JOU 1303 Final Exam
How does Amazon's tracking of customer preferences promote interest in works by smaller presses?
Amazon often suggests books from smaller presses that a buyer might never have considered or been able to find in a brick-and-mortar retailer
What are characteristics of MUD (Multiuser dimension)?
1. It is an online text-based game 2. It is classified as a video game
What is true about prescription drug advertising?
1. It is banned in every country except New Zealand and the United States 2. There is research that indicated there is no causal link between prescription drug advertising and drug abuse 3. There is research that indicated a causal link between prescription drug advertising and drug abuse
What is true about forced exposure?
1. It is used mostly for television advertising 2. It involves gathering a group of consumers to watch a program with commericals
At a 1961 convention of the National Association of Broadcasters, FCC chair Newton Minow referred to television as what?
A vast wasteland
Who is involved in mass communication?
A widely varied audience
What did the introduction of Apple's iPod and iTunes end up representing for major record labels?
Acceptance of a new way of selling
In terms of film distribution and marketing, a tentpole is...
An expensive blockbuster around which a studio plans its other releases
Nonprofit newsrooms have become what?
An important source of hard news as newspapers have closed or reduced staff.
What is buy the option (TV)?
An indication that a network is interested in pursuing a program idea
The book Why Romney Lost by David Frum was available three days after the 2012 presidential election. This is an example of what?
An instant book
Innovation
Any idea, practice, or object that is perceived as new by an individual or other unit of adoption could be considered an innovation available for study
Noise
Anything that interferes with successful communication
Inhibitory Learning
Behavior is inhibited by what we've seen
Disinhibitory Learning
Behaviors that people might not otherwise make, those that are inhibited, now become more likely to occur
E-Books
Books downloaded in electronic form from the Internet to computers, dedicated readers, or mobile digital devices
Book Club Editions
Books sold and distributed by book clubs
Which major chain bookstore filed for bankruptcy in 2011 and gradually closed all of its remaining stores?
Borders
In the 1940s, broadcasting in the U.S. was what?
Both local and national, supported financially through advertising, and focused on entertainment and news
What is true about box office receipts today?
Box office receipts today make up about 20% of a studio's film revenues
What are the likely reasons for the preponderance of exaggerated/improbable/fantasy anatomy in comic books?
Easier to draw, tends to attract/hold attention, superheroes almost require it - they are supposed to be larger than life
The 1969 independent film __________, which cost $370,000 to produce and made more than $50 million, began the modern independent film boom
Easy Rider
Some media professionals defend concentration and conglomeration because they point out that as the size of an operation grows, the cost of its output declines. What is this known as?
Economies of scale
What did the outcome of the Zenger case offer to all journalists, both past, and present?
Editorial freedom from government control
Senator Joseph McCarthy, whose lies and hypocrisy fueled what is referred to as McCarthyism and the Red Scare, was exposed by which television news broadcast?
Edward R. Murrow's See It Now on CBS
Recognizing the potential film after seeing "A Trip to the Moon" by Melies, Edison Company camera operator _____________ made _____________, the first film to tell a relatively sophisticated tale.
Edwin S. Porter; The Great Train Robbery
Micro level
Effects of media on individuals
T or F: In recent years, advertisers have been forced to generalize ad campaigns in order to reach as many demographic groups as possible
False
T or F: In the United States, comic books are a much larger and more influential part of the publishing industry than they are in Japan
False
T or F: Mail-order books are typically reference and educational volumes designed specifically for professionals
False
The Telecommunications Act of 1996 is most closely related to what?
Fewer station owners
T or F: Many comic books have value to collectors, but no single comic book has ever sold for more than $1 million
False
T or F: Most comic book artists strive to create the most anatomically realistic human beings as possible
False
T or F: Newsstand and "spinner racks" account for most of comic book sales
False
T or F: Of all the mass media, comic books have the highest barriers to entry
False
T or F: People generally agree about the strength and presence of media effects
False
T or F: Producers argue that brand entertainment is different from product placement and that product placement is merely a commercial
False
T or F: The Comic Codes Authority had the legal authority to prevent comic book publishers from releasing objectionable content
False
T or F: The Comic book industry in the U.S. is about the same size of the radio industry
False
Synergy
It is the driving force behind several recent mergers and acquisitions in the media and telecommunications industries
What does it mean to digitize books?
It is when in- or out-of-print hard copies of books are scanned and made available online
T or F: The Frankfurt School of media theory believed that typical media fare, such as popular music and movies comedies, elevated al people toward a better life.
False
T or F: The audience for network television is larger than the audience for cable television
False
T or F: The upsurge in violence in the 1960s was directly related to television becoming a dominant mass medium at the same time
False
T or F: There was a shortage of consumer products when WWII ended
False
If you believe African Americans have the highest rate of substance abuse or that whites have the lowest rate of dependency on food stamps, you may be guilty of what?
False stereotypes
Opinion pieces, cartoons, and horoscopes that appear in newspapers are all provided by ___________.
Feature syndicates
What is the biggest problem with normalized news?
It keeps people from questioning and keeps journalists from investigating further
What is an apparent effect of converging technology on gaming?
It makes game playing more accessible
What did N.W. Ayer & Sons do for clients that Volney Palmer's advertising agency did not?
It planned the campaign and created the ads.
What does neuromarketing research do?
It primarily measures consumers' subconscious reactions to advertising
According to cultivation analysis, how is television fundamentally different from other mass media?
It requires no reading ability, it is free, and it can be consumed by all ages.
