Chuchupa. In which country can you both find the Chuchupa field and the Guajira basin?
Columbia
These types of joints form as igneous rocks cool and develop shrinkage fractures.
Columnar Joints
It is a pressure controlled phenomenon in which the centres of the constituent grains of a sediment are brought closer together, usually in the vertical direction.
Compaction
asphaltenes or resins.
Complex hydrocarbon compounds that are relatively enriched in n, s, and o.
It is a volcano composed of both lava flows and pyroclastic material.
Composite cone
Mount Mayon, Mount Fuji and Mount St. Helens are few examples of a ____________ volcano.
Composite cone; Stratovolcanoes
These are circular faults related to collapse of underlying rocks, for example due to salt collapse and collapse of karst structures.
Concentric faults
What is the name of the fracture that obsidian possesses?
Conchoidal
It is a pipelike opening through which magma moves toward Earth's surface. It terminates at a surface opening called a vent.
Conduit
Fill in the blanks. When water is pumped from a new well, the rate of withdrawal initially exceeds the rate of local groundwater flow.This imbalance in flow rates creates a conical depression in the water table immediately surrounding the well called a _____________.
Cone of depression
It is a cone-shaped depression in the water table immediately surrounding a well.
Cone of depression
layers both above and below.
Confined aquifer
For 2 points each, list 4 factors which controls the rock behavior
Confining pressure, temperature influence, strain rate influence, fluid influence, rock type
These are described as rock layers that were deposited without interruption. What are these layers called?
Conformable layers
It is a sedimentary rock composed of rounded, gravel-size particles.
Conglomerate.
What is the name of the water trapped within the pores of the rock, during its formation?
Connate Water
In 2011, the oil and gas industry gained two large upstream independent companies while losing two majors. Name the two companies...
Conoco and Marathon
It is a linear zone along which continental lithosphere stretches and pulls apart. Its creation may mark the beginning of a new ocean basin.
Continental rift
It is the boundary between continents and deep ocean basins, steep drop off from shelf to deep ocean floor.
Continental slope
These are mountains formed in part by igneous activity associated with the subduction of oceanic lithosphere beneath a continent. Examples include the Andes and the Cascades.
Continental volcanic arc.
Name 5 broad sedimentary environments or associations.
Continental: alluvial, aeolian, fluvial, lacustrine, Transitional: deltaic, tidal, lagoonal, beach Marine: shallow, deep, reef Other: Evaporite, Glacial"
Name 5 broad sedimentary environments or associations.
Continental: alluvial, aeolian,, fluvial,lacustrine, Transitional: deltaic, tidal, lagoonal, beach Marine: shallow, deep, reef Other: Evaporite, Glacial
Worth 10 points each. What two aspects of Wegener's continental drift hypothesis were objectionable to most Earth's scientist?
Continents do not break through the ocean floor and tidal energy is too weak to cause continents to be displaced.
It is a boundary in which two plates move together, resulting in oceanic lithosphere being thrust beneath an overriding plate, eventually to be reabsorbed into the mantle. It can also involve the of two continental plates to create a mountain system.
Convergent plate boundary
This sedimentary rock is also known as storm surge deposits. What is this called?
Coquina
It is a structure formed in a warm, shallow, sunlit ocean environment that consists primarily of the calcite-rich remains of corals as well as the limy secretions of algae and the hard parts of many other small organisms.
Coral reef
It provides the basic geological data from which to build a detailed description of a reservoir and is the only material in which high quality petrophysical properties can be measured.
Core
It is the deflective force of Earth's rotation on all free-moving objects, including the atmosphere and the ocean.
Coriolis Effect (Coriolis Force)
core sample
Correlation sample that is very large and expensive
It is the process by which soluble rock is gradually dissolved by flowing water.
Corrosion
Last November 2017, this country achieved an energy milestone by being able to run its entire area using a mixture of renewable sources of energy such as hydroelectric, geothermal, biomass, wind, and solar energies for 300 days. Which country is this?
Costa Rica
It is the part of the continental crust that has attained stability; that is, it has not been affected by significant tectonic activity during the Phanerozoic eon. It consists of the shield and the stable platform.
Craton
During which period, in the earth's history, did most dinosaurs become extinct?
Cretaceous
This is an internal structure of the rock which results from the movement of a very large ripple or wave of sand.
Cross bedding
It is a principle of relative dating which states that a rock or fault is younger than any rock or fault through which it cuts.
Cross-cutting relationship
A mixture of hydrocarbons that existed in the liquid phase in natural underground reservoirs and remain liquid at atmospheric pressure after passing through surface separating facilities is known as what?
Crude oil
What is the theoretical maximum porosity in a cubic, rhombohedral and hexagonal packing?
Cubic-47.6%; rhombohedral-26%; hexagonal-39.5%
Fill in the blanks. The temperature wherein the magnetite mineral gets demagnetized is called the ____________.
Curie Point
The temperature above which a material loses its magnetization.
Curie point
A short channel segment created when a river erodes through the narrow neck of land between meanders.
Cutoff
These two Naphtenes are the most abundant found in crude oils
Cyclopentane, Cyclohexane
A region in roughly the lowermost 200 kilometers (125 miles) of the mantle where P waves experience a sharp decrease in velocity.
D"layer
This concession was signed between William Knox D'Arcy and Mofazzar al-Din, Shah of Persia. This gave D'arcy exclusive rights to search and produce oil in Persia.
D'Arcy Concession
It is the zone of brittle deformation structures around a fault. This has a density of such structures that is higher than the surrounding rocks.
Damage zone 431
A pulitzer prize winning author for his work: "The Prize"
Daniel Yergin
Unit of used in measuring permeablity
Darcy
Unit of used in measuring permeablity
Darcy (D) or milliDarcies (mD)
Who is the first Canadian to have been elected as the president of SPE?
Darcy Spady (2018)
It is an equation which states that groundwater discharge depends on the hydraulic gradient, hydraulic conductivity, and cross-sectional area of an aquifer.
Darcy's law
A silicate mineral that contains ions of iron and/or magnesium in its structure. Dark silicates are dark in color and have a higher specific gravity than nonferromagnesian silicates.
Dark silicate
An isotope that results from radioactive decay.
Daughter product
Janeen Judah is SPE's president for the year 2017. Who is SPE's first woman president, who served her term in the year 1998?
DeAnn Craig
(Also dead crude) An oil sample is pronounced "dead" when it has lost all its dissolved gases and volatile components. The gaseous components of crude oil are mainly methane, ethane, Continue reading
Dead Oil (Geology)
It is a relatively rapid type of mass wasting that involves a flow of soil and regolith containing a large amount of water.
Debris Flow
A flow of soil and regolith that contains a large amount of water. Most common in semiarid mountainous regions and on the slopes of some volcanoes.
Debris flow
Melting that occurs as rock ascends due to a drop in confining pressure.
Decompression melting
chalk deposits
Deep marine depth carbonate reservoirs formed by chemical precipitation
The portion of seafloor that lies between the continental margin and the oceanic ridge system. This region comprises almost 30 percent of Earth's surface.
Deep-ocean basin
A narrow, elongated depression of the seafloor.
Deep-ocean trench
A cone-shaped deposit at the base of the continental slope. The sediment is transported to the fan by turbidity currents that follow submarine canyons.
Deep-sea fan
A test which involves an exploratory hole located within the productive area of a pool, already partly or wholly developed.
Deeper pool test
On April 20, 2010, this sem-submersible drilling rig experienced a catastrophic blowout that left 11 people dead and caused the largest oil spill in US waters. What was the name of this oil rig?
Deepwater Horizon
Dip
Defined as the angle at which a rock layer or fault is inclined from the horizontal.
It is the transformation from an initial to a final geometry by means of rigid body translation, rigid body rotation, strain (distortion) and/or volume change.
Deformation
What are the main types of depositional environment?
Deltaic (continental), lacustrine (transitional), marine
distinct extensions from the shoreline where rivers enter marine or fresh-water depositional basins and supply sediments faster than the basin processes can redistribute them.
Deltas
It is a nearly horizontal fault that may extend for hundreds of kilometers below the surface. Such a fault represents a boundary between rocks that exhibit ductile deformation and rocks that exhibit brittle deformation.
Detachment fault
Differentiate Chemical and Detrital Sedimentary Rocks.
Detrital Sedimentary rocks are form from detrital deposition, and chemical sedimentery rocks are formed chemical sediments.
These are rocks that form from the accumulation of materials that originate and are transported as solid particles derived from both mechanical and chemical weathering.
Detrital sedimentary rocks
Location of Saudi Aramco's headquarters
Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
Name the process of physical, chemical, or biological alteration of sediments during or after they have been deposited.
Diagenesis
Name the process of the physical, chemical or biological alteration of sediments into sedimentary rock at relatively low temperatures and presures that can result in changes to the rock's original mineralogy and texture
Diagenesis
It is a rigid, fused-ring, cycloalkane hydrocarbon with a 3-D crystal structure of carbon atoms that is the same as a diamond crystal lattice. They occur naturally in deep, high temperature source rocks and reservoirs, dry gases, condensates, and crude oils and have been synthesized. It has a specific gravity of 1.07. It is used for correlation of light oils and condensates that do not contain biomarkers, an indicator of oil maturity, and as a measure of oil-to-gas cracking. What is this hydrocarbon called?
Diamondoid
It is a body, usually of salt, magma or water-saturated mud or sand that gravitationally moves upward and intrudes the overburden.
Diapir
The variation in the rate and degree of weathering caused by such factors as mineral makeup, degree of jointing, and climate.
Differential weathering
A tabular-shaped intrusive igneous feature that cuts through the surrounding rock.
Dike
Information about the shape of a borehole is obtained by what kind of tools?
Dipmeter or well imaging tools
Generated by gas (and occasion, oil) in the reservoir that appears on seismic as a flat spot, bright spot, or dim spot
Direct Hydrocarbon Indicator (DHI)
It is a type of unconformity in which the beds above and below are parallel.
Disconformity
Name 5 types of unconformities for 2 points each
Disconformity, non-conformity, angular unconformity, paraconformity, buttress unconformity, blended unconformity, biconformity
A sudden change of depth in one or more of the physical properties of the material making up Earth's interior. The boundary between two dissimilar materials in Earth's interior as determined by the behavior of seismic waves.
Discontinuity
A term used to describe plutons that cut across existing rock structures, such as bedding planes.
Discordant
In terms of spatial distribution in the pore space, what are the three classifications for clays?
Dispersed, Structural, Laminated
Any economic mineral deposit in which the desired mineral occurs as scattered particles in the rock but in sufficient quantity to make the deposit an ore.
Disseminated deposit
A common form of chemical weathering, it is the process of dissolving into a homogeneous solution, as when an acidic solution dissolves limestone.
Dissolution
The portion of a stream's load that is carried in solution.
Dissolved load
This is a type of sedimentary rock similar to limestone but rich in magnesium carbonate. It can also be a reservoir rock for petroleum sources.
Dolomite or CaMg(CO3)2
Arrange the following minerals in order from densest to least dense. Quartz, Dolomite, Calcite
Dolomite, Calcite, Quartz
Process by which limestone transforms into dolomite is called
Dolomitization
This is the process whereby limestone becomes dolomite by the substitution of magnesium carbonate for a portion of the calcium carbonate.
Dolomitization
A roughly circular upfolded structure.
Dome
Bowl-shaped geometry with layers dipping in every direction from a summit.
Dome 433
The concept of peak oil is named after what noted geophysicist?
Dr. M King Hubbert
The concept of peak oil was named after what noted geophysicist
Dr. M King Hubbert
Who is credited for the invention of steam-assisted gravity drainage?
Dr. Roger Butler
The land area that contributes water to a stream.
Drainage basin
The difference in height between the bottom of a cone of depression and the original height of the water table.
Drawdown
What do you call the thick-walled tube usually made of steel, used between the drill pine and the bit in the drill stem to provide weight to the bit?
Drill Collar
A streamlined symmetrical hill composed of glacial till. The steep side of the hill faces the direction from which the ice advanced.
