JMU BIO 270 LAB PRACTICAL EXAM

Reflex arc steps:

1. receptor 2. sensory afferent neuron 3. integration center 4. motor efferent neuron 5. effector

Heart rate:

1/ R-R x 60 = beats/mins

To calculate the frequency of stimulation:

1/ i x 1000 where the i is the interval given from the graph or you will find from bottoms of the two peaks (UNITS: Stimulus/seconds)

Restrictive lung disease

>90% decreased ability to fill lungs(inhale) pulmonary fibrosis

Membrane is impermeable to solute

H2O moves from high to low concentrations H2O moves from low to high solute concentrations

Receptive fields

How many points felt tells how many receptive fields there are, more sensitive area has multiple receptive fields ( so you would only feel one sensation), less sensitive more spread out so you would feel both spots. 1 felt= 1 receptive fields 2 felt= 2 receptive fields

Number is synapses involved

In reflex fewer then reaction In reaction greater then reflex

Diffusion rates are different because...

Fick's law: molecular weight is inversely related to diffusion rate

Caption of graphs

Figure 1. "The effect of" __ on __.

Mouth

Digested: Start- Starch Absorbed: nothing

ileum

Digested: nothing Absorbed: Bile Salts

Esophagus

Digested: starch Absorbed: nothing

Stomach

Digested: starch and the start if protein Absorbed: nothing

Finding force of a single twitch on graph

M at bottom of force X at peak of force in FU units

Find latency period on graph

M on beginning of Stimulus (top graph) X on beginning of angle (Bottom graph) all in seconds,

Find Angle of rotation on graph

M on beginning of angle X on peak of angle Magnitude (degrees)

Jejunum ***Main place for Absorption

Normal mean and meal with DF= (Digested: Finish starch, protein, lipid. Absorbed:mono/disaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids) Pancreatic: ( nothing digested or absorbed) Gallbladder: ( Digested: finish: starch and protein, Absorbed: mono/disaccharides. Amino acids)

Metabolism: as size increases

SA increases= SA:V ration decreases Volume increase= Metabolic rate decreases O2 intake increases= body heat escapes more slowly

Membrane Transport Lab

Waters is permeable to the bag of glucose and it moves into the bag and up the tube because of osmotic pressure and because of hydrostatic pressure the osmosis=diffusion

Carb digestion

mouth

bar graph

discrete categories

Spatial recruitment

multiple motor units are recruited at the same time to increase the force increase the voltage

Reaction

multiple synapse with CNS polysynaptic longer latency period

ERV

bottom of normal breath and the bottom of the big breath

Taste

need saliva to dissolve sugars to be able to taste; with a dry tongue you cannot taste

Rods

non-color vision; discriminative greater perceptive field

lipid digestion

duodenum

inhibitor

noncompetitive- allosteric competitive- active site increase inhibitor decreases rate because unable to bind to enzyme

Air conduction

normal way of hearing

pH graphs enzymes

optimal point at highest and denaturation at low and highest pH

Temperature graph enzymes

optimal point highest and denaturation high temp

Isotonic

cloudy RBC

Cones

color smaller receptive fields

Systolic pressure

first sound, top number, contracts

Nomogram

graphical tool to determine SA using weight and heigh

Higher Specific gravity

greater solute to water ration yellow, dark yellow 1.02-1.03 dehydration

Lower Specific gravity

greater water solute ration diluted, clear, pale yellow 1.002-1.008: closer to 1 which is water hydrated

Korotkoff sounds

heard by sphygmomanometer between systolic and diastolic pressures

IRV

peak of normal breath to peak of big breath

Scatter plot

continuous numbers

independent variable

control; x-axis

Boone conduction

cranial bones directly to cochlea

Breath-hold time

decreases after exercise(increases CO2) and increases after hyperventilation (decreases CO2)

Ketones in urine

inadequate levels of carbs and patients with diabetes

Motor Unit recruitment

increasing stimulus will increase the number of motor units eventually maximum of motor units will be stimulated instantaneous