In its first 2 months on the market, _____________ sold 8 million units and became the fastest selling electronic device in history
Kinect
Which of the following was the fastest-selling consumer electronics device in history, selling 8 million units in the first 60 days?
Kinect
Which term describes what happens when audience members weigh the level of reward they expect from a given medium against how much effort they must make to secure that reward?
The fraction of selection
The First Amendment protects free speech, giving radio personalities a chance to say what they think. Which of the following also helps determine whether they can say what they think?
The free market
What best explains the statement that Congress cannot abridge the freedom of the press?
The government cannot make laws that take away the right of newspapers to express themselves
What statement correctly describes the benefit that financial independence gave Benjamin Franklin in publishing his own newspaper?
The government could not dictate the content of the newspaper if the paper did not rely on government subsidies
How did Lucille Ball change the business of television?
The television industry moved from New York to Hollywood.
Neo-Marxist Theory
The theory that people are oppressed by those who control the culture, the superstructure, as opposed to the base
Why has the two-step flow theory been rethought since the time it was first proposed?
The theory was based on the fact that some people had greater access to media than others, which does not apply today.
When we have the attitude that other people are influence by media messages but we are immune from their influence, we are exhibiting ____________.
The third-person effect
What is magazine circulation?
The total number of a magazine's issues sold
Broadcasting is best defined as what?
The transmission of voices and music at great distances to a large number of people
What is a quality of advertorials that critics point to as deceptive?
The typically small print of their disclaimers
What is gamification?
The ultimate use of games to make a positive difference
The theory that says media do not do things to people, but rather people do things with media is what?
The uses and gratifications approach
Why did Amazon buy "Twitch," a game-streaming site?
The video-game audience is large and lucrative
Limited Effects Theory
The view that media influence was limited by individual differences, social categories, and personal relationships
Culture
The world made meaningful; socially constructed and maintained through communication, it limits as well as liberates us, differentiates as well as unites us, defines our realities and thereby shapes the ways we think, feel, and act
Why are The Federalist Papers considered an example of public relations?
The writers used communication to influence public opinion.
Movies adapted from comic books and video games are especially attractive to studios because of what?
Their built-in merchandise tie-in appeal
What is one advantage chain bookstores have over independent booksellers?
Their size allows them to purchase inventory cheaply and offer discounts to shoppers.
Middle-Range Theories
Theories that explain or predict specific, limited aspects of the mass communication process
British Cultural Theory
Theory of elites' domination over culture and its influence on bounded cultures
Dissonance Theory
Theory that argues that when confronted by new or conflicting information people experience a kind of mental discomfort, a dissonance
Attitude Change Theory
Theory that explains how people's attitudes are formed, shaped, and changed and how those attitudes influence behavior
What are the reasons telecommunications satellites have helped radio experience a resurgence?
They made the redistribution of content to many stations affordable and audiences can receive radio broadcasts through their television sets
How do addressable technologies affect audience unity?
They make audiences increasingly fragmented
How do magalogues aim to reach their readers?
They offer readers magazine-style layouts of models wearing clothing for sale
What do Nintendo, Microsoft, and Sony have in common?
They share the market on home console sales
How do smaller presses combat the overcommercialization of the book industry?
They specialize in specific areas and publish writing that is not of interest to bigger publishing houses
In terms of media content, what would be a form of "slinging"?
Transferring web video to TV sets or vice versa
Encoding
Transforming ideas into an understandable sign/symbol system
The AIDA approach is a type of persuasive strategy used in advertising. What does AIDA stand for?
attention, interest, desire, action
What theory directly emerged from the Experimental Section of the army's information of education division?
attitude change theory
Which of the following permits users to point their phones at a real-world location, person, or scene and be instantly linked to hundreds of websites containing information about the highlighted item?
augmented reality
What was the first type of Web advertising?
banners
Which of the following developments made the streaming of videos over the Internet possible?
broadband Internet connections
What is necessary to watch true television on the internet?
broadband internet connection and adequate bandwith
According to agenda setting theory, which of the following groups have the most power to shape political reality?
broadcasters and newsroom editors
The consolidation of services, such as internet service, cable television, and phone, using cable technology is known as what?
bundling
Why are sweeps periods falling out of favor (TV)?
cable presents the networks with competition year-round and improved tracking technology is making them obsolete
What has had the biggest impact on television in the time since television became a mature medium?
cable television
In a pluralistic, democratic society, such as that of the United States, cultural values...
can be contested
The fact that you can now use your cell phone to access a New York Times news story and view an accompanying video is an example of
convergence
The game site of Yahoo!, the Internet service provider, is an example of
convergence
Advertising that promotes the name and reputation of a company rather than focusing just on selling products is known as ____________ advertising
corporate
E-publishing is dominated by ________________ ______________
corporate conglomerates
The POD sites Xlibris and iUniverse are wholly or partly owned by _____________ _____________
corporate giants
The "New York Morning Herald" debuted the ______________ system to ensure getting the best stories from around the country and the world
correspondent
Public relations professionals offer advice to an organization concerning policies, relationships, and communication with its various publics. This is known as
counseling
In response to an onslaught of illegal downloading, the music industry decided to what?
create its own websites for legal downloading
In 1877 Eadweard Muybridge arranged a series of still cameras along a stretch of racetrack and the resulting photos of a horse sprinting past showed him that photos when viewed sequentially...
create the appearance of motion
American Lee DeForest's invention of the audion tube was significant in early radio because....
it made the reliable transmission of sounds possible
Brand magazines are important to advertisers because...
it takes less money to keep an existing customer than to find a new one
The current book industry is dominated by what?
large national and international corporate conglomerates
Virtually all definitions of culture recognize that culture is what?