Drumlin
It is a type of glacial deposit characterized by streamlined, asymmetrical hills composed of glacial till, with height ranging from 15 meters to 60 meters and an average of 0.4 to 0.8 kilometer in length.
Drumlins
A climate in which yearly precipitation is less than the potential loss of water by evaporation.
Dry climate
A type of solid-state flow that produces a change in the size and shape of a rock body without fracturing. Occurs at depths where temperatures and confining pressures are high.
Ductile deformation
A hill or ridge of wind-deposited sand.
Dune
This is the name for the classification system used for carbonate sedimentary rocks developed in 1946.
Dunham classification, Robert J. Dunham
What are the 3 layers of the earth?
Earth, Crust, Mantle
The downslope movement of water saturated, clay-rich sediment. Most characteristic of humid regions.
Earthflow
Vibration of Earth produced by the rapid release of energy.
Earthquake
The point where earthquake starts to release the elastic strain of surrounding rock.
Earthquake focus
The movement of tidal current away from the shore.
Ebb current
An instrument used to determine the depth of water by measuring the time interval between emission of a sound signal and the return of its echo from the bottom.
Echo sounder
What is the total sum of interconnected openings or voids that occur within a rock?
Effective Porosity
Effective porosity is a measure of that portion of a porous material that is made up of interconnected pores. The emphasis for effective porosity is on "interconnectivity". The pores that Continue reading
Effective porosity (Geology, Formation evaluation)
It is equal to the overburden pressure minus the fluid pressure. What is this pressure called?
Effective pressure
In engineering economics, what is the actual or exact rate of interest on the principal for one year?
Effective rate of interest
Rock deformation in which therock will return to nearly its original size and shape when the stress is removed.
Elastic deformation
The sudden release of stored strain in rocks that results in movement along a fault.
Elastic rebound
A coast where land formerly below sea level has been exposed by crustal uplift or a drop in sea level or both.
Emergent coast
It is a geographic setting where sediment accumulates. Each site is characterized by a particular combination of geologic processes and environmental conditions.
Environment of deposition
In 2006, the EPA mandated that diesel fuel refiners in the United States had to reduce the sulfur content of their fuel by 97% because sulfur gas compounds are a major air pollutant. What does "EPA" stand for?
Environmental Protection Agency
A stream that is usually dry because it carries water only in response to specific episodes of rainfall. Most desert streams are of this type. 857
Ephemeral stream
This is the action of surface processes (such as water flow or wind) that remove soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on the Earth's crust, then transport it away to another location
Erosion
Buoyant plumes of hot, ash-laden gases that can extend thousands of meters into the atmosphere.
Eruption column
What are 3 different dolomitization models?
Evaporative, Seepage, Reflux, Mixing Zone, Burial, Seawater
A sedimentary rock formed of material deposited from solution by evaporation of the water.
Evaporite
These are formed by the precipitation of salts from highly saline solutions or brines.
Evaporites
A permanent stream that traverses a desert and has its source in well-watered areas outside the desert.
Exotic stream
These are fractures that show extension perpendicular to the walls.
Extension fractures
This is a component of Earth's magnetic field that originates outside the Earth, fluctuating on diurnal, and longer timescales.
External Field
A process such as weathering, mass wasting, or erosion that is powered by the Sun and contributes to the transformation of solid rock into sediment.
External process
Igneous activity that occurs at Earth's surface.
Extrusive
After the breakup of Standard, what did the Standard Oil of New Jersey turn into?
Exxon
Name four international oil companies that have signed contracts with Kurdistan in defiance with Baghdad
Exxon Mobil, Chevron, Genel Energy (Turkey), DNO (Norway)
On March 24. 1989, Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound was struck by what?
Exxon Valdez
What is the largest oil merger in US history?
ExxonMobil
The advertising or business slogan "Energy lives here" is associated to which oil and gas company?
ExxonMobil Corporation
True or False. Faults tend to decrease permeability in non-porous rocks, while they commonly increase permeability in porous rocks.
FALSE
True or False. The ellipticity of the hole indicates the local orientation of the vertical stress axes in the wellbore.
FALSE
Facies is the sum total of all the characteristics that make one rock unit distinguishable from other rock units around it. Rocks are classified under facies based on observable features Continue reading
Facies (Geology, Reservoir characterization)
The gradual transition from a permeable formation to a non-permeable formation is called
Facies change
TRUE OR FALSE: Composite-coned volcanoes are usually formed by the accumulation of fluid basaltic lavas.
False; Shield Volcanoes
TRUE OR FALSE: Ridge push occurs where cold, dense oceanic lithosphere is subducted and pulls the trailing lithosphere along.
False; Slab Pull
A break in a rock mass along which movement has occurred.
Fault
Displacements along dip-slip faults may produce long, low cliffs, called __________.
Fault Scarps
Gradual displacement along a fault. Such activity occurs relatively smoothly and with little noticeable seismic activity.
Fault creep
In a normal faulting regime (with isotropic horizontal stress), which of the following faults is more likely to slip in response to an increase in pressure? Vertical fault, fault dipping 60 degrees, fault dipping 45 degrees?
Fault dipping 60 degrees
A cliff created by movement along afault. It represents the exposed surface of the fault prior to modification by weathering and erosion.
Fault scarp
A mountain that is formed by the displacement of rock along a fault.
Fault-block mountain
What is the chemical formula for magnetite?
Fe3O4
This is a silicate mineral, often modified and sometimes part of the movable particles in a formation. Its most common form is potassium.
Feldspar
Paramagnetic materials such as magnetite and ilmenite that contains pronounced magnetic properties
Ferromagnetic
It is basically described as the human race's first significant energy invention.
Fire
Multiple Choice. Which of the following is not a type of lake related in some way to glaciers or glaciation? A. kettle lake B. Tarn C.Proglacial lake D. fjord
Fjord
What do you call to the overflow of a stream channel that occurs when discharge exceeds the channel's capacity and it is the most common and destructive geologic hazard?
Flood
It is an erosional structure initiated by current scouring and are formed when the erosional voids are filled with sand and welded to an overlaying sand bed.
Flute marks
What do you call to the process that occurs at Peru- Chile-type subduction zones in which lithosphere is too buoyant to subduct spontaneously but is forced beneath the overriding plate?
Forced subduction
It is a megasequence forming contemporaneously with the flexuring of the lithosphere caused by thrust loading
Foreland Basin Megasequence
What do you call an inclined bed deposited along the front of a delta?
Foreset bed
What do you call small earthquakes that often precede a major earthquake?
Foreshocks
This is called the ratio of a phase volume like water, oil, gas, or gas plus oil at reservoir conditions, relative to the volume of a surface phase of water, oil, or gas at standard conditions resulting when the reservoir material is brought to the surface.
Formation volume factor
What is the overlapping ranges of a group of fossils (assemblage) collected from a layer by examining such an assemblage, the age of the sedimentary layer can be established?
Fossil Assemblage
What is the general term for any hydrocarbon that may be used as a fuel, including coal, oil, natural gas, bitumen from tar sands, and shale oil?
Fossil fuel
This term is used to describe the pressure required to induce cracks in a rock at a given depth.
Fracture Gradient
What is the linear zone of irregular topography on the deep-ocean floor that follows tr-form faults and their inactive extensions? - Fracture zone
Fracture zone
Name two characteristics of carbonate reservoirs that differenciate them from sandstone reservoirs. Specifically, their development.
Fractures, diagenesis, and the impact of biology
When a SP log deflects to the right of the shale base line, what is the most possible fluid in the formation?
Fresh water
This log measures the natural radioactivity of the formations in the borehole. It is therefore, useful for identifying lithologies and for correlation purposes.
Gamma Ray log
Which log is the most commonly used measurement?
Gamma Ray log
For 5 points. Name a type of radioactivity well log that records natural radioactivity around the wellbore. Shales generally produce higher levels of gamma radiation and can be detected and studied with the gamma ray tool. See radioactivity well logging.
Gamma ray log
It is a porosity log that measures the electron density of the formation.
Gamma ray log
Name the log which measures the total natural gamma radiation emanating from a formation
Gamma ray log
Gamma ray log is a type of well log used to detect and measure incoming gamma rays naturally emitted by radioactive formations. The gamma ray log is a passive log, Continue reading
Gamma ray log (Formation Evaluation)
Gas hydrate is a crystalline solid physically resembling normal ice but which is actually formed when water molecules surround a gas molecule under a high pressure and low temperature environment. Continue reading
Gas hydrate (Geology, Drilling fluids)
What is the compact chemical structures made of water and natural gas usually methane that occur in permafrost and under the ocean floor at depths greater than 525 meters or 1720 feet?
Gas hydrates or clathrates
The proportion of gas and oil in the produced fluid at stock tank conditions
Gas to Oil Ratio
It is the proportion of gas and oil in the produced fluid at stock tank conditions.
Gas to oil ratio
The proportion of gas and oil in the produced fluid at stock tank conditions.
Gas to oil ratio
The amount of surface gas that can be dissolved in a stock tank oil when brought to a specific pressure and temperature.
Gas-Oil Ratio (GOR)
stratigraphic traps
General type of trap that is formed due to difference of depositon of layers of rocks
structural trap
General type of traps that is formed due to deformation of rock layers
What is the branch of science that examines Earth, its form and composition, and the changes that it has undergone and is undergoing?
Geology
Name the man who is referred to as the father of shale gas, due to his exploitation of the barnett shale in the 1990s.
George Mitchell
Biosphere describes the earth realm where life occurs. What describes the entire solid earth realm and is composed of mineral matter?
Geosphere
What is the natural steam used for power generation? - Geothermal energy
Geothermal energy
What is the gradual increase in temperature with depth in the crust in which the average is 30° C per kilometer in the upper crust? - Geothermal gradient
Geothermal gradient
The theory that fossil fuels formed from the fossilized remains of dead plants by exposure to heat and pressure in the Earth's crust over millions of years was first introduced by Georg Agricola in 1556. What is Agricola's nationality?
German
It is the fountain of hot water ejected periodically from the ground? - Geyser
Geyser
bed thickness, stratigraphic positioning, lithological similarity
Give 3 criteria not suitable for correlating
either due to change in environment conditions or until they thin out at the edge of the basin of deposition
Give one possible reason of grading of rock layer into another type of sediment
What do you all to the balance, or lack of balance, between ice formation at the upper end of a glacier and ice loss in the zone of wastage? - Glacial budget
Glacial budget
What is the term used for sediments of glacial origin, no matter how, where, or in what shape they were deposited? - Glacial drift
Glacial drift
What do you call to an ice-tr-ported boulder that was not derived from the bedrock near its present site? - Glacial erratic
Glacial erratic
What is the scratches and grooves on bedrock caused by glacial abrasion? - Glacial striations
Glacial striations
It is a mountain valley that has been widened, deepened, and straightened by a glacier? - Glacial trough
Glacial trough
What is a thick mass of ice originating on land from the compaction and recrystallization of snow that shows evidence of past or present flow?
Glacier
It is the deformation of sediments and bedrock at the toe of an advancing ice sheet. This is called as?
Glaciotectonics
What is the natural glass that is produced when molten lava cools too rapidly to permit recrystallization? - Glass (volcanic)
Glass (volcanic)
The sweet tasting synthetic ingredient used in toothpaste and other products. This is a petrochemical product derived from petroleum
Glycerin
Fill in the blanks. Normal faulting may produce a down-faulted central block called a __________.
Graben
These bedding structure are deposited from a current that is progressively losing energy.
Graded beds
For 5 points each, give 2 of the four fundamental components in sedimentary rocks.
Grains, porosity, matrix, cement
These data help define regional tectonic regime and identify causes of Seismic structure, but sometimes yield ambiguous results
Gravimetric data
Which remote sensing data can be used to help define the regional tectonic regime, prioritize areas for seismic work, and identify the causes of seismic structure?