Temporal summation

increasing the number of times stimulus occurs every second one at a time increasing frequency leads to tetany sequential

Substrate concentration

indicated saturations; increasing substrate= increases rate until plateau at x=__

Enzyme concentration

indicates inhibitor; increasing enzyme concentration= increases reaction rate; linear (noncompetitive fashion)

Spirometer

instrument used to produce the above lung volumes

1 Tailed

is the mean larger, smaller than the other

2 Tailed

is there a difference between the two

Carb/protein/fat absorption

jejunum

To calculate the % in strength go muscle contraction:

largest peak- smallest peak / smallest peak x 100

Pulse wave velocity:

length of arm / M at bottom of S wave and X at the start of the pulse wave (UNITS:meters/second ) Normal is between 4 to 9

trendline

polynomial or linear ( which ever fits the graph best just have to see)

if patient can't hear through air conduction but CAN through bone conduction:

problem exists through outer or middle ear (inflammation)

if patient can't hear through air or bone:

problem exists within the inner ear (cochlear damage)

Osmotic Pressure

pulls the water and glucose up the tube

Hydrostatic Pressure

pushing down like gravity and stops the movement of sugar solution

Phasic receptors

rapid adapt; cold pool,

Glucose in urine

reabsorbed in bloodstream, usually because sugar is in the blood and related to diabetes because insufficient insulin

Dermatome

referred pains areas on skin that supply nerves from a single spinal root; "false pain"

paired

same person being tested ( before and after comparison)

Diastolic pressure

second sound, bottom number, rests between beats, refilling

gall bladder

secretes bile, acids breakdown of triglycerides, lips, and fat to amino acids

pancreas

secretes pancreatic enzymes that break down carbs, proteins, and fats

unpaired

separate independent groups

Referred Pain

stimulation of one part of the body gives rise to sensations that are seen localized in different parts of the body Ex: elbow and pinky and heart attacks

Protein digestion

stomach

Pulse Pressure=

systolic - diastolic

Tonic receptors

takes awhile to adjust

what happens to TV and IRV after exercising

the TV increases and IRV decreases b/c the VC stays the same

For a single twitch...

the contraction time is shorter than relaxation time

P<.05

there is a significant difference

P> .05

there is no significant difference

Protein in urine

too large to be filter at glomerulus

R-R value is found by:

tops of the two peaks of QRS's seconds

Specific Gravity

use refractor to measure, look where colors line up between 1.001-1.03 is normal

Voltage of a twitch

used to increase or decrease a single twitch

Frequency of a twitch

used to increase or decrease multiple twitches

Hemoglobin

usually with women who are menstruating

Hypertonic

water moves from inside to outside Crenation (shrivels up) cloudy RBC

Hypotonic

water moves from outside to inside Hemolysis (swells) and bursts clear

dependent variable

y-axis, measured

Respiration rate

60 sec/ i where i is the interval time between each normal breath breath/min

Normal breath %

80%

Obstructed lung disease

<60%; decreases ability to empty lungs(exhale) asthma and emphysema

Atrial depolarization

P wave

Vital capacity

TV+IRV+ERV

Total lung capacity(TLC)

TV+IRV+ERV+RV

Tidal Volume

one normal breath peak of normal breath to bottom of normal breath

Reflex

single synapse on spinal cord monosynaptic shorter latency period

Membrane is permeable to solute

solute moves from high to low concentrations

Duodenum

For a normal meal and one with added dietary fiber: (Digested starch, Protein, and lipid start, Absorbed: nothing) For a person with pancreatic insufficiency: (Digested and absorbed nothing) If Gallbladder Disease: ( digested; starch and Protein, Absorbed: nothing)

Ventricular depolarization

QRS wave

Ventricular repolarization

T wave

peristalsis

a series of wave-like muscle contractions that moves food to different processing stations in the digestive tract. the process begins in the esophagus when a bolus of food is swallowed

MAP= mean arterial pressure :

diastolic + 1/3 pulse pressure

Adaptation

occurs sensory receptors change their sensitivity to the stimulus Ex: fingers in water