learned
In terms of mass media, the book reaches the ___________ number of people
least
A video game that features a Disney character makes use of __________ content
licensed
The theories that emerged from the first systematic, scientific study of media effects are now called __________ ___________ theories
limited effects
What was the major advertising medium in the United States before the Civil War?
local newspapers
What are advertorials?
magazine ads that look like genuine editorial content
When we send an encoded message, it is carried by a _________; that is, the means of sending information.
medium
In 1951, a national coaxial cable and ____________ relay network was completed, giving television networks access to the entire United States
microwave
Meredith Vieira, the journalist, talk-show host, and showman, is an example of ________.
mixing genre conventions
Edwin S. Porter's "The Great Train Robbery" helped introduce audiences to ______________, or tying together two separate but related shots in such a way that they took on new, unified meaning
montage
The "penny press' was a term used to refer to a what?
newspaper written for all classes of people
Supporters of large book retailers believe that...
nonbook merchandise and big titles at cheap prices attract people to bookstores, thus encouraging them to read
As a result of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, there are no national _________________ limits for radio stations
ownership
Computers' ability to "talk" to one another using common communication rules aided in the development of the Internet. What are these rules called?
protocols
Which is the advertising practice of appealing to consumer groups with similar lifestyles, attitudes, values, and behavior patterns?
psychographic segmentation
Any group of people with a stake in an organization, issue, or idea is known as a
public
Community and government officials and leaders of pressure groups are likely targets of which form of public relations?
public affairs
The Radio Act of 1927 dictated that licenses to broadcast would only be awarded in cases of...
public interest, necessity, or convenience.
When readers use their mobile devices to capture the image of small, black-and-white squares, or ________, they are instantly directed to a publisher's or marketer's website.
quick response codes
Critics contend that the overt power of magazine ad-pull policies threatens the trust between whom?
readers and magazines
James W. Carey's cultural definition of communication asserts a link between communication and _____________.
reality
According to the Osgood-Schramm model, in communication there is no clearly identifiable what?
receiver and source
The Frankfurt School assigned a higher value to what?
serious art
A program's ____________ reflects its competitive performance, measuring the audience as a percentage of the TV sets in use at the time
share
What industry practice ended after the quiz show scandals?
single-advertiser-sponsored programs
Pinup want ads for products and services in 15th-century Europe were called
siquis
Fragmentation of the radio markets enables radio stations to __________ its programming, which is modern radio's most important characteristic
specialize
Media often uses a standardized image or concept of certain people or groups based on limited information. This is called what?
stereotyping
The term used to describe players who tend to stay with one game site longer than with other websites is what?
sticky
A direct causal relationship between violent media content and aggressive behavior has been demonstrated by the ________ model.
stimulation
Independent and chain bookstores ___________ discount stores such as Target and WalMart.
struggle to compete with
What does the Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992 require?
that cable operators offer a basic service composed of the broadcast stations in their area
What did experts mistakenly conclude after the first experiments with subscription TV failed?
that people would not pay for television
What trend is a product of hypercommercialism in the book business?
the "Hollywoodization" of books
Which organization was founded in 1936 to protect people from unscrupulous advertisers?
the Consumers Union
Which organization was established in 1971 to allow the ad industry to self-regulate against deceptive advertising?
the National Advertising Review Board
Which law passed in 1967 united educational stations into one network?
the Public Broadcasting Act
What is aliteracy?
the ability to read but the unwillingness to do so
Preproduced reports about a client or its products that are distributed free of charge to television station news departments are known as
video news releases
The ability to watch pay-per-view movies and other content whenever a viewer wants is known as what?
video-on-demand
The phrase, "If it bleeds, it leads," when applied to local TV news programming means that...
violence tends to attract the most viewers
The stimulation model has shown that there is a causal relationship between aggressive behavior and what?
violent content
What strategy relies on targeting specific Internet users with a given communication and relying on them to spread the word through communication channels?
viral marketing
Ultima Online, EverQuest, and World of Warcraft are examples of what?
virtual worlds games
The War Advertising Council conducted a campaign for _______________ ________________ during WWII, still the largest campaign to date for a single item
war bonds
Webisodes
Web-only television shows
A web-only television program is known as a __________.
Webisode
What is "Time" trying to accomplish by offering advertisers the choice between total audience and paid circulation?
"Time" is trying to establish its brand as both an online and print news source, not just "Time" magazine
How much does an average 30-second, prime-time network television ad spot cost?
$100,000
What are the reasons why publishers should resist censorship (books)?
1. It endangers the cultural value of books 2. It threatens the operation and maintenance of our democratic society
Ad minority populations shift and grow, advertisers must do which of the following?
1. Appeal to various cultures 2. Refine their ability to reach different audience segments
What are the reasons why books are important sources of personal development?
1. Because of their small, focused target audience, books can speak to us as individuals 2. Many self-help and personal improvement volumes have been written
To survive financially, printers also operated as what in the colonial days?
1. Booksellers 2. Book publishers 3. Postmasters 4. Grocers
What ways does Amazon foster the growth of smaller publishing houses?
1. By establishing a program in 1998 to help smaller publishers with payment and shipping 2. By making all publishers' titles equally available, thus leveling the book industry's playing field
What are ways that independent book stores counter the dominance of chains and discount stores?
1. By offering personalized service by book-savvy staff 2. By hosting intimate readings by favorite authors
Critics of advertising argue that consumer culture is corrupting because it...
1. Depicts success as being measured by material things 2. Presents definitions of life that serve advertisers and not the culture itself 3. Suggests that important things can be bought rather than earned
Highly imaginative novels, such as those of John Grisham or Stephen King, are likely to be sources of what?