Gravimetric data
Name the survey method that makes use of the earth's gravitational field to determine the presence of gravitational anomalies
Gravity survey
Name at least 2 kinds of non-seismic surveys
Gravity surveys, magnetic surveys, electric surveys, radio-active surveys, geophysical well logging
The only two places on Earth that have continental glaciers today
Greenland and Antartica
The vertical distance from the top of the reservoir to the petroleum-water contact.
Gross Pay
These are larger scale scour marks that occur as isolated ridges on the bottom bedding plane of sandstones. They are usually slightly to moderately sinuous of several meters in length and up to 10 cm deep and wide.
Gutter Casts
In the New York Stock Exchange, what is Halliburton's stock symbol?
HAL
What company was also implicated in the Deepwater Horizon fiasco due to the faulty cementing job that was eventually attributed as one of the main causes of the accident?
Halliburton
According to the standard geologic time scale, what epoch are we currently in?"
Halocene
. It is the overhanging side of a fault that assumes 0 degrees to 90 degrees deviation from vertical.
Hanging wall
For 20 points. Give the meaning of HUET.
Helicopter Underwater Escape Training
The first well to discover the Bakken formation was drilled on a farmer's land in North Dakotal. Name the first and last name of this farmer.
Henry Bakken
French engineer known for his modification of the Prony Equation
Henry Darcy
Forty-four workers were evacuated from a natural gas platform in the Gulf of Mexico on July 23 last year after a blowout occurred. Crew members aboard this jackup rig were preparing the well for production when they hit an unexpected pocket of gas. The rig was named after a character from the Roman Mythology. Name this hero noted for his superhuman strength.
Hercules/ Heracles
He was a Greek historian who described oil seeps in Carthage and the Greek island Zachynthus in his writings. He also gave details of oil extraction from wells near Ardericca in modern Iran. He was born in Halicarnassus, Turkey. Who was this Greek historian?
Herodotus
permeable beds
High sp log response means?
This resistivity-porosity plot can solve for the resistivity of the water formation, transit time and water saturation
Hingle plot
According to the standard geologic timescale, what epoch are we currently in?
Holocene
What is the term for a formation with constant permeability and no high or low 'streaks'?
Homogeneous
It is a large block caught along a fault. These blocks are separated from the foot and hanging walls by faults that may or may not be accompanied by breccia. This term usually refers to such a block caught along a normal fault. What is this called?
Horst
This is the term for a section of earth raised between two faults.
Horst
strike slip fault
How many recovery stages is the most commont on a life of a well production?
Who invented the first roller cutter bit in 1909 that dramatically improved rotary drilling?
Howard Hughes
This technique used in petroleum reservoirs involves increasing the fluid pressure until the rock fractures. This is called as?
Hydraulic fracturing
A term used to describe chains of hydrogen and carbon
Hydrocarbon
Composed of Hydrogen (H) and Carbon © molecules bonded together
Hydrocarbons
The basic element used to detect the reflected seismic energy in marine seismic acquisition. It is a piezoelectric device that creates an electrical signal in response to pressure changes in water.
Hydrophone
riser
If the prospect is more or less circular, how many degrees apart the ideal outstep directions?
Name this type of rock that crystallizes from molten rock or magma with interlocking mineral crystals. It is typically comprised of the minerals quartz, mica, feldspar, amphibole, pyroxene, and olivine.
Igneous rock
Imbibition is a fluid flow process whereby more and more water (wetting phase) occupies the pores of a reservoir rock leading to an increase in water saturation with a subsequent Continue reading
Imbibition (Formation Evaluation, Enhanced oil recovery)
gravity drainage
In this mechanism, the magnetic pull towards the center of the earth causes fluids to move down a sloping reservoir, thus reaching the production pipe and recovering amounts of oil
rock drive
In this mechanism, the overburden pressure felt by the grains of the reservoir causes a slight push of oil into permeable areas, allowing easier mobility of the fluids
In the field of neotectonics, _______________ is a useful remote sensing technique that uses radar satellite images. Beams of radar waves are constantly sent toward the Earth, and an image is generated based on the returned information. This micro sensing technique is called?
InSAR or Interferometric synthetic-aperture radar
What logging method was originally developed to measure formation resistivities in boreholes containing oil-based muds and in air-drilled boreholes because electrode devices could not work in these nonconductive boreholes?
Induction Logging
Which type of log induces a current in the formation through the use of transmitter coils and induced magnetic fields in the formation?
Induction log
Name two types of resistivity logs.
Induction, Lateral
It is the nonfluorescing product of any kerogen type often termed as "dead carbon".
Inertinite
Worst type of kerogen that consists of highly oxidized organic material. This can also be called fossilized coal
Inertinite
In seismic data collection, the lines parallel to the direction of collection are generally called?
Inlines
Differentiate intergranular porosity and intragranular porosity
Intergranular porosity The porosity due to pore volume between the rock grains. (viii) Intragranular porosity The porosity due to voids within the rock grains.
What country is the most recent contributor to the current free-fall in oil prices? Hint: this country has recently complied with a UN resolution allowing it to start exporting crude oil once again
Iran
Name one of the two countries that share the world's largest gas field
Iran / Qatar
This is the best known chronostratigraphic marker which is coincident with the KT event at the Cretaceous/Tertiary Boundary
Iridum Anomaly
These are contour maps derived from analyzing seismic cross sections shot in a grid pattern, therefore giving 3-dimensional coverage.
Isochron maps
It refers to folds in which two limbs dip at equal angles in the same direction.
Isoclinal Fold
This type of map shows contour points of equal formation thickness. It may also show depth of the zone.
Isopach Map
what map indicates the variation in thickness of the rock over the geographic region?
Isopach map
This is a special group of compounds in the lipid group which are found in chlorophyll and include pristane and phytane.
Isoprenoids
This type of correction causes gravity anomalies in data where the influence of topography like mountains are considered. What is this called?
Isostatic Corrections
Aquifer
It is a rock or sediment through which groundwater moves easily.
Source rock
It is a sedimentary rock that contains sufficient organic matter such that when it is buried and heated it will produce petroleum.
Coral reef
It is a structure formed in a warm, shallow, sunlit ocean environment that consists primarily of the calcite-rich remains of corals as well as the limy secretions of algae and the hard parts of many other small organisms.
Seal
It is a type of rock adjoining a reservoir that restricts leakage of hydrocarbons from a trap after it has accumulated.
Disconformity
It is a type of unconformity in which the beds above and below are parallel.
Angular unconformity
It is a type of unconformity in which the older strata dip at an angle different from that of the younger beds. this type of unconformity is called?
Oil and Gas
It is produced when a source rock containing high organic matter is buried and heated
Formation evaluation
It is the analysis of subsurface formation characteristics, such as lithology, porosity, permeability, and saturation by methods such as wireline well logging and core analysis.
Uniformitarianism
It is the concept that the processes that have shaped earth in the geologic past are essentially the same as those operating today but with different magnitude.
Differentiate roundness and spericity
It is the degree to which a particle approximates the shape of the sphere while roundness is related to the sharpness or curvature of any edges and corners
Pore throat
It is the opening at the side of a rock pore that allows flow of hydrocarbons through the reservoir.
Boreholes
It is the prime source of direct temperature measurement in sedimentary basins drilled for oil and gas.
Correlation
It is the process of establishing the equivalence of rocks of similar age in different areas.
Reservoir
It is the rock plus void space contained in a trap
Appraisal
It is the stage where the internal architecture of the reservoir is revealed
Pore Spaces
It is where the petroleum usually occurs between the grains or crystals in the rock
Traditionally, the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition is held within the United States only. But in 2010, the ATCE was held outside USA. In which country was the 2010 SPE-ATCE held?
Italy (Florence)
Worth 20 points. Name the person responsible for the concept of uniformitarianism.
James Hutton
With all oil supplies cut off and desperate to fuel its war machine, the fantastic pine root campaign was launched. Guided by the slogan "two hundred pine roots will keep a plane up for an hour" women and children scoured the countryside digging up pine roots and then boiling them and distilling the liquid to produce pine root oil - which at its peak produced 75,000 barrels per month. This effort proved futile however for what Asian country?
Japan
Name of John D. Rockefeller's successor
John Archibold
He pioneered the concept of an integrated oil company and is arguably the father of most modern oil companies
John D. Rockefeller
Before becoming a Soviet dictator, this man masterminded protests against the oil industry. What was his original name before adopting the Russian word for steal, Stalin.
Joseph Jugashvili
In 1905, this Russian leader provoked strikes of the oilfield workers in Baku, and later defended these same fields from Germany in World War II. Who was he?
Joseph Stalin
An earthquake in 1975 is believed to have triggered the eruption of Hawaii's Kilauea. What is the name of the earthquake event?
Kalapana Earthquake of 1975
What do you call the soft white plastic clay with a low iron content that is often called China clay?
Kaolin
K-Feldspar was weathered due to carbonic acid. What mineral was produced due to this phenomenon?
Kaolinite
This is a group of minerals that is characterized by a two-layer lattice, consisting of one octahedral or gibbsite layer linked to one silica tetrahedral layer. This lattice does not expand with water content. No replacements by iron or magnesium in the gibbsite layer are known. It can sometimes be distinguished as off-white, noncalcareous patches in cuttings and cores. What is this mineral group called?
Kaolinite
This is a highly chemically modified carbonate. They usually form cave structures.
Karst
Fill in the blank. The naturally occurring, solid, insoluble organic matter that occurs in source rocks and can yield oil upon heating. ___________ is the portion of naturally occurring organic matter that is nonextractable using organic solvents. Typical organic constituents of this material are algae and woody plant material.
Kerogen
It is a component of organic matter which is composed of compounds that are insoluble in organic solvents, and is the most abundant organic component on Earth.
Kerogen
Organic matter that can be described as the source of hydrocarbons
Kerogen
What is the term for disseminated organic matter in sediments that is insoluble in normal petroleum solvents?
Kerogen
Drilled in october 1947, the historic ship shoal block 32 well of SE Louisiana, gives this company the distinction of drilling the first offshore oil well by a mobile rig out of the sight of land. What is this company?
Kerr McGee
It represents the permeability at which gas is compressed by infinite pressure and becomes a near perfect liquid.
Klinkenberg Permeability
Where will this year's Offshore Technology conference be held?
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Name one of the two rigs Shell transported to Alaska in 2012 for Arctic drilling
Kulluk and Noble Discoverer
Worth 10 points each. Name two belts of small icy bodies at the very outer edges of the solar system.
Kulper belt, oort cloud
Name four broad segmentary environments or associations
Lacustrian, Eolian, Fluvial, Deep marine
The amount of time between a rainstorm and the occurrence of flooding. -
Lag time
It is a debris flow on the slopes of a volcano that results when unstable layers of ash and debris become saturated and flow downslope, usually following stream channels.
Lahar
It refers to the fact that sedimentary beds originate as continuous layers that extend in all directions until they eventually grade into a different type of sediment or until they thin out at the edge of the basin of deposition
Lateral continuity
It is a law in mineralogy which states that the angle between equivalent faces of the same mineral is always the same.
Law of Constancy of Interfacial Angles
It is the depletion of soluble materials from the upper soil by downward-percolating water.
Leaching
Galena is a primary ore of what metal?
Lead
It is a naturally oxidized sub-bituminous coal or lignite. It is rich in humic and fulvic acids and is used as a drilling mud thinner.
Leonardite
In 2011, two major events renewed global energy uncertainty and security in fuel oil prices, name these events
Libya crisis and Deepwater Horizon
It is a type of Kerogen having a high hydrogen to carbon ratio but low oxygen to carbon ratio.
Liptinite
It is a phenomenon wherein unconsolidated materials and sediments become saturated with water due to earthquake vibrations.
Liquefaction
The transformation of a stable soil into a fluid that is often unable to support buildings or other structures. -
Liquefaction
Crude petroleum is refined into many of our modern necessities. This particular product is a household name and is commonly found in our kitchens, used for cooking
Liquefied Petroleum Gas / LPG
What type of fault is formed when the hanging wall rotates, the fault plane itself is curved and the dip of the fault decreases with depth?
Listric Normal Fault
What is the process of changes that produce rock from sediments?
