JMU BIO 270 LAB PRACTICAL EXAM
Reflex arc steps:
1. receptor 2. sensory afferent neuron 3. integration center 4. motor efferent neuron 5. effector
Heart rate:
1/ R-R x 60 = beats/mins
To calculate the frequency of stimulation:
1/ i x 1000 where the i is the interval given from the graph or you will find from bottoms of the two peaks (UNITS: Stimulus/seconds)
Restrictive lung disease
>90% decreased ability to fill lungs(inhale) pulmonary fibrosis
Membrane is impermeable to solute
H2O moves from high to low concentrations H2O moves from low to high solute concentrations
Receptive fields
How many points felt tells how many receptive fields there are, more sensitive area has multiple receptive fields ( so you would only feel one sensation), less sensitive more spread out so you would feel both spots. 1 felt= 1 receptive fields 2 felt= 2 receptive fields
Number is synapses involved
In reflex fewer then reaction In reaction greater then reflex
Diffusion rates are different because...
Fick's law: molecular weight is inversely related to diffusion rate
Caption of graphs
Figure 1. "The effect of" __ on __.
Mouth
Digested: Start- Starch Absorbed: nothing
ileum
Digested: nothing Absorbed: Bile Salts
Esophagus
Digested: starch Absorbed: nothing
Stomach
Digested: starch and the start if protein Absorbed: nothing
Finding force of a single twitch on graph
M at bottom of force X at peak of force in FU units
Find latency period on graph
M on beginning of Stimulus (top graph) X on beginning of angle (Bottom graph) all in seconds,
Find Angle of rotation on graph
M on beginning of angle X on peak of angle Magnitude (degrees)
Jejunum ***Main place for Absorption
Normal mean and meal with DF= (Digested: Finish starch, protein, lipid. Absorbed:mono/disaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids) Pancreatic: ( nothing digested or absorbed) Gallbladder: ( Digested: finish: starch and protein, Absorbed: mono/disaccharides. Amino acids)
Metabolism: as size increases
SA increases= SA:V ration decreases Volume increase= Metabolic rate decreases O2 intake increases= body heat escapes more slowly
Membrane Transport Lab
Waters is permeable to the bag of glucose and it moves into the bag and up the tube because of osmotic pressure and because of hydrostatic pressure the osmosis=diffusion
Carb digestion
mouth
bar graph
discrete categories
Spatial recruitment
multiple motor units are recruited at the same time to increase the force increase the voltage
Reaction
multiple synapse with CNS polysynaptic longer latency period
ERV
bottom of normal breath and the bottom of the big breath
Taste
need saliva to dissolve sugars to be able to taste; with a dry tongue you cannot taste
Rods
non-color vision; discriminative greater perceptive field
lipid digestion
duodenum
inhibitor
noncompetitive- allosteric competitive- active site increase inhibitor decreases rate because unable to bind to enzyme
Air conduction
normal way of hearing
pH graphs enzymes
optimal point at highest and denaturation at low and highest pH
Temperature graph enzymes
optimal point highest and denaturation high temp
Isotonic
cloudy RBC
Cones
color smaller receptive fields
Systolic pressure
first sound, top number, contracts
Nomogram
graphical tool to determine SA using weight and heigh
Higher Specific gravity
greater solute to water ration yellow, dark yellow 1.02-1.03 dehydration
Lower Specific gravity
greater water solute ration diluted, clear, pale yellow 1.002-1.008: closer to 1 which is water hydrated
Korotkoff sounds
heard by sphygmomanometer between systolic and diastolic pressures
IRV
peak of normal breath to peak of big breath
Scatter plot
continuous numbers
independent variable
control; x-axis
Boone conduction
cranial bones directly to cochlea
Breath-hold time
decreases after exercise(increases CO2) and increases after hyperventilation (decreases CO2)
Ketones in urine
inadequate levels of carbs and patients with diabetes
Motor Unit recruitment
increasing stimulus will increase the number of motor units eventually maximum of motor units will be stimulated instantaneous
Temporal summation
increasing the number of times stimulus occurs every second one at a time increasing frequency leads to tetany sequential