1. Escape 2. Entertainment 3. Personal reflection
What accurately describes Espresso Book Machines?
1. Espresso Book Machines were created through a joint effort of several major book publishers 2. The machines are devices that can print and bind a 300-page book in 4 minutes 3. The machines have access to more than 7 million books available from self-publishers, traditional publishing houses, and the public domain
What were the factors in the creation of standards for advertising?
1. False claims made by medicine advertisers 2. The establishment of the FTC 3. The muckrakers' examination of the country's institutions
Which aspects of the game "Doom" foreshadowed future popular game developments?
1. First-person shooting perspective 2. The use of the internet to play against other players
What are the reasons that video games are becoming more expensive to produce?
1. Games cost much more to promote today than they did just a decade ago 2. Writers and programmers can demand more money one their games gain popularity 3. New, more highly sophisticated technology for producing video games is more expensive
What are the ways that the FTC can enforce the regulation of advertising?
1. Imposing fines 2. Issuing a cease-and-desist order
How does corporate emphasis on profitability threaten the cultural forum (books)?
1. In an effort to publish only the biggest-selling authors and titles, publishers often ignore literary merit, thus driving readers away 2. Corporate-owned houses are less likely to take risks on interesting, more serious authors, preventing the public access to their works
As gamers become more sophisticated about the games they play, hardware and software companies will need to do which of the following?
1. Invest in new technology 2. Widen their marketing demographics 3. Offer a large section of games
What was the stamp act and what did it intend to do?
1. It was a British mandate requiring all printing to be done on specifically stamped paper 2. It was imposed by the British Crown to recover the money spent on the French-Indian War 3. It was an attempt to further control expression in the increasingly restless Colonies
Sales numbers for the video-game system Odyssey were mediocre when it was introduced because...
1. It was poorly marketed 2. It was too expensive
"Gunfight" was crucial to the development of personal computer games for what reasons?
1. It was the first microprocessor-based game 2. It was the first video game to be imported into the US
5 stages of adoption
1. Knowledge 2. Persuasion 3. Decision 4. Implementation 5. Confirmation
Why was the book industry slow to develop after the War of Independence?
1. Literacy remained limited 2. Books were still too expensive for most working-class people
As a result of conglomeration, critics fear that...
1. Little pride is taken in the content of books, and tackling controversial issues is becoming too rare 2. Experimenting with new writing styles and discovering unknown authors is no longer a priority
List the mass communication theories in order of their historical emergence
1. Mass society theory 2. Limited effects perspective 3. Cultural theory 4. Meaning-making perspective
What are the benefits of disintermediation?
1. New writers can quickly and easily reach potential audiences 2. Audiences have ready access to a greater variety of fresh voices
How did e-publishing ease the publishing process for new writers?
1. New writers don't have to wait the one to two years it typically takes to traditionally publish a book 2. New writers can bypass traditional book publishers who are less likely to publish first-time authors
Advergames typically occur in what ways?
1. On brand-specific websites 2. On game sites that offer brand-based games
What important elements from the first video game still exist in modern-day games?
1. On-screen graphics 2. Interactivity between game and player 3. Toggle switches
What elements contributed to the video-game industry's growing success in the 1970s and 1980s?
1. Open structure play 2. More advanced home console systems 3. Programmable games 4. Handheld devices
What advantages do POD books offer readers?
1. POD books are less expensive to produce, leading to a greater variety of books that can and will be published 2. POD books are less expensive for consumers because they require no warehouse storage, there are no remainders, and production costs are low
Many people play games on their phones because....
1. People can play a variety of games they love and remain truly mobile 2. Many games for phones are cheap or free 3. Phones do not need game cartridges
Why were their changes in consumer priorities following WWII?
1. People had more ability to buy their own homes as a result of the GI Bill 2. People had more money to spend of leisure goods 3. People were having more children and needed products for them
As early as the 15th century, tradespeople and other merchants used which of the following methods of advertising to promote their products?
1. Pinup want ads 2. Business cards 3. Eye-catching signs
What are the primary influences on how a product sells?
1. Product quality 2. Changes in the economy 3. Competitors' Strategies
It is estimated that ______ of the Earth's population was using the Internet in 2015.
42%
What are the common arguments in favor of censorship?
1. Some books are harmful to the greater good 2. Publishers should support concerned citizens who find questionable content in books
What has been made possible by computerized printing?
1. Split runs of magazines 2. An increase in direct market marketing
Defenders of the advertising industry claim that ads accomplish which of the following?
1. Support the economy of the country by encouraging purchases 2. Provide consumers with information for deciding what to buy 3. Support free mass media
Video games must do what in order to be considered a video game?
1. Take place on-screen 2. Produce a specific goal 3. Be manipulated directly by a player
With the great emphasis placed on the selling of subsidiary rights, critics fear what?
1. That only the most promotable books will be published 2. That publishers will only pay attention to books with the greatest subsidiary sales value
What describes the changes caused by convergence?
1. The Internet is changing the way books are distributed and sold 2. The physical form of books is changing rom that of paper pages bound between protective covers
Computers have changed modern television advertising in what ways?
1. The ability to insert products into images or programs 2. The convergence of traditional advertising and digital technology 3. The use of computerized graphics and other special effects
Despite the popular acceptance of digitizing in- and out-of-print books, authors and publishers are wary of Google Print because...
1. The financial interests of authors and publishers may not be adequately protected 2. Google plans to hold all the works on its servers
The uses and gratifications approach was developed to explain what?