Lithification
Sedimentary rocks are formed due to these processes. What are these?
Lithification (compaction) and cementation
A log plot that measures the absorption of low-energy gamma rays by the formation in units of barns/electron
Lithodensity log
A term used to describe a rock using both its lithology and sedimentary structures
Lithofacies
It comprises of the entire crust, upper mantle, and outer shell. It is a rigid layer made up of the uppermost part of the mantle and the crust.
Lithosphere
The rigid outer layer of Earth, including the crust and upper mantle. -
Lithosphere
It is the product of the density and height of the overlying rock layers, multiplied by g, the acceleration due to gravity.
Lithostatic pressure
. It is the oldest weapon in the stratigraphic armoury and the most maligned.
Lithostratigraphy
Oldest weapon in the stratigraphic armory. It relies on the correlations of like lithologies.
Lithostratigraphy
Fill in the blanks. To preserve organic matter, the amount of oxygen contents in the bottom waters and interstital waters of the sediment must be ________________.
Low or Zero
low hydrogen content
Low responses of neturon log means?
impermeable shale
Low sp log response means?
Will a SP log spike lower or higher in a reservoir containing hydrocarbons?
Lower
Name of the well that started the Texas oil boom
Lucas 1
This man was named as "the oil king of Baku"
Ludwig Nobel
Is the appearance or the quality of light reflected from the surface of a mineral
Luster
The appearance or quality of light reflected from the surface of a mineral. -
Luster
Name four optical properties of minerals. Worth 5 points each
Luster, Ability to transmit light, streak, color
What is the name of the producing well of the Deepwater Horizon?
Macondo Well
These are fossilized remnants of ancient plants and animals large enough to be seen and identified by the naked eye. On the surface, these are used to determine the age and depositional environment of sedimentary rocks. In the subsurface, these are destroyed by the drill bit, so other fossils are used. These include vertebrates and invertebrates like mollusks, gastropods, brachiopods, cephalopods, and corals. What are these called?
Macrofossils
Worth 2 points each. Name the eight most abundant elements in the continental crust from least to most abundant.
Magnesium, Potassium, sodium, calcium, iron, aluminum, silicon, oxygen
These type of data are used mainly to separate basin from non basin areas, define the shape and form of basins, and locate the major tectonic features within a basin
Magnetic Data
It is the proportionality constant when the induced component of rock magnetism is proportional to the Earth's magnetic field
Magnetic Susceptibility
Described as a remote sensing data that may be used to separate basin from nonbasin areas, define the shape and form of a basin, locate the major tectonic features within a basin, and identify the type of structure previously identified on seismic.
Magnetic data
What well log is used to determine both total and effective porosity?
Magnetic resonance imaging tool
This is a type of stratigraphy relying on the magnetic polarity of the Earth's surface.
Magnetostratigraphy
Often spoken about in Western media in connection to Iran, this man is the sixth and current president of that country
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
Name the offshore gas field found in the northern portions of the palawan province
Malampaya
The Asia-Pacific regional Office of SPE is located in which country?
Malaysia (KL)
What is the name of the newly discovered gas well in Isabela?
Mangosteen
It is an instrument used to determine the amount of carbonate in a sample. It measures the pressure increase caused by CO2 generation when a rock sample is treated with acid. The general term for the analysis is calcimetry. Whatis the name of the tool or instrument?
Manocalcimeter
cross section maps
Map that illustrate vertical relationships such as depth, thickness, superpostion, and lateral and vertical changes of geologic features.
It is a metamorphic rock formed from limestone or dolomite. It is a light-colored, fine- to coarse-grained rock composed of calcite or dolomite mineral grains.
Marble
Who was the founder of Shell?
Marcus Samuel
Refers to the downward movement of weathered rock and soil under the influence of gravity
Mass wasting
The material that is present within the interstitial pore space among framework grains is refered to as what?
Matrix
It is the chemical alteration of organic matter in sedimentary rocks by time and temperature with burial. It can result in the generation of crude oil and natural gas. What is this process called?
Maturation
What is the Earth's largest shield volcano?
Mauno loa
Worth 10 points each. Name two fossils that were used as evidence in the continental drift hypothesis.
Mesosaurus, Glossopteris, or Lystrosaurus
The disappearance of the dinosaurs also marks the end of which geological era?
Mesozoic
Rocks are classified depending upon how they are formed. In which class would gneiss be found?
Metamorphic
It means to "change form". It is a process that leads to changes in the mineralogy.
Metamorphosis
What is the primary composition of a dry gas?
Methane or CH4
It is a group of common minerals composed of sheets of potassium-aluminum silicates. They occur as thin elastic flakes and are originally formed in igneous and metamorphic rocks but are commonly found as detrital flakes in sandstones. What is this group of mineral called?
Micas
There are 4 analysys that has to be done for anlyzing the depositional environment of a Rock, Mention 4 of them!
Micropaleontology analysys, Granulometry analysys, Profile analysys, Petrographic analysys.
It is a yellow or white monoclinic mineral consisting of hydrous sodium sulfate, occurring as a deposit from saline lakes, playas, and springs, and as an efflorescence. Its pure crystals are known as Glauber's salt.
Mirabilite
It is a diagram that describes the normal and shear stress acting on planes of all possible orientations through a point in the rock. This is called as?
Mohr Circle
What is the ten point scale of mineral hardness. It has diamond at 10 and talc at 1.
Mohs Scale of Hardness
It is a sedimentary rock deposited in the vicinity of a shoreline between eroding mountains and deepwater flysch deposits. They are relatively thick and are part of the sediments formed during an uplift or orogeny.
Molasse
Air gun
Most common energy source for seismic acquisition in water areas where it discharges a high pressure of air into the water
Name the potential produced by the movement of charged ions through the mudcake and invaded zone in a permeable formation
Mud cake Potential
Catching and analyzing the mud and the cuttings that come to the surface can tell a great deal about what's going on down hole as the bit drills. What is the name for this analysis?A9
Mud logging
What are the 3 data transmission methods used for MWD?
Mud pulse telemetry, Electromagnetic telemetry, Wired Drill Pipe
It states the body of our solar system evolved from an enormous rotating cloud called the solar nebular cloud.
Nebular theory
This term in structural geology is concerned with recent and ongoing crustal motions and the contemporaneous stress field. This is related to tectonic movement. What is this?
Neotectonics
The portio of the net reservoir containing petroleum and from which petroleum will flow
Net Pay
Term used to describe the ratio of the porous and permeabe interval to the nonporous and nopermeable interval
Net to Gross
These are logs that determine the hydrogen atom concentration in a formation.
Neutron Logs
What log is sensitive mainly to the amount of hydrogen atoms in a formation?
Neutron log
Name the gas bearing formation that eventually became the Malampaya field
Nido Limestone
An investor with a Minimum Attractive Rate of Return (MARR) of 20% has been asked to invest in a project that has an expected Rate of Return (ROR) of 15%. Should the investor invest in this project? Why?
No, because the ROR is less than the MARR
On February 28, 2011, this company announced that they have obtained the post-moratorium in the deepwater gulf of mexico.
Noble Energy
This type of unconformity is formed where sedimentary beds overlie an erosional surface carved into igneous or metamorphic rocks?
Nonconformity
Enumerate all the North American countries who are members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries or OPEC.
None.
What type of faulting regime has Sv at its largest principal stress and Shmin as the smallest?
Normal
What are the two types of drag?
Normal drag reverse drag
For 2 points each, name 5 most common oil and gas traps
Normal fault, salt dome, anticlines, pinch-out, reef, thrust fault
What style of faulting may occur when the Vertical Stress is greater than the horizontal stresses?
Normal faulting/ Extensional
a log interpretation that displays a dead end of the presence of oil and water is immediately next to the oil
OWC
What is the meaning of OPEC?
Oil Producing and Exporting Countries
Shale, siltstone and marl deposits highly saturated with kerogen
Oil Shales
It is produced when a source rock containing high organic matter is buried and heated
Oil and Gas
What is defined as the zone in the earth where crude oil is generated from organic matter in source rocks?
Oil window
A major oil discovery in what state confirmed the anticline theory?
Oklahoma
Identify this solid solution series having two end members, namely: forstetite and fayalite.
Olivine
Cementation
One way in which sedimentary rocks are lithified. As material precipitates from water that percolates through the sediment, open spaces are filled and particles are joined into a solid mass.
Which SPE initiative, launched in March 2007, is an online library that allows users to search for and access a broad range of technical literature related to the oil and gas exploration and production industry?
OnePetro or OnePetro.org
In geological studies, arkose contains which a mineral which gives it a reddish color. What is this mineral?
Orthoclase
Name this ore mineral that is exclusively associated with basic and ultrabasic plutonic rocks.
Orthomagmatic Ores
What Australian firm has successfully started new drillings at the Galoc oil field in Northwest Palawan last June, which also owns 33% working interest in the project?
Otto Energy Ltd.
It is a strain relaxation method where, in principle, a sample which is a core or a block is extracted from a rock unit, measured, and then released so that it can freely expand. This method is called?
Overcoring
When the rate of sediment deposition is greater than the rate of escape of fluids in the reservoir, this will result in an overburden pressure gradient of greater than 1 psi/ft, what type of reservoir is this?
Overpressured
What activity results in the development of a feature called a cone of depression?
Overpumping
Name the two most common elements in the Earth's crust.
Oxygen, Silicon
Name the two most common elements in the Earth's crust?
Oxygen, Silicon
It is a type of earthquake wave that travels by pushing (compressing) and pulling (expanding) in the direction of the wave travel.
P-waves
Who is responsible for providing the necessary drilling permits and licenses to drill in the Philippines?
PNOC
Worth 10 points each. Differentiate Pahoehoe and aa lava flows.
Pahoehoe- smooth; aa-jagged
Name one of the two universities in the Philippines that offer a Petroleum Engineering Program
Palawan State University / Batangas State University
What is the study of fossil pollens and spores?
Palynology
These type of rocks including aluminum compounds are attracted to magnetic fields
Paramagnetic
feedback
Part of pet eng rotational job that involves adaptation of the plans
observation
Part of pet eng rotational job that involves doing of different kinds of reports
planning
Part of pet eng rotational job that involves the drawing of fictional sketch of the field
evaluation
Part of pet eng rotational job that involves update of the existing picture of oilfield
Mechanism that occurs in continental stretching and thinning
Passive Rifting
The rock strata that contains the oil and gas reservoir
Pay zone
Worth 5 points each. Arrange the following in accordance to which is first in the coalification process. Lignite, bituminous coal, anthracite, peat
Peat, lignite bituminous coal anthracite
As part of a recent push into the Artic, Russia has built and is planning to service the Prirazlomnaya platform. For ten points each, name the sea in which the platform resides and which environmental group recently boarded the platform.
Pechora Sea
These are pseudo-oolites which have bodies but lack internal structures.
Peloids
The basic unit used in the Geological Time Scale
Period
Name this cryonic soil that remains always frozen that lies below the upper layer of soil in arctic regions.
Permafrost
This is described as permanently forzen soil or earth that often causes drilling problems for industry operations in the arctic
Permafrost
This is the name given to permanently frozen soil or earth that can often cause problems for industry operations.
Permafrost
The ability, or measurement of a rock's ability, to transmit fluids, typically measured in darcies or millidarcies
Permeability
The capacity of a rock to transmit fluids.
Permeability
The measure of the degree to which fluid can be transmitted
Permeability
This is defined as the ability of a rock to transmit fluid through pore spaces.
Permeability
It is a fossilization process whereby additional minerals are deposited in the pore spaces of originally hard animal parts.
Permineralization
This is a free internet resource from SPE to provide answers to many questions regarding the oil and gas industry from basic petroleum engineering to operational questions.
PetroWiki
A competition held annually, usually in conjunction with a larger O&G related event where students compete against one another in a quiz-bowl setting
Petrobowl
What do you call the notional unit of currency earned by a country from the export of petroleum?
Petrodollar
What is the name of SPE-PSU-SC's event, conducted during Jan 29-30?
