Joints
Ligaments
Attach bone to bone
Tendons
Attach muscle to bone
Ball and socket Joint
Ball-and-socket joint a synovial joint in which the rounded or spheroidal surface of one bone (the "ball") moves within a cup-shaped depression (the "socket") on another bone, allowing greater freedom of movement than any other type of joint. Called also polyaxial or spheroidal joint.
Cartilaginous Joints
Bones joined by cartilage No joint cavity Synarthroses e.g. pelvic symphysis, mandibular symphysis Amphiarthroses e.g. intervertebral discs
Fibrous Joints
Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue (synarthroses) Have no joint cavity Examples include: skull sutures, alveoli sockets
Synovial Joints
Bones separated by a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid (diarthroses) A joint capsule surrounds the whole joint The outer layer consists of fibrous tissue for protection The inner layer consists of a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid Straw coloured viscous fluid The articular surfaces are protected by hyaline cartilage The joint cavity is surrounded by a continuation of the periosteum
Condylar joint
Condylar joint (condyloid joint) one in which an ovoid head of one bone moves in an elliptical cavity of another, permitting all movements except axial rotation; This type is found at the wrist, connecting the radius and carpal bones, and at the base of the index finger.
Circumduction
Drawing circles, e.g. a cat licking it's paw
Plane or gliding joint
Gliding joint a synovial joint in which the opposed surfaces are flat or only slightly curved, so that the bones slide against each other in a simple and limited way. The intervertebral joints are this type, and many of the small bones of the wrist and ankle also meet in gliding joints. Called also arthrodial joint and plane joint.
Hinge Joint
Hinge joint a synovial joint that allows movement in only one plane, forward and backward. Examples are the elbow and the interphalangeal joints of the fingers. The jaw is primarily a hinge joint but it can also move somewhat from side to side. The knee and ankle joints are hinge joints that also allow some rotary movement. Called also ginglymus.
Joints of the hindlimb
Hip Stifle Hock Tarso-metatarsal Metatarso-phalangeal Inter-phalangeal
Extension
Increases the angle between two bones
Abduction
Move away from the midline
Adduction
Move towards the midline
Retraction
Moving the limb caudally when walking
Protraction
Moving the limb cranially when walking
Joint Movement= Flexion
Reduces the angle between two bones
Pronation
Rotation of the paw inwards
Supination
Rotation of the paw outwards
Joints of the Forelimb
Shoulder (Humero-ulnar Humero-radial Radio-ulnar)= elbow Radio-carpal Intercarpals Carpo-metacarpal Metacarpo-phalangeal Inter-phalangeal
Rotation
Twisting inwards or outwards
Pivot joint
pivot joint a synovial joint in which one bone pivots within a bony or an osseoligamentous ring, allowing only rotary movement; An example is the joint between the first and second cervical vertebrae (the atlas and axis). Called also rotary or trochoid joint.