1. The impact of advertising 2. The media's role in the Vietnam War 3. Increases in real-world crime
What improvements and refinements were made to the printing process in the 1800s?
1. The linotype machine, which permitted mechanical type setting 2. Offset lithography, which allowed printing from photographic plates
What are the reasons that companies began to shift interest from local markets to larger markets during the Industrial Revolution and Civil War?
1. The population of the US grew 2. Factories increased production and manufactured more goods
What are the reasons why the early settlers in North America rarely read?
1. The struggle to survive left little time for reading 2. Books were scarce and extremely expensive
What contributed to the rapid growth in manufacturing after the Civil War?
1. The telephone and the electric light were invented 2. There were applications for thousands of new copyrights and patents 3. Thousands of miles of new railroad track were laid
What nongame features do today's console systems offer?
1. They allow internet access 2. They can play and stream movies in HD 3. They play and burn music
Why have big chain bookstores prospered?
1. They are able to inexpensively purchase inventory, thus offering discounts to shoppers 2. They can profitably stock nonbook merchandise because of the high volume of shoppers
Why are advocacy games a good choice for nonprofits?
1. They reinforce social messages 2. Players can return as many times as they like 3. The interactivity forces users to think
What best describes the current state of smaller publishing houses?
1. Today there are more than 80,000 US book publishers, the vast majority being small presses 2. Small presses are large in number but produce only a small portion of the books sold
What is the order of the basic questions of the communication process as defined by Harold Lasswell?
1. Who? 2. Says what? 3. Through which channel? 4. To whom? 5. With what effect?
What are the factors that led to the burgeoning of the American novel in the 19th century?
1. Widespread literacy 2. Lower cost publications 3. Technically improved presses 4. The founding of major US publishers
An identifying code added to a computer's hard drive by a visited website is a tracking mechanism known as what?
A cookie
What type of location is most commonly associated with the exhibition component system of the movie industry?
A theater
About how many hours of video are uploaded to YouTube in a single minute?
100
How many American cities are served by at least one Spanish-language publication?
130
What percentage of American adults feels that entertainment media provide "very good" or "excellent" value?
17%
About how much overall revenue spent on advertising in the United States goes to newspapers?
18%
The first Superman comic was published in which decade?
1930s
When was Baffle Ball, the first mass-produced arcade game, invented?
1931
In what year did RCA make the first true public demonstration of television?
1939
When was regular television broadcasting first introduced to the public?
1939
The Comics Code Authority was formed in which decade?
1950s
How many 17-year-old Americans say that they read books for pleasure at least twice a year?
50%
What percentage of U.S. households own a dedicated game console?
51%
Corporate independents produce what percentage of each year's feature films?
20%
Approximately how many independent booksellers operate in the United States today?
2000
When was the iBook, the first e-reader, released?
2006
In what year did the Internet surpass print newspapers as a source of news?
2009
The average American child (aged 2 to 11) sees how many television commercials a year?
25,600
Roughly what percentage of Americans between the ages of 18 and 34 read a print or online newspaper daily?
29%
Fifteen years ago, the four major broadcast networks commanded 61% of all television viewing. What is the percentage today?
30%
What is the average age of a video game player?
31
What percentage of the world population is connected to the Internet?
35%
How many households does the A.C. Nielsen company consider to be representative of the U.S. audience?
37,000
Which of the following innovations used by the film industry to recapture audiences from television was not successful at first?
3D
American television homes annually log _____ hours of on-demand movies and TV shows via cable.
4.4 billion
About how many newspapers are sold daily in the United States?
40 million
What percentage of tablet owners use them to watch movies on a regular basis?
40%
About how many advertising agencies operate in the United States today?
6000
_____% of gamers play with others
62
Corporate conglomerates control more than ___% of all US book sales
80
In 25 of the 50 major radio markets, ______ of listeners are claimed by three companies.
80%
About how many feature-length films are produced each year in the United States?
800
Roughly what percentage of the American public feel that the public relations industry sometimes presents misleading information in order to benefit its clients?
85%
Of the 4,000 proposals each year for new television series, about how many will be filmed as pilots?
90
About what percentage of smartphone and tablet owners use their devices to play games?
90%
By the end of the 1950s, how many Americans had television sets?
90%
What is the percentage of Americans under the age of 25 who read at least one magazine?
96%
Each file or directory on the Internet is designated by ______, which is the site's official address.
A URL
One result of the increase in conglomeration and foreign ownership of Hollywood studios is the emphasis on _______________, which generally results in formulaic, crowd-pleasing films in order to have success at the box office.
A blockbuster mentality
What is beneficial about book and film companies working together to produce feature films based on books?
A book has a higher chance of becoming a best seller if it is tied to a movie.
Chinatown in San Francisco would be an example of what?
A bounded culture
Most commercial television stations in the U.S. are affiliated with what?
A broadcasting network
The formation of the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) in the early 1920s ensured that radio would be what?
A commercial industry based on profit
Oligopoly
A concentration of media industries into an ever smaller number of companies
What is a commuter paper?
A daily edition produced by a big-city newspaper for commuters
What is an e-reader?
A device for displaying digital content as pages roughly the size of a traditional book
What factor plays the greatest role in keeping the video-game industry from trying new games that might be even more successful than sequels?
A difficult economy
What did Edouard-Leon Scott record on his phonautograph in 1860?
A folk song
Outspark's snowboarding game gives players who wear Rocawear ski apparel magical powers that earn them extra points. This is an example of what?
A freemium game
What is an advocacy game?
A game that lets nonprofit organizations to spread their messages
Which of the following tries to explain all aspects of a certain phenomenon?