Petroglyph 2016
A naturally ocurring substance located in subsurface rocks that is primarily composed of hydrocarbons
Petroleum
It is described as a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules and lesser quantities of organic molecules containing sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, and some metals.
Petroleum
It is the branch of geology dealing with the origin, occurrence, movement, accumulation, and exploration of hydrocarbon fuels.
Petroleum Geology
Before SPE acquired the publishing rights of the Petroleum Engineering Handbook from McGraw-Hill Publishing, what is the original title of the book, first published in 1962?
Petroleum Production Handbook
In organizational frameworks, what department is charged with the planning and functional supervision of all operations required for the commercial production of hydrocarbons.
Petroleum engineering department
In 2009, SPE completed a merger that resulted in an additional 4500 members worldwide...
Petroleum society of Canada
It is a classification of sandstone in which sandstones are divided into two groups based on texture.
Pettijohn Sandstone Classification
Fill in the blanks. In a rock with a porphyritic texture, the large crystals are referred to as __________.
Phenocrysts
It is the most commonly used chemical to test whether the sampled cuttings contain cement. What is this chemical called?
Phenolphtalein
Founded on November 9, 1973 as a government owned and controlled corporation founded under Ferdinand Marcos' Martial Law to supply oil to the Philippines, what is this company?
Philippine National Oil Company / PNOC
This resistivity-porosity plot can solve for Archie parameters, formation factor, resistivity index, and water saturation
Pickett Plot
When glaciers spread out as they exit a mountainous area, they resemble alluvial fans but are called?
Piedmont glaciers
Salt domes go through three major stages of development. For 20 points, what are these stages?
Pillow stage, True Piercement stage, Post-diapiric stage.
Salt domes go through three major stages of development. What are these stages?
Pillow stage, diapir stage, post diapir stage
These are small spherical or sub spherical, accretionary bodies, which has over 2.0 mm in diameter?
Pisolites
This term describes the kind of deformation that salt layers exhibit. Rocks that exhibit this kind of deformation do not break or fracture
Plastic Deformation
Name a source of horizontal stress.
Poisson's Ratio Effect or Tectonic Stresses
It is where the petroleum usually occurs between the grains or crystals in the rock
Pore Spaces
It is the pressure in the fluid like water, oil or gas filling the pore space in a porous rock.
Pore pressure
primary porosity
Pore spaces that are present in the sediment by the time of deposition
secondary porosity
Pore spaces that resulted from post depositional activities
vuggy porosity
Pore spaces where the boundaries can cut across grains matrix or cement?
It is the opening at the side of a rock pore that allows flow of hydrocarbons through the reservoir.
Pore throat
Property of rock to hold fluid
Porosity
The characteristic that allows rock to hold fluid and gas is known as?
Porosity
Name two elements, for 5 points each, that make up a petroleum trap
Porous reservoir rock; an overlying impermeable rock; a source for the oil and gas
Shales exhibit a _____________response in Spontaeous Potential (SP) Logging.
Positive
Rift megasequence that commonly lies with pronounced uncomformity on the pre-rift at the crests of fault blocks
Post rift sequence
Name the geologic periods in order from oldest to most recent.
Precambrian, Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Mississippian, Pennsylvanian, Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Tertiary, Quaternary
These are low permeability rocks that prevent equilibration of pressures between the successive permeable units.
Pressure Seals
Term used to describe Pressure gradients in in excess of hydrostatic
Pressure Transition Zones
What is the difference of primary migration and tertiary migration of petroleum?
Primary, expulsion of petroleum from source rock. Tertiary, leakage and dissipation of the petroleum at the Earth's Surface
department that carries out all operations t o ensure the flow of the hydrocarbons from the reservoir through the well bore to the surface facilities.
Production
The tubing from the reservoir to the surface
Production String
This is a group of diverse minerals that are important components in dark colored igneous rocks. The most common member, augite, is a black, opaque mineral with two directions of cleavage that meet at nearly a 90-degree angle. What is the name of the mineral group to which augite belongs?
Pyroxene
Last mineral to form from magma according to Bowen's series of crystallization.
Quartz
What mineral is the major constituent of sandstone and other clastic sedimentary rocks?
Quartz
Which mineral has a Photoelectric absorption index of 1.806 barns/electron?
Quartz
After a series of discoveries by Cairn Energy in the last decade, this block in northwestern India produces 175000 barrels/day, name it.
Rajasthan block
Porosity
Ratio of void space in a rock to the total volume of the rock
lateral continuity
Refers to the fact that sedimentary beds originate as continuous layers that extend in all directions until they eventually grade into a different type of sediment
It is the most common pressure tool that measure pressure at a number of points from a well and is able to sample the fluid phase.
Repeat Formation Tester
In April 2012, the president of the south american land of Gauchos unveiled plans to seize control of energy company YPF away from this international entity.
Repsol
It is the rock plus void space contained in a trap
Reservoir
what term is used for a body of rock that has pores to contain oil and gas, and sufficient permeability to allow fluid migration?
Reservoir
It is the rock plus void space contained in a trap.
Resevoir
The percentage of non-wetting phase (usually oil of gas) left in the ground after production.
Residual
Most common method using water to characterize reservoirs
Residual Salt Analysis (RSA)
A method of well logging that measures the electrical resistivity of the rock
Resistivity log
If the combination neutron-density log is good for telling oil from gas, how do you tell oil from water?
Resistivity log
What well log can be used to determine both the porosity and lithology of a reservoir?
Resistivity log
Johannes Petreus Kuenen discovered this phenomenon related to condensate reservoir
Retrograde condensation
Worth 10 points each. Differentiate the two types of drag.
Reverse drag and normal drah
It is the rotation of layers in the hanging wall of a fault so that the curvature is inconsistent with sense of offset on the fault. Rollover structures, which are related to fault geometry, are the most common example of these.
Reverse drags 444
What style of faulting may occur when the Horizontal Stress is greater than the vertical stress?
Reverse/Thrust faulting
It is the fine-grained equivalent of granite and, like granite, is composed essentially of the light-colored silicates.
Rhyolite
It is the machine used to drill a wellbore. In onshore operations, it includes virtually everything except living quarters. Name it.
Rig
What university introduced the petroleum engineering program in PSU?
Robert Gordon University
Name the man who in 1940 drilled the first directional well
Robert Richardson
Is defined as the aggregate of one or more minerals
Rock
In geology, this is a transverse earthquake wave that travels through the interior of the earth and is usually the second conspicuous wave to reach a seismograph. Name this wave
S-Wave
Which log distinguishes permeable zones from non-permeable zones and is measured in mV?
SP logs
Name 4 types of well logs.
SP, Gamma Ray, Resistivity, Sonic, Density, Dipmeter, Microlog
As defined by the SPE Constitution, it is the policy-making and governing body of the SPE.
SPE Board of Directors/SPE International Board of Directors
This is a free online member benefit which allows you to assess your current professional capabilities using exploration and production job competency models.
SPE Competency Management Tool
Give at least two (2) student scholarship/fellowship programs offered by SPE.
SPE Foundation Gus Archie Scholarship, SPE Foundation Nico van Wingen Graduate Fellowship, SPE Star Scholarship and Fellowship, SPE Section Scholarships, Henry Dewitt Smith Fellowship, Imomoh Scholarship
Name the program instituted by the SPE as a way of certifying the technical knowledge of petroleum engineers based on an examination in conjunction with the experience of the applicant.
SPE Petroleum Engineering Certificate
Due to the difficulty of shipping oil in barrels, Marcus Samuel had ordered the construction of dedicated oil tankers for the purpose of shipping oil by sea. Name the first tanker ever to be constructed
SS Murex
These are high intertidal to supratidal flats that provide an environment for gypsum and anhydrite deposition.
Sabka cycles
What is the largest offshore oil field in the world?
Safaniya
A term used to illustrate the form of intracratonic basins
Sags
Name the trap shown in the seismic data (PPT). Identify the fluids and their respective depths from the given logs shown in the figure.
Salt dome
Name the trap formed when a thick bed of evaporite minerals found at depth intrudes vertically into surrounding rock strata, forming a diapir
Salt dome trap
A concentration of salt caused by flow of salt into a sink where the salt has not intruded the overburden.
Salt pillow
This deals with the deformation caused by the (mostly) vertical movement of salt through its overburden.
Salt tectonics
What two rock types are the most common reservoir rocks?
Sandstone and Carbonates
meandering channels
Sandstone deposition environment that exhibits a bell shaped gamma ray log
Worth 5 points each. Name all jovian planets in the solar system from the planet closest to farthest from the sun.
Saturn, Jupiter, Neptune, Uranus
Energy ministers from which two (2) countries spearheaded the establishment of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries or OPEC?
Saudi Arabia and Venezuela
This company has just recently announced intentions to go public through an IPO, in a bid to remedy some of its losses due to the recent oil crash and to prepare for the eventual end of the oil age
Saudi Aramco
What company boasts the highest production rate?
Saudi Aramco
What do you call a line of cliffs created by faulting or by erosion?
Scarp
What is a strongly foliated metamorphic rock that has a well-developed parallelism of minerals such as micas?
Schist
Electrical logs are now an industry standard to measure formation characteristics. Name the brothers who developed the first electrical log.
Schlumberger brothers / Marcel and Conrad Schlumberger
It is a type of rock adjoining a reservoir that restricts leakage of hydrocarbons from a trap after it has accumulated.
Seal
what term is used for low-permeable to impermeable rock or immobile fluid, with a capillary entry pressure large enough to dam up or trap hydrocarbons?
Seal
What type of porosity is non intergranular such as fractures, vugs, etc. that may contribute sharply to permeability but may not significantly raise the porosity level?
Secondary Porosity
What do you call the production of oil or gas as a result of artificially augmenting the reservoir energy by injection of water or other fluids?
Secondary recovery
What do you call the method used to be applied after substantial depletion of the reservoir? -
Secondary recovery methods
What are the 3 types of rocks?
Sedimentary, Igneous and Metamorphic rocks
What is the analysis that is mostly required for the detailed description of the rock bodies which form hydrocarbon reservoirs?
Sedimentological analysis
Locations where oil and gas find the surface are called?
Seeps
It is a method of data acquisition relying upon changes in the acoustic properties of rock to alter the properties of soundwaves transmitted through the rock.
Seismic Method
Methodology based on the premise that almost all seismic reflectors are time surfaces
Seismic Stratigraphic Methodology
Name the survey method which involves the generation and propagation of seismic waves down into the earth
Seismic Survey
What is an immobile region of a fault bounded by moving segments?
Seismic gap
It is a device used to construct a topographic profile of the ocean floor and to reveal layering in sediment and rock beneath the sea floor?
Seismic profiler
Positive
Shales exhibit a _____________response in spontaeous potential (sp) logging.
Which two (2) companies will be the recipient of the OTC Distinguished Achievement Award in recognition of the successful development of the world's deepest oil and gas project, the Gulf of Mexico Stones field?
Shell and SBM Offshore
What was the founding name of the highly recognizable oil company, Shell?
Shell transport and trading company
This geologic formation is known as the oldest significant oil source rock. It is found in Alaska and preserves fossils dating back to the Triassic period. What is this geologic formation called?
Shublik Formation
What do you call a sedimentary particles that range from 1/256 to 1/16 mil- limeter in size.
Silt
It is a rock composed of lithified silt?
Siltstone
It is a circular depression in karst topography caused by the collapse of a cavern roof or by disso-lution of surface rocks.
Sinkhole
Give the largest oil company for 2014 (revenue wise)
Sinopec
When using an ultrasonic televiewer image, what mathematical shape describes the image of a fracture that slices the wellbore at an angle?
Sinusoid, Sinusoidal
It is a porosity and permeability tool which works by sending a sound pulse into the formation and measuring the time taken for the sound wave to return to a receiver located further up (or down) the too.
Sonic tool
It is a sedimentary rock that contains sufficient organic matter such that when it is buried and heated it will produce petroleum.
Source rock
Rock where the hydrocarbons originally formed, prior to their migration.