Substrate concentration
indicated saturations; increasing substrate= increases rate until plateau at x=__
Enzyme concentration
indicates inhibitor; increasing enzyme concentration= increases reaction rate; linear (noncompetitive fashion)
Spirometer
instrument used to produce the above lung volumes
1 Tailed
is the mean larger, smaller than the other
2 Tailed
is there a difference between the two
Carb/protein/fat absorption
jejunum
To calculate the % in strength go muscle contraction:
largest peak- smallest peak / smallest peak x 100
Pulse wave velocity:
length of arm / M at bottom of S wave and X at the start of the pulse wave (UNITS:meters/second ) Normal is between 4 to 9
trendline
polynomial or linear ( which ever fits the graph best just have to see)
if patient can't hear through air conduction but CAN through bone conduction:
problem exists through outer or middle ear (inflammation)
if patient can't hear through air or bone:
problem exists within the inner ear (cochlear damage)
Osmotic Pressure
pulls the water and glucose up the tube
Hydrostatic Pressure
pushing down like gravity and stops the movement of sugar solution
Phasic receptors
rapid adapt; cold pool,
Glucose in urine
reabsorbed in bloodstream, usually because sugar is in the blood and related to diabetes because insufficient insulin
Dermatome
referred pains areas on skin that supply nerves from a single spinal root; "false pain"
paired
same person being tested ( before and after comparison)
Diastolic pressure
second sound, bottom number, rests between beats, refilling
gall bladder
secretes bile, acids breakdown of triglycerides, lips, and fat to amino acids
pancreas
secretes pancreatic enzymes that break down carbs, proteins, and fats
unpaired
separate independent groups
Referred Pain
stimulation of one part of the body gives rise to sensations that are seen localized in different parts of the body Ex: elbow and pinky and heart attacks
Protein digestion
stomach
Pulse Pressure=
systolic - diastolic
Tonic receptors
takes awhile to adjust
what happens to TV and IRV after exercising
the TV increases and IRV decreases b/c the VC stays the same
For a single twitch...
the contraction time is shorter than relaxation time
P<.05
there is a significant difference
P> .05
there is no significant difference
Protein in urine
too large to be filter at glomerulus
R-R value is found by:
tops of the two peaks of QRS's seconds
Specific Gravity
use refractor to measure, look where colors line up between 1.001-1.03 is normal
Voltage of a twitch
used to increase or decrease a single twitch
Frequency of a twitch
used to increase or decrease multiple twitches
Hemoglobin
usually with women who are menstruating
Hypertonic
water moves from inside to outside Crenation (shrivels up) cloudy RBC
Hypotonic
water moves from outside to inside Hemolysis (swells) and bursts clear
dependent variable
y-axis, measured
Respiration rate
60 sec/ i where i is the interval time between each normal breath breath/min
Normal breath %
80%
Obstructed lung disease
<60%; decreases ability to empty lungs(exhale) asthma and emphysema
Atrial depolarization
P wave
Vital capacity
TV+IRV+ERV
Total lung capacity(TLC)
TV+IRV+ERV+RV
Tidal Volume
one normal breath peak of normal breath to bottom of normal breath
Reflex
single synapse on spinal cord monosynaptic shorter latency period
Membrane is permeable to solute
solute moves from high to low concentrations
Duodenum
For a normal meal and one with added dietary fiber: (Digested starch, Protein, and lipid start, Absorbed: nothing) For a person with pancreatic insufficiency: (Digested and absorbed nothing) If Gallbladder Disease: ( digested; starch and Protein, Absorbed: nothing)
Ventricular depolarization
QRS wave
Ventricular repolarization
T wave
peristalsis
a series of wave-like muscle contractions that moves food to different processing stations in the digestive tract. the process begins in the esophagus when a bolus of food is swallowed
MAP= mean arterial pressure :
diastolic + 1/3 pulse pressure
Adaptation
occurs sensory receptors change their sensitivity to the stimulus Ex: fingers in water