A grand theory
What are affiliates?
A group of broadcasting stations
A newspaper chain is what?
A group of papers in different cities across the country owned by the same company
What was a primary reason for the success of the film industry in the early 20th century?
A growing audience of new city dwellers with expendable income
What is a put (TV)?
A guarantee from the network to the producer that a pilot will be ordered
Agenda Setting
A theory that argues that media may not tell us what to think, but media certainly tell us what to think about
Linotype
A typewriter-like keyboard allowing printers to set type mechanically rather than manually
What is Abercrombie & Fitch's designer catalogue an example of?
A magalogue
What is custom publishing?
A magazine created for a company that is seeking to reach a very targeted audience
Mass Medium
A medium that carries messages to a large number of people
What is a type of company that owns several cable franchises?
A multiple system operator
"A Trip to the Moon" by Georges Melies is important to film history because it was the first significant motion picture with what?
A narrative or storyline
What is a wire service?
A news gathering association
What is the significance of the fact that early newspaper publishers sold their papers for a penny?
A penny was less than the cost of production and distribution, but the low cost made it easy to sell papers, which appealed to advertisers
What is communication?
A process
The person a network asks to create a proposal for a show based on an idea it has is called what?
A producer
What is shop (TV)?
A producer seeking interest from networks for a program idea
In terms of its effects on newspapers, suburbanization has resulted in which of the following?
A push toward zoned editions of metropolitan dailies, an increase in suburban dailies, and an increase in the profits of weekly papers
"Additional charges may apply" is a kind of intentional imprecision in advertising known as
A qualifier
Theory
A set of related explanatory statements
What was one innovation that D. W. Griffith introduced to filmmaking?
A shooting script
Identification
A special form of imitation in which observers do not copy exactly what they have seen but make a more generalized but related response
"People" will sell editions of its magazine that are targeted to the top 10 and 20 largest metropolitan areas. This is an example of
A split run
People who favor information-based radio, such as news and sports, typically chose to listen to ________ radio.
AM
Where are the most important stories placed on the front page of newspapers?
Above the fold and to the left
Early Majority
Adopt an innovation after a varying degree of time that is significantly longer than the innovators and early adopters. Have above average social status, contact with early adopters and seldom hold positions of opinion leadership in a system
Late Majority
Adopt an innovation after the average participant. Approach an innovation with a high degree of skepticism and after the majority of society has adopted. Typically have below average social status, little financial liquidity, in contact with others in late majority and early majority and little opinion leadership.
Adopters
Adopters are the minimal unit of analysis. In most studies, adopters are individuals, but can also be organizations, clusters within social networks, or countries
What are considered major factors in giving a voice to audiences as content producers?
Advances in technology, low cost of entry
What is a main difference between advertising and public relations?
Advertisers can control their ads precisely; public relations firms cannot control how their press releases are used.
Product placements in video games are now often bartered for free. How does each side benefit?
Advertisers get exposure for their brand, and designers get a realistic touch to their virtual world.
Why have many weeklies and semiweeklies prospered?
Advertisers have followed them to the suburbs
Why did television flourish in the 1950s?
Advertisers started trusting the medium, new television stations were established, and technical standards were put in place
In 2002 the US Department of Health and Human Services reported that alcohol ______________ stimulates higher consumption of alcohol by adolescents.
Advertising
Search Marketing
Advertising appearing next to search results
Why might a manufacturing cost of $20,000 for an advocacy game be considered inexpensive by a nonprofit organization?
Advertising spots in other media are far more expensive
Advertisements that have the appearance of actual magazine editorial content are called what?
Advertorials
Political candidates sometimes use ________ to get their messages out to the public.
Advocacy games
In the 1920s, radio stations banded together in an attempt to reach larger audiences, attract more advertisers, and offer programming to be aired on all stations within the network. These groups of radio stations are known as ____________.
Affiliates
Compensation (TV)
Affiliates receive direct payment for carrying a show
Which theory argues that although the media may not tell us what to think, it can influence what we think about?
Agenda setting
Which theory argues that media tell us, if not what to think, then what to think about?
Agenda setting
RSS or Really Simple Syndication
Aggregators that allow Web users to create their own content assembled from the Internet's limitless supply of material
Person who have no preference for how they access media content are referred to as being platform ____________.
Agnostic
Narrowcasting, niche marketing, or targeting
Aiming broadcast programming at smaller, more demographically homogenous audiences
The real paperback book was invented by who?
Allen Lane
What did the Radio Act of 1927 do?
Allowed broadcasters to use, but not own, radio channels
Today, most Americans buy books from where?
Amazon.com
During the Golden Age of Radio, how did sound recording benefit from World War II?
American GIs brought back new recording technology from Germany.
What is true about magazine advertising?
American adults trust magazine advertising more than they do television or Internet advertising
What is associated with the increase in electronic sell-through (EST)?
Americans are using the internet and watching more movies than ever before and DVD sales and rentals have declined
Who was the first presidential press secretary?
Amos Kendall
Cost of Entry
Amount of money necessary to begin media content production
What is a model?
An abstract description of some phenomenon
A consumer is asked, "What brands of laundry detergent can you name?" This would be classified as
An awareness
A video game that requires physical movement as part of the game is known as what?
An exergame
Critics say that stricter guidelines protecting editorial integrity against the influence of advertising are what?
An ivory-tower approach
What is the best definition of a blog?
An online journal
Analog
Analogous or "like" the real thing in some way
What were the cultural events shared through television in the 1960s?
Anti-Vietnam War coverage, JFK's assassination and funeral, and Neil Armstrong's walk on the moon
How did Apple's strategy for selling music online through its iTunes music store succeed whereas previous attempts for industry-approved downloading had failed?