Source rock
The Australian oil company, SANTOS, is an acronym that stands for what?
South Australia Northern Territory Oil Search
What is the world's largest gas field?
South Pars / North Dome Gas-Condensate field
A heterogenous group of nonroutine analytic processes, such as relative permeability determination, core tomography, capillary pressure, and wettability measurement
Special Core Analysis
What is the name of this oilfield, located in Beaumont, Texas, was founded by Anthony Lucas and became USA's first major oil field?
Spindletop Oil Field
Gushers are a common occurrence all around the world. What was the name of the first gusher to be drilled?
Spindletop gusher
This type of log measures the natural battery effect that occurs at the interface where foreign ions from the drilling mud have entered into porous zones.
Spontaneous Potential (SP)
A natural potential difference exists between the borehole and the surface. Name the log used to measure this potential
Spontaneous Potential (SP) log
It is a pillar of rock left when a sea arch collapses or when the inshore portion of a headland erodes faster that the tip? - Sea Stack
Stack
It is a conical speleothem formed upward from the floor of a cave by the action of dripping water. It is usually composed of calcium carbonate.
Stalagmite
cross cutting
States that geologic features that cut across rocks must form after the rocks they cut through.
Fill in the blanks. Lithification is derived from a Latin terms lithos which means ____________ and fic which means __________.
Stone and making
It is the process in which the rising magma the overlying rocks, producing xenoliths.
Stoping
What traps are formed by sedimentation and diagenesis. Without the need for structural movement?
Stratigraphic Traps
This kind of trap result when either a nonporous formation is sealed off or when the reservoir rock incurs a change of porosity or permeability.
Stratigraphic trap
It is the study of temporal and spatial relationships between bodies of sedimentary rocks
Stratigraphy
These basins occur where sections of the crust move laterally with respect to each other.
Strike slip basin
It is a basin that occurs where sections of the crusts move laterally with respect to each other. It is also called a "wrench" basin
Strike- slip basin
Horizontal Stress in one direction is greater than the horizontal stress in the perpendicular direction?
Strike-Slip faulting
What is the name for a type of subsurface map having contours that display the elevation of a particular rock layer such that folds and faults are clearly displayed?
Structure map
Fill in the blanks. ___________ are remnants of voids in carbonate rocks prior to compaction.
Stylolites
These are thin seams of clay and insoluble material which run parallel to bedding in a limestone or sandstone. These are produced from pressure solution along planes as the result of stress. The clay which fills the seams is insoluble residue derived from limestone solution.
Stylolites
It is a component of arcs comprising stacked fragments of oceanic crust and its pelagic cover, together with material derived from arc
Subduction Complex
It is a type of seismic wave having the greatest amplitude.
Surface waves
What is the junction created when two continents or other masses of crust collide and weld into a single mass of continental crust?
Suture
These cracks are formed by spontaneous dehydration of gel-like materials in the sediment, even when the sediment is in a wet environment.
Synaresis cracks
What do you call to a fold that arches downward and whose center contains the youngest rocks? - Syncline
Syncline
These are faults that form along points of weak rock that are secondary to larger faults. They can assume various orientations, dependant on the regional tectonic stress regimes. This may include numerous en-echelon stress relief faults or faults accompanying diapirs.
Synthetic fault
The deeper into the brittle part of the crust, the stronger the rock, and the larger the differential stress required to fracture it.
TRUE
What do you call an accumulation of loose angular rocks at the base of a cliff that has fallen mainly as a result of frost wedging?
Talus slope
It is an end moraine that forms when a glacier is at its greatest advance? - Terminal moraine
Terminal moraine
The end moraine that marks the farthest advance of a glacier. -
Terminal moraine
It is a flat, benchlike structure produced by a stream, which was left elevated as the stream cut downward. -
Terrace
A crustal block bounded by faults, whose geologic history is distinct from the histories of adjoining crustal blocks. -
Terrane
irreducible water sturation
The amount of water is is not removable due to adhesive forces by the rock grains and water
adhesion
The attraction between different moelcules
cohesion
The attraction between like molecules
ditch,
The cheapest type of correlation sample
nomogram
The table that is being used to correct the apparent dip into true tip
solution gas drive
This is a mechanism when crude oil has dissolved gas on it, the gases aid in helping the oil feel lighter, thus enhancing the mobility of our oil up to the surface for production.
Correlation
This is defined as a mutual identification of layers
dip
This is the meaurement of the angle that a rock layer tilits from the horizonal
water drive
This is the most common and the most effective drive mechanism of all reservoirs
total porosity
This refers to all the porosity of the rock whether effective or not
unconformity
This represents a long period during which deposition ceased, erosion removed previously formed rocks, and then deposition resumed.
Gamma Ray tool
This tool provides a picture of the combined gamma ray output of all the radioactive elements in the rock formations.
lithofacies map
This type of map has contours representing the variations in the proportion of sandstone, shale, and other kinds of rocks in the formation
volatile oil
This type of oil is aka high shrinkage crude oil
What are the three elements used as the source of Gamma Rays.
Thorium, Uranium, Potassium
It is a type of reverse fault with a dip of 45º or less over most of its extent? - Thrust fault
Thrust fault
It is a strike-slip fault between two offset segments of a mid-oceanic ridge? - Tr-form fault
Tr-form fault
A boundary between two lithospheric plates where the plates are sliding horizontally past one another. - Tr-form plate boundary
Tr-form plate boundary
What is the direct evaporation from the leaf surfaces of plants? - Tr-piration
Tr-piration
What do you call to the relatively long, straight dune that is oriented perpendicular to the prevailing wind? - Tr-verse dune
Tr-verse dune
It is a sedimentary structure consisting of tracks, burrows, or other marks made by an organism?
Trace fossil
What do you call to the sediment tr-port in which particles are dragged or rolled along a stream bed, beach, or desert surface? - Traction
Traction
A major strike-slip fault that cut through the lithosphere and accommodates motion between two plates. -
Transform fault
It is a plate boundary in which two plates slide past one another without creating or destroying lithosphere.
Transform fault boundary
It is a series of long ridges oriented at right angles to the prevailing wind; these dunes form where vegetation is sparse and sand is very plentiful.
Transverse dunes
This is the point where three lithospheric plates meet.
Triple junction
What is the lowest part of a wave? - Trough
Trough
True or false, then explain why. Diamond, being the hardest known mineral, once hammered, will break into pieces.
True. It will break, but not be scratched.
These are triangular-shaped cliffs produced when spurs of land that extend into a valley are removed by the great erosional force of a valley glacier. -
Truncated spurs
What is the Japanese word for seismic sea w]ave? -
Tsunami
What is the large sea wave produced by a submarine earthquake or a volcano, characterized by long wave- length and great speed? - Tsunami
Tsunami
What is the general term for all consolidated pyroclastic rocks? - Tuff
Tuff
The discovery of this field, later renamed in his honor, led president Lula da Silva to proclaim it as a second independence of the country, discovered by BG group in 2006
Tupi
A turbidity current deposit characterized by graded bedding. -
Turbidite
A downslope movement of dense sediment-laden water created when sand and mud on the continental shelf and slope are dislodged and thrown into suspension. -
Turbidity current
It is a relatively dense mass of water and suspended sediments that is moving by gravity down a submarine slope. It can be divided by morphology into a head at the front, a neck, a body, and a tail. The head is thicker and moves slower than the body. What is this current called?
Turbidity current
It is rapidly flowing submarine current laden with suspended sediment that results from mass wasting on the continental shelf or slope? - Turbidity current
Turbidity current
This Erratic movement of water often characterized by swirling, whirlpool-like eddies. Most streamflow is of this type. -
Turbulent flow
How many planes of cleavage does the mineral Feldspar contain?
Two (2)
Algal and amorphous kerogen highly likely to generate oil is what type?
Type I
With a higher proportion of hydrogen relative to oxygen than other types and a Hydrogen:Carbon ratio of about 1.65, name the type of kerogen that has lipids as the dominant compounds, with derivates of waxes, fats, and oils?
Type I
Mixed terrestrial and marine source material that can generate waxy oil is what type?
Type II
The Kimmeridge clay of the North Sea and the Tannezuft shale of Algeria are of this type. The original organic matter of this kerogen consisted of algal detritus, but also contained material derived from zooplankton and phytoplankton.
Type II
Woody terrestrial source material that typically generates gas is what type of kerogen?
Type III
Kerogen containing mostly decomposed organic matter also known as charcoal is what type of kerogen?
Type IV
What is the lowest level to which stream erosion could lower the land. -
Ultimate base level
What is the lowest possible level of down- cutting of a stream, usually sea level? - Ultimate base level
Ultimate base level
A compositional group of igneous rocks containing mostly olivine and pyroxene. -
Ultramafic composition
rock composed mostly of minerals containing iron and magnesium. - Ultramafic rock
Ultramafic rock
In the field of structural geology, it is a state of strain where stretching in X (axis) is compensated for by equal shortening in the plane orthogonal to X.
Uniform extension or axially symmetric extension
This is a relatively narrow body of stratified drift deposited on a valley floor by meltwater streams that issue from the terminus of an alpine glacier.
Valley train
A mineral that fills a fracture or fault in a host rock.
Vein deposit
It is a solid composed of unordered atoms? - Volcanic glass
Volcanic glass
. Define effective porosity
Volume of interconnected pores/total volume of pores
A type of pore that is significantly larger than the typical pore space in the permeable formation
Vuggy pores
A mud supported limestone with more than 10% grains is classified as what?
Wackestone
appraisal wells
Well that aims to decide whether the hydrocarbon pool will produce profitable amounts of oil and gas
sediment
What do you call a solid rock or mineral fragments transported and deposited by wind, water, gravity, or ice, precipitated by chemical reactions, or secreted by organisms, and that accumulate as layers in loose, un-consolidated form?
Secondary recovery methods
What do you call the method used to be applied after substantial depletion of the reservoir? -
Secondary recovery
What do you call the production of oil or gas as a result of artificially augmenting the reservoir energy by injection of water or other fluids?
polymer
What is the common chemical that is added to the water in order to increase its sweep efficiency?
viscosity
What property of water is being altered by chemical eor that will increase its sweep efficiency?
hydrocarbon
What type of fluid is believed to be contained when the resistivty log is high?
brine
What type of fluid is believed to be contained when the resistivty log is low?
porosity
What variable is being measured by the density log?
permeability / permeable beds
What varialbe does an sp log measure?
hydrogen content
What varialbe does neutron log measure?
In Jack Hills, Australia, rocks were found to contain the oldest known minerals on Earth which dated to about 4.4 billion years ago. What mineral is this?
Zircon
shale
_________ is a fine-grained clastic sedimentary rock with finely layered structure composed predominantly of clay minerals.
original horzontality
____________ says that layers of sediment are generally deposited in a horizontal position.
It is a continental sedimentary environment that are localized and their shape approximates a segment of a cone.
alluvial fans,
Name the fine-grained volcanic rock of intermediate composition, consisting largely of plagioclase and one or more mafic minerals.
andesite
Name the unconformity in which the beds below the unconformity dip at a different angle than the beds above it.
angular unconformity
An excellent hydrocarbon trap, it consists of an arch-shaped fold in rock in which rock layers are upwardly convex. The oldest rock layers form the core of the fold, and outward from the core progressively younger rocks occur. What is this geological structure called?
anticline
Name the fold that is convex upward, or that had such an attitude at some stage of its development.
anticline
What is the term for any geological fold that is convex up?
antiform
What is the permeable region of rock or soil through which ground water can move?
aquifer
What sedimentary rock is formed by the cementation of sand-sized grains of feldspar and quartz?
arkose
A triangular-shaped rock face that forms when a valley glacier cuts off the lower portion of an arête.
arête.
Complex hydrocarbon compounds that are relatively enriched in N, S, and O.
asphaltenes or resins.
