Joints

Ligaments

Attach bone to bone

Tendons

Attach muscle to bone

Ball and socket Joint

Ball-and-socket joint a synovial joint in which the rounded or spheroidal surface of one bone (the "ball") moves within a cup-shaped depression (the "socket") on another bone, allowing greater freedom of movement than any other type of joint. Called also polyaxial or spheroidal joint.

Cartilaginous Joints

Bones joined by cartilage No joint cavity Synarthroses e.g. pelvic symphysis, mandibular symphysis Amphiarthroses e.g. intervertebral discs

Fibrous Joints

Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue (synarthroses) Have no joint cavity Examples include: skull sutures, alveoli sockets

Synovial Joints

Bones separated by a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid (diarthroses) A joint capsule surrounds the whole joint The outer layer consists of fibrous tissue for protection The inner layer consists of a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid Straw coloured viscous fluid The articular surfaces are protected by hyaline cartilage The joint cavity is surrounded by a continuation of the periosteum

Condylar joint

Condylar joint (condyloid joint) one in which an ovoid head of one bone moves in an elliptical cavity of another, permitting all movements except axial rotation; This type is found at the wrist, connecting the radius and carpal bones, and at the base of the index finger.

Circumduction

Drawing circles, e.g. a cat licking it's paw

Plane or gliding joint

Gliding joint a synovial joint in which the opposed surfaces are flat or only slightly curved, so that the bones slide against each other in a simple and limited way. The intervertebral joints are this type, and many of the small bones of the wrist and ankle also meet in gliding joints. Called also arthrodial joint and plane joint.

Hinge Joint

Hinge joint a synovial joint that allows movement in only one plane, forward and backward. Examples are the elbow and the interphalangeal joints of the fingers. The jaw is primarily a hinge joint but it can also move somewhat from side to side. The knee and ankle joints are hinge joints that also allow some rotary movement. Called also ginglymus.

Joints of the hindlimb

Hip Stifle Hock Tarso-metatarsal Metatarso-phalangeal Inter-phalangeal

Extension

Increases the angle between two bones

Abduction

Move away from the midline

Adduction

Move towards the midline

Retraction

Moving the limb caudally when walking

Protraction

Moving the limb cranially when walking

Joint Movement= Flexion

Reduces the angle between two bones

Pronation

Rotation of the paw inwards

Supination

Rotation of the paw outwards

Joints of the Forelimb

Shoulder (Humero-ulnar Humero-radial Radio-ulnar)= elbow Radio-carpal Intercarpals Carpo-metacarpal Metacarpo-phalangeal Inter-phalangeal

Rotation

Twisting inwards or outwards

Pivot joint

pivot joint a synovial joint in which one bone pivots within a bony or an osseoligamentous ring, allowing only rotary movement; An example is the joint between the first and second cervical vertebrae (the atlas and axis). Called also rotary or trochoid joint.