Apple sold individual songs for as little as 99 cents
Social Construction of Reality
Argues that people who share a culture also share "an ongoing correspondence" of meaning
Why is it important to remember that all newspaper chains operate differently?
As long as some chains remain committed to editorial diversity, the relationship between the press and its readers will remain a healthy one
Critical mass communication research
Asks broader questions about the greater implications of mass communication
Administrative Research
Asks questions about the immediate, observable influence of mass communication
Administrative mass communication research
Asks questions about the immediate, observable influence of mass communication
Selective Retention
Assumes that people remember the best and longest those messages that are consistent with their preexisting attitudes and beliefs
A group that appears to be made up of concerned citizens, but which is actually paid for in secret by public relations firm, is known as
Astroturf
Although Bushnell's first game failed, his company, __________, became extremely successful
Atari
What company created "Pong" and set off the game revolution?
Atari
What company produced the video game "Space Invaders"?
Atari
The motives of which of the following groups are emphasized by the uses and gratifications approach?
Audience members
When the first films were viewed by audiences, they reacted as if the images on the screen were tangible and real. What best explains this reaction?
Audience members were not film literate
Paul Lazarsfeld introduced which of the following methods to the study of mass communications?
Audience polling and survey research
Willing Suspension of Disbelief
Audience practice of willingly accepting the content before them as real
Appointment Consumption
Audiences consume content at a time predetermined by the producer and distributor
What does appointment consumption mean?
Audiences consume content at a time predetermined by the producer and distributor
What is the all-time, No. 1, worldwide box-office hit movie?
Avatar
What was the name of the first mass-produced arcade game, which was invented by David Gottlieb?
Baffle Ball
What is provided by expanded basic cable?
Basic service plus extra channels with broad appeal
Why is it ironic that Joseph Pulitzer founded the prize for excellence in journalism that bears his name?
Because his paper was part of a competition for the most sensational news stories that debased journalism
Why would Clint Eastwood's film American Sniper be considered a mixed genre convention?
Because it includes fact and fiction
What is one reason so many advertisers choose newspapers to buy ad space?
Because newspapers tend to have the kind of readers that advertisers covet as an audience
Why might some critics view the introduction of sound as having a negative impact on the film business?
Because smaller filmmakers were forced to close, thereby increasing the hold of big studios on the industry
Why is the number of readers of hard-copy alternative presses on the decline?
Because so-called alternative content is not considered so alternative on the web
Some critics argue that spot sales put an end to the golden age of television. Why?
Because there was no longer one sponsor identified with a specific program, there was less demand for high-quality shows.
Why do stereotypes exist?
Because they are useful
Who published the first true novel in America?
Ben Franklin
Who printed the first true novel in North America?
Benjamin Franklin
How much does development generally cost for today's average video game?
Between 15 and 25 million dollars
What is a positive result of conglomeration within the book publishing industry?
Big companies can attract better authors.
Economies of Scale
Bigger can in fact sometimes be better because the relative cost of an operation's output declines as the size of that endeavor grows
What publications are likely to be considered trade books?
Biographies, coffee-table books, and cookbooks
What technology currently presents the biggest challenge to copyrights?
BitTorrent
Which of the following P2P-based sites has more than 170 million active users and allows for simultaneous downloading and uploading of data?
BitTorrent
Which of the following was true after the Paramount Decision of 1948?
Block booking was ruled illegal
Filmmaking characterized by reduced risk taking and formulaic movies is called ________.
Blockbuster mentality
Why have books often been targets of censorship?
Books can be influential as agents of social change
What best defines the philosophy of spectrum scarcity?
Broadcast spectrum space must be regulated because it is limited
During the early days of radio, which of the following led to the most significant change in the medium?
Broadcasting
The trustee model of regulation is based on the premise that....
Broadcasting has a large sphere of influence, those who broadcast must be regulated, because spectrum space is limited, and licenses should be awarded based on public interest, convenience, or necessity
Electronic Sell-through
Buying of digital download movies
What does a feature service, or feature syndicate do?
Buys the work of columnists and cartoonists and sells it to individual newspapers
Which of the following statements about movies and their audiences in the 1930s are correct?
By the end of the 1930s, Hollywood was turning out 500 movies a year. Double features offered welcome relief to cash-strapped moviegoers during the Great Depression. B-movies, typically made for less money than the Hollywood blockbusters they accompanied, rounded out the program in a double feature
T or F: Comic books since the beginning have been primarily intended for children
False
What are magazines' main competitors for today's specialized advertising dollars?
Cable TV channels and specialized-content websites
Which of the following represent new competition that exists for companies that sell home game systems?
Cable providers and online gaming
What press is the oldest publisher in the world?
Cambridge University Press
A concept film is a movie that what?
Can be described in one line
Radio advertising is more effective than television advertising because radio ads what?
Can be targeted to air during a particular time of day and are inexpensive to produce and therefore can be changed and updated frequently
Because e-publishers typically give authors better royalties than traditional publishers, aspiring writers...
Can generate more sales by offering their books for a lower price
Which company leads in video-game sales, with nearly 50% of all sales?
EA Sports
The major challenge facing media industries today is that of...
Capturing a mass audience that has become fragmented
How are consumers magazines usually divided into categories?
Categories are determined by the magazine's targeted audience
The idea of _________ suggests that watching violence in the media reduces an individuals innate aggressive drive.
Catharsis
What are claims that supporters of newspaper chains make?
Chains focus their ample resources to providing better journalism and better service, and chains provide a balanced and objective viewpoint
What factors have forced media companies to change the way they do business?