Give the range of alkalinity of drilling muds.
at least 9ph
Which large US oil rich formation is described to look like an oreo cookie, representing to layers of black shale that leak oil into a central dolomite layer?"
bakken shale
Meaning of the abbreviation "bbl"
barrel
The standard unit of measurement for oil
barrels
Carbonization is a common rock alteration of what type of rocks?
basic rocks
what is the name for a large, discordant, intrusive body of igneous rock?
batholith
What is the kind of laterite that consists of almost pure aluminum hydroxide?
bauxite
give 3 criteria not suitable for correlating
bed thickness, stratigraphic positioning, lithological similarity
It is a colloidal clay, composed primarily of montmorillonite, that swells when wet. Because of its gel-forming properties, it is a major component of waterbase drilling muds. What is the name of this clay?
bentonite
Name the thin zone near the earth's surface that is inhabited by life forms.
biosphere
It is a constructional type of delta with several sediment lobes protruding into the basin like the Mississippi River Delta.
bird-foot delta
A container, usually made of steel and fitted with a sturdy lock, to store drill bits, especially higher cost PDC and diamond bits. Name this container.
bit box
Name this complex colloidal material containing large complex hydrocarbon molecules, soluble in carbon disulphide.
bitumen
What type of metamorphism results from deep burial of rocks in a sedimentary basin?
burial metamorphism
Mode of transportation employed to carry workers to and from an offshore drilling rig
by air / Helicopter
is a tool for measuring the diameter and shape of a borehole.
caliper log
A relatively impermeable rock, commonly shale, anhydrite or salt, that forms a barrier or seal above and around reservoir rock so that fluids cannot migrate beyond the reservoir. It is often found atop a salt dome. Name this rock.
cap rock
Since water has a high dielectric constant, and hence capacitance, it can be distinguished from oil or gas. An in situ record of the capability of the fluid passing through a sensor to store electrical charge. Name this kind of log.
capacitance log
what is the chemical eor method that involves injection of chemicals that will break down heavy hydricarbons into lighter ones and will also act as emulsifiers to easilty recover these heavy hydrocarbons
caustic flooding
a control on porosity that involves the glueing effect of grains
cementation
deep marine depth carbonate reservoirs formed by chemical precipitation
chalk deposits
What type of weathering occurs when air and water chemically react with rock to alter its composition and mineral content?
chemical weathering
What is the name for rocks or sediments made up primarily of broken fragments of pre-existing rocks or minerals?
clastic
For five points each, give four types of sedimentary rocks.
clastic, organic, chemical, bioclastic
On the Udden-Wentworth classification of grain size, rank the following size terms from smallest to largest: sand, pebbles, clay, boulders, silt, cobbles."
clay, silt, sand, pebbles, cobbles, boulders
What sedimentary rock is composed of combustible matter derived from the partial decomposition of plant material?
coal
the attraction between like molecules
cohesion
What does the acronym CHOPS stand for?
cold heavy oil production with sand.
a control on porosity that results into elongation of previously round sized grains by the overburden pressure
compaction
A volcano which is composed of lava flows and pyroclastic material and which is steep-sided and very tall is known as:
composite
Give the four types of metamorphism for 5 points per correct answer,
contact, burial, regional, hydrothermal
What is characterized by the area at the edges of a continent from the shoreline to a depth of 200 m [660 ft], where the continental slope begins?
continental shelf
maps that show a series of lines drawn at regular intervals. The points on each line represent equal values, such as depth or thickness.
contour map / structural
correlation sample that is very large and expensive
core sample
Name the mutual identification of layers or groups of layers penetrated in the various wells in a field.
correlation
Convergence pressure is found at what region in the phase diagram?
critical point
states that geologic features that cut across rocks must form after the rocks they cut through.
cross cutting
what do you call the sides of a block diagram?
cross section
map that illustrate vertical relationships such as depth, thickness, superpostion, and lateral and vertical changes of geologic features.
cross section maps
What general term for unrefined petroleum or liquid petroleum?
crude oil
Any substance whose atoms are arranged in a regular, periodically repeated pattern is called what?
crystal
What do you call to the current caused by the tides? - Tidal current
current
sandstone deposition environment that exhibits a cyclic intervals of bell and funnel shaped gamma ray log
delta complex
Production
department that carries out all operations t o ensure the flow of the Hydrocarbons from the reservoir through the well bore to the surface facilities.
field engineering
department that constructs and operates the surface facilities: drilling Sites, roads, tanks, pipelines, pump stations, etc.
pet eng
department that is is charged with the planning and functional Supervision of - but generally not the line responsibility for - all operations Required for the commercial production of hydrocarbons.
drilling
department that is responsible for the drilling of the wells, in accordance with the general plans developed by the petroleum engineering department."
It is a well that is drilled or completed for the purpose of supporting production from an existing field.
development well
What naturally occuring mineral is known to be the oldest mineral on earth?
diamond
if an exploration well penetrates oil or gas, it becomes a
discovery well
sandstone deposition environment that exhibits a cylindrical shaped gamma ray log
distributary channel
correalation sample that is continuously obtained
ditch
the cheapest type of correlation sample
ditch,
enumerate the 3 types of correlation samples
ditch, side wall, core sample
Arrange the following minerals in order from densest to lease dense: quartz, dolomite, calcite
dolomite, calcite, quartz
It is the folding of layers around a fault by means of brittle deformation mechanisms, directly related to the formation and/or growth of the fault.
drag
a temporary completion of a well that provides info whether to complete or not the well.
drill stem tes
department that is responsible for the drilling of the wells, in accordance with the general plans developed by the petroleum engineering department.
drilling
type of reservoir gas primarily made of methane
dry gas
What initiative was introduced by SPE in 2005 to connect young professionals with fewer than 5 years in the industry and students with more experienced members?
eMentoring
a mechanism that involves water coming from aquifers causing a pushing pressure into the edges of the oil reservoir.
edge water drive
these are interconnected pore volume availabe to free fluids
effective porosity
give one possible reason of grading of rock layer into another type of sediment
either due to change in environment conditions or until they thin out at the edge of the basin of deposition
A stream system that resembles the pattern of a branching tree. D
endritic pattern
A branch of microeconomics concerned with the systematic analysis of the costs and benefits of engineering projects with the objective of finding the most efficient and effective use of resources. What is it?
engineering economics
For five points per item, give the units used in the geologic timescale.
eons, eras, periods, epochs
Name the process that is responsible for the removal of weathered rock or soil by moving wind, glaciers, or gravity.
erosion
part of pet eng rotational job that involves update of the existing picture of oilfield
evaluation
department that carries out the search for accumulations of oil and gas.
exploration
According to the technical wing, Aside from the petrophysicists, this is where the prod geo is also in close contact
exploration department
What department is responsible for carrying out the search for accumulations of oil and gas?
exploration department
Complete the SPE Mission: "To collect, disseminate, and exchange technical knowledge concerning the ________, ________, and ________ of oil and gas resources...".
exploration, development, production
For 10 points per correct answer, give the two types of igneous rock.
extrusive/volcanic, intrusive/plutonic
A lateral change from one depositional environment to another is called a change of ____________.
facies
the division of reservoir due to fault activities
fault compartments
part of pet eng rotational job that involves adaptation of the plans
feedback
department that constructs and operates the surface facilities: drilling sites, roads, tanks, pipelines, pump stations, etc.
field engineering
What is the region located between a volcanic arc and an accretionary wedge where shallow-water marine sediments typically accumulate?
forearc basin
What is the name give to the remains or traces of a plant or animal preserved in rock?
fossils
Name the stimulation treatment routinely performed on oil and gas wells in low-permeability reservoirs, whereas the specially engineered fluids are pumped at high pressure and rate into the reservoir interval to be treated, causing a vertical fracture to open.
fracking/ hydraulic fracturing
a secondary porosity that resulted from cracking of rock layers
fractures
the gas that exists above the reservoir
gas cap
a mechanism that involves the gas cap being the source of pressure for the pushing of oil into the surface
gas drive / gas expansion drive
What do you call a mineral that is prized primarily for its beauty?
gem
the end or foot of a glacier.
glacier.
Why are greensands green?
glauconite
in this mechanism, the magnetic pull towards the center of the earth causes fluids to move down a sloping reservoir, thus reaching the production pipe and recovering amounts of oil
gravity drainage
What do you call the thickness of the stratigraphically defined interval in which the potential reservoir beds occur?
gross thickness
Worth 10 points each. What is the difference of gypsum and anhydrite in terms of chemical composition.
gypsum has water, anhydrite does not.
All or nothing question worth 20 points. Name all eons in precambrian time from oldest to latest.
hadean, archean, proterozoic
What's terminology for a part of rock body which located on up side of fault?
hanging wall
large responses of neutron log means?
higg hydrogen content
shale is detected with what gamma ray log response?
high
a large response of density log could mean a high content of what?
hydrocarbon
a lowresponse of density log could mean a low content of what?
hydrocarbon
what type of fluid is believed to be contained when the resistivty log is high?
hydrocarbon
what varialbe does neutron log measure?
hydrogen content
The solidified lava of a volcano belongs to which rock family?
igneous
What rock type forms when magma solidifies?
igneous rock
For 5 points per answer, give the three rock types.
igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic
low sp log response means?
impermeable shale
an example of thermal eor method that involves injection of combustible gas that will be ignited within the reservoir
in situ combustion
these are fragments of one rock unit that have been enclosed within another.
inclusions
Some rocks contain fossils of specoes that only lived for a relatively hort time on earth. These fossils are called?
index fossils
In a region of metamorphosed rocks, the metamorphic mierals are different in different places because the metamorphic grade changes. The type of minerals that are associated with a particular metamorpihc grade are called?
index minerals
The force that exists between the boundary of 2 immiscible fluids.
interfacial tension
the amount of water is is not removable due to adhesive forces by the rock grains and water
irreducible water sturation
Define Shale
is a sedimentary rock consisting of silt- and clay-size particles
In geological studies, a dome shaped intrusion is called a?
laccolith
It is a massive igneous body intruded between preexisting strata.
laccolith
refers to the fact that sedimentary beds originate as continuous layers that extend in all directions until they eventually grade into a different type of sediment
lateral continuity
. This law states that the oldest rocks are on bottom and the youngest rocks are on top.
law of superposition
This type of map has contours representing the variations in the proportion of sandstone, shale, and other kinds of rocks in the formation
lithofacies map
the only basis for the comparison of intervals in different wells that remains in practice
lithology of the rocks
Name the 4 interconnected geospheres for 5 points each.
lithosphere, atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere
It is the simplest general stress model for the interior of the Earth.
lithostatic reference state
It is any type of sediment that is transported and deposited by wind.
loess
sandstones or carbonates are detected with what gamma ray log response?
low
low responses of neturon log means?
low hydrogen content
Turbidite deposits would most likely be found in which systems tract of the classic sequence stratigraphic model?
lowstand systems tract
It is the way a mineral reflects light on its surface.
luster
enumerate the 4 types of geophysical surveys
magnetic, resistivity, seicmic, gravity
It is a black mineral composed of both ferric and ferrous oxides. It occurs as grains in sandstones, compact aggregates, or well-formed eight-faced crystals in igneous rocks. It is strongly magnetic and is responsible for most rock magnetic properties.
magnetite
contour map
maps that show a series of lines drawn at regular intervals. The points on each line represent equal values, such as depth or thickness.