Change in consumption behavior, economic uncertainty, and rapid change in technology
What best explains why mass communication theory is an evolving field?
Changes in technology or media can challenge existing forces
Digital
Characterized by units or "digits"
Who is credited with being the originator of the computer?
Charles Babbage
What is the general criticism about children watching television ads?
Children cannot rationally judge the worth of advertising claims.
What describes the "Harry Potter halo effect"?
Children went into stores and libraries looking for books that resembled the series.
Pogo.com, ___________ game site, is one of the most visited websites in the US.
EA's
What did the Communications Act of 1934 do?
Established the Federal Communications Commission as the regulatory authority of the airwaves
What groups were interested in broadcasting when the audion tube was first invented?
Corporations trying to make money and people broadcasting just for fun
T or F: Higher education books are designed to appeal to a broad readership
False
What forms Klapper's "nexus of mediating factors and influences"?
Church, school, and family
The total number of issues of a magazine that are sold is known as
Circulation
Uses and Gratifications Approach
Claimed that media do not do things to people; rather, people do things with media
A story that is written primarily to attract readers to a web site and boost the site's traffic revenue, as opposed to being genuinely informative, is known as _________________.
Click bait
Typification Schemes
Collections of meanings assigned to some phenomenon or situation
The first electronic digital computer to turn information into binary code (zeros and ones) was called what?
Coloassus
Which multiple system operator has the largest number of subscribers?
Comcast
Studies have shown that people who get their news primarily by watching ________ are better informed than other viewers.
Comedy Central
-Comic Books
Comic Books
Which of the following is not a multi-billion dollar business in the U.S.?
Comic books
Convergence
Coming together
What does the account management department of an ad-agency do?
Communicates with clients to ensure clients' wishes are followed
What is best described as "the process of creating shared meaning"?
Communication
Interpersonal communication
Communication between 2 or a few people
Cultural definition of communication
Communication is a symbolic process whereby reality is produced, maintained, repaired, and transformed
What had increased the number of readers, and therefore the demand for books, in the United States by 1900?
Compulsory education
What increased the demand for books in America?
Compulsory education
How are magazines able to compete against cable TV?
Computers and satellites allow quick and easy distribution of narrowly targeted split runs
What is the term used to describe the phenomenon of the ownership of media companies becoming increasingly concentrated in fewer and fewer hands?
Concentration of ownership
Exhibitors make much of their money from __________, which account for 40% of a theater's profits
Concession sales
Whereas earlier filmmakers became known primarily for a single film, __________ made a number of important pictures, of which "The Birth of a Nation" is the most famous
D. W. Griffith
What kind of magazines are "TV Guide" and "People"?
Consumer
What was founded in 1936 to protect consumers from corrupt advertisers?
Consumers Union
In what way has the development of "prosumers" changed the relationship between advertiser and consumer?
Consumers and advertisers must share information with each other in order to benefit both sides.
What best summarizes consumer behavior with respect to smartphones and tablets?
Consumers are more likely to make impulse purchases from a smartphone or tablet, but they are less likely to welcome advertising on the device
Complementary copy is what?
Content that reinforces an advertiser's message
What are likely outcomes of online newspapers that focus heavily on click bait?
Content will be dictated more by what readers want than editorial consistency, and content will rely less on serious news and more on fluff and entertainment
What is it called when a magazine is provided at no cost to readers who meet some specific set of advertiser-attractive criteria?
Controlled circulation
The one-page news sheets about specific events in 17th century Europe are considered the earliest form of "newspaper." they were called ______________.
Corantos
Divisions of major studies that produce more sophisticated but less costly films, such as New Line Cinema, Sony Classics, and Focus Features, are called ________.
Corporate independents
What type of studios are divisions of corporate parents that produce movies with the appearance of independent films?
Corporate independents
T or F: Image Comics is the largest comic book publisher in the U.S.
False
What does the creative department of an ad-agency do?
Creates ads from start to finish and involves writing and design
What theory is based on social construction of reality theory and examines the constructed reality created by television?
Cultivation analysis
What theories are well-suited to explaining the harmful effects of stereotyping?
Cultivation analysis and social construction of reality theory
What is the name of the practice of creating a magazine specifically designed for an individual company seeking to reach a narrowly defined audience?
Custom publishing
What are the kinds of information that Amazon offers to its book customers?
Customers can read synopses and read sample pages from books, and book buyers can read reviews and see comments made by readers, authors, and publishers
How might newspaper companies that "cheapen" their news to attract young readers be in danger of ruining the newspapers' role in democracy?
Cutting serious news will take away an important method of educating communities about issues related to good citizenship
What did engineer Ralph Baer promote in video games?
He believed games should be built into television receivers
What important question do the various research techniques lack the ability to answer?
Did consumers buy a certain product because of viewing their ads?
Who were the broadcast journalists who covered major political conventions in 1956?
David Brinkley and Chet Huntley
What are accountability guarantees?
Deals magazines make with advertisers that promise certain outcomes
Mail-order books
Delivered by mail and usually are specialized series or elaborate bound special editions of classic novels
How does the dependency theory of mass media refute the limited effects theory?
Dependency theory argues that people are influenced by mass media continually, not just under certain circumstances.
What is the term for people becoming more tolerant of violence in their environment because they have grown accustomed to seeing violence in media?
Desensitization
Advertisers find specialized magazines what?
Desirable because they reach a targeted audience that is receptive to their products
What were the important facts about the "New-England Courant" that the Franklin brothers ran?
Despite being jailed for libel, James Franklin proved that