In SGR observations, presence of glauconite implies what in terms of environment of deposition?
marine, mainly continental shelf origin
sandstone deposition environment that exhibits a bell shaped gamma ray log
meandering channels
What is used to describe the intensity of metamorphism that affected a rock?
metamorphic grade
Define the rock type that resulted from pre-existing rocks being altered by heating, increased pressure, or tectonic deformation.
metamorphic rock
an eor method that involves the injection of genetically engineered microorganisms into the reservoir
microbial eor / meor
The movement of hydrocarbons from a source rock to an area of accumulation.
migration
What do you call to a mine consisting of subterranean passages that commonly follow ore veins or coal seams? - Underground mine
mine
Fill in the blank. A ______________ is a naturally occurring inorganic solid with a characteristic chemical composition and a crystalline structure.
mineral
what is the term used to refer to naturally occurring inorganic solids that have a well-defined chemical composition and in which atoms are arranged in an ordered fashion?
mineral
an eor method that involves injection of gases that are capable of mixing themselves with the residual oil in the reservoir
miscible gas eor
Fill in the blank. __________ are polygonal cracks that form when mud shrinks as it dries.
mud cracks
the table that is being used to correct the apparent dip into true tip
nomogram
a situation in which younger sedimentary strata overlie older metamorphic or intrusive igneous rocks
nonconformity
type of fault that provides more passageways for fluid to flow and migrate.
nonsealing fault
In latin inorganic mean in=______ and organicus= ______
not and life
part of pet eng rotational job that involves doing of different kinds of reports
observation
This is often referred to as "black gold"
oil
This is defined as the exclusive right granted by a host country to explore and develop oil
oil concession
A factory where crude oil is cleaned and turned into useful oil products
oil refinery
Another variety of inorganic limestone is oolitic limestone. It is a rock composed of small spherical grains called
ooids
people who maintain liaison with drilling and production departments.
operations engineers
____________ says that layers of sediment are generally deposited in a horizontal position.
original horzontality
The Earth's first atmosphere was produced by a process called?
outgassing
Give 6 of the 8 most abundant chemical elements in the earth's crust for 5 points each.
oxygen, silicon, aluminium, iron, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium
It is a native bitumen mineral wax that occurs in irregular veins in sedimentary rocks or solidifies from a waxy crude oil during production. It has a microcrystalline structure, is composed of hydrocarbons in the C22 -C50 range with a small liquid component, has a specific gravity of 0.84-0.93, and is soluble in organic solvents. What is this called?
ozocerite or ozokerite
comparisons on the basis of fossil content of the formations is called?
paleontology
how many km is the man made causeway of saudi aramco?
palynology
It is a relatively conformable, genetically related succession of bed or bed sets, bounded by marine-flooding surfaces or their correlative uncomformities.
parasequence
operations engineers
people who maintain liaison with drilling and production Departments.
. It is a very dark green to black, fine-grained igneous rock composed primarily of pyroxene and calcium-rich plagioclase feldspar, with lesser amounts of olivine and amphibole.
peridotite
Identify this material aggregate used for insulation boards, plaster and concrete in which special acoustic or thermal insulation properties are required.
perlite
what varialbe does an sp log measure?
permeability / permeable beds
high sp log response means?
permeable beds
department that is is charged with the planning and functional supervision of - but generally not the line responsibility for - all operations required for the commercial production of hydrocarbons.
pet eng
This term describes money earnt, particularly dollars, through the sale of petroleum
petrodollar
Name this crude oil that occurs naturally in sedimentary rocks and consists mainly of hydrocarbons.
petroleum
Identify the continuous measurements of physical parameters in the borehole which reflect characteristics of the formation through which the hole was drilled.
petrophysical logs/ logs
the closest contact of production geologist
petrophysicists
A porosity-resistivity crossplot is a convenient method for deriving formation water resistivity. Name one of the two commonly used crossplots.
pickett plot; hingle plot
part of pet eng rotational job that involves the drawing of fictional sketch of the field
planning
It is a dry lakebed in a desert that is called a salt pan.
playa
What is another term for intrusive igneous rock?
plutonic rocks
It is a crescent-shaped accumulation of sand deposited on the inside of a river meander. It is formed by the migration of a river meander toward the outer bank and deposition on the inner bank. It commonly has a fining-upward sediment grain size. What is this called?
point bar
a rock that has varying grain sizes is said to be a _____ sorted rock
poorly
enumerate the 4 factors that affect secondary recovery to be so low
pore scale displacement, sweep, drainage, commercial cut off
What term refers to the expression of the volume of void spaces in the rocks?
porosity
what term is used for textures of igneous rocks in which large crystals are set in a matrix of relatively finer-grained crystals?
porphyritic
the more accurate term used in reservoir management instead of saying secondary recovery
pressure maintenance
pore spaces that are present in the sediment by the time of deposition
primary porosity
Fill in the blank. An abundant rock-forming mineral composed of silicon and oxygen, also called silica. ________ sand grains are a major constituent of sandstone and other clastic sedimentary rocks.
quartz
a carbonate reservoir environment known formed in shallow areas
reef / bioherms
Identify the type of metamorphism that occurs in and near a subduction zone.
regional metamorphism
a subsurface volume of porous and permeable rock that has both storage capacity and the ability to allow fluids to flow through it.
reservoir
This engineer studies the consequences of withdrawn fluids druing production
reservoir engr
after doing water injection and water flooding, what do we call the remaining oil in the reservoir?
residual oil
Name the missing member of the four main components of petroleum, along with asphaltenes, aromatics and saturates.
resin
It is an erosional feature in glaciers that is created by the glacial process called plucking?
roche moutonnee
It is a mixture of one or more minerals, or organic matter that is naturally occurring.
rock
in this mechanism, the overburden pressure felt by the grains of the reservoir causes a slight push of oil into permeable areas, allowing easier mobility of the fluids
rock drive
Complete the SPE Vision: "Enable the global oil and gas E&P industry to share technical knowledge needed to meet the world's energy needs in a ________ & _________ manner"
safe, environmentally responsible
The process whereby small grains of sediment bounce along the ground driven by the wind is called?
saltation
For 10 points. What do you call the abrasive material composed of small quartz grains formed from the disintegration of preexisting rocks.
sand
On the Udden-Wentworth classification of grain size, what lies between silt and pebbles?"
sand
What is the division of Earth history into blocks of time—eons, eras, periods, and epochs and it was created using relative dating principles? - Geologic time scale
scale
a type of fault that never allows fluid to passs by it anymore
sealing fault
It is a submarine mountain, usually of volcanic origin, that rises 1 kilometer or more above the surrounding sea floor? - seamount
seamount
the line that is drawn across a map that will serve as a guide on where to look for viewing its cross section
section line
What do you call a solid rock or mineral fragments transported and deposited by wind, water, gravity, or ice, precipitated by chemical reactions, or secreted by organisms, and that accumulate as layers in loose, un- consolidated form? -
sediment
A rock formed when sediment is lithified?
sedimentary rock
Name the rocks formed from the accumulation of sediment, which may consist of fragments and mineral grains of varying sizes from pre-existing rocks, remains or products of animals and plants.
sedimentary rock
It is any structure formed in sedimentary rock during deposition or by later sedimentary processes; for example, bedding?
sedimentary structure
What do you call when all elastic waves that travel through rock, produced by an earthquake or explosion?
seismic wave
What do you call the record made by a seismograph?
seismogram
What is an instrument that records seismic waves?
seismograph
It is the study of earthquake waves and the interpretation of these data to elucidate the structure of the interior of the Earth?
seismology
What is science in geophysics that study about vibration phenomena in earth?
seismology
_________ is a fine-grained clastic sedimentary rock with finely layered structure composed predominantly of clay minerals.
shale
basic type of reservoir created by folding where there is low internal reservoir pressures
shallow res
_______________ is a large region of exposed basement rocks that are commonly of Precambrian age.
shield
correlation sample that is small in size but free of conatmination
side wall
On the Udden-Wentworth classification of grain size, what lies between clay and sand?
silt
On the Udden-Wentworth classification of grain size, what lies between clay and sand?"
silt
All or nothing question, worth 20 points. Arrange the following metamorphic rocks from lowest to highest degree of metamorphism. Phyllite, schist, slate, gneiss
slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss
It is a submarine deposit of turbidite and debrite sediments on the middle or base of the basin slope environment. It is part of a lowstand system tract defined in seismic and sequence stratigraphy.
slope fan
Name four geologic elements required for a hydrocarbon accumulation for an oil and gas field to exist
source, seal, trap, reservoir
under e & p companies these are responsible for work in the various subdisciplines.
specialists
What is the hypothesis that segments of oceanic crust are separating at the mid-oceanic ridge? - Sea-floor spreading
spreading
It is the theoretical maximum deflection of the spontaneous potential tool opposite clean, permeable, and water-bearing sandstones
static SP (spontaneous potential)
a method of thermal eor where high temperature vapors of water are injected into the reservoir to heat up the oil and lower its viscosity to increase mobility
steam flooding
It is a potential petroleum trap formed by the deposition and diagenesis of the reservoir rock, such as limestone reef, river channel sandstone, an updip pinchout of a sandstone wedge in a shale layer or an oolite shoal.
stratigraphic trap
general type of trap that is formed due to difference of depositon of layers of rocks
stratigraphic traps
the intersection line of a dipping rock and a horizontal plane
strike
Fill in the blank. The dipmeter was originally developed for the purpose of measuring __________ dip.
structural dip
how many liters are there in 1 barrel?
structural trap
general type of traps that is formed due to deformation of rock layers
structural traps
the process of solid turning directly into gas
sublimation
It is a large fan-shaped deposit of sediments located at the base of a submarine canyon on the ocean bottom. These are deposited by turbidity currents, sand flows, and other processes that transport sediments down the submarine canyons. What is this called?
submarine fan, submarine delta, or submarine cone
The law simply states that in an undeformed sequence of sedimentary rocks, each bed is older than the one above and younger than the one below.
superposition
What is the hole excavated into the Earth's surface for the purpose of recovering mineral or fuel resources? - surface mine
surface mine
It is all processes that sculpt the Earth's surface, such as erosion, tr-port, and deposition? - surface processes
surface processes
In structural geology, what is the name of a downward-curving fold with layers that dip toward the center of the structure?
syncline
This classification of deposits are believed to have formed from parent magma at low temperatures and high in the crust. Name this deposit classification.
telethermal deposit
Type 3 kerogens usually form from what type of organic material and tend to produce what type of hydrovcarbons?
terrestrial plant material, natural gas
What is the sea-floor sediment derived directly from land? - terrigenous sediment
terrigenous sediment
It is a correction applied to gravity data to compensate for attraction of the sun and moon.
tidal correction
Mention 2 corrections in processing gravity data
tidal correction, drift (tool corr.), free air corr., bou guer corr., terrain corr. (altitude corr.)
The underground process of "diagenetic override" leads to a reservoir characterized as?
tight
What is the sediment deposited directly by glacial ice and that has not been resorted by a stream? - till
till
the geologic map Is seen at what side of a block diagram?
top side
the movement of sediment by flowing water, ice, wind, or gravity? - tr-port
tr-port
Rocks on opposite sides of the fracture slide horizontally past each other is what type of plate boundary?
transform
the point in pvt diagram where solid, liquid, and gas may co-exist with each other
triple point
intermediate depth carbonate reservoirs formed along slopes of shelves
turbidites
it is is a gap in the rock record that represents a period during which erosion rather than deposition is occurring
unconformity
this represents a long period during which deposition ceased, erosion removed previously formed rocks, and then deposition resumed.
unconformity
The process of abrasion can cause rocks on the desert floor to develop several polished faces so that they look like big gemstones with facets. These rocks are called/
ventifacts
What form of mica loses water and expands up to 20 times in size when it is heated?
vermiculite
what property of water is being altered by chemical eor that will increase its sweep efficiency?
viscosity
this type of oil is AKA high shrinkage crude oil
volatile oil
pore spaces where the boundaries can cut across grains matrix or cement?
vuggy porosity
this is the most common and the most effective drive mechanism of all reservoirs
water drive
It is the decomposition and disintegration of rocks and minerals at the earth's surface. Name this process.
weathering
a rock that has same grain sizes is said to be a ___ sorted rock
well sorted
This is an empty channel that can penetrate several feet into the formation, caused by the nonuniform dissolution of limestone or dolomite by hydrochloric acid. Name this large empty channel that are created during matrix stimulation or acid fracturing of carbonate formations.
wormhole
It is an elongate erosional remnant of a rock sticking above a desert surface, like an upturned ship hull.
yardang
what is the dip angle of a horizontal rock layer?
zero
In the 1998 movie Armageddon, an offshore rig team drills into an asteroid to save the earth. If they used the same well plan as Chevron's Nottinghead 1 discovery well. What would have been their total depth?
~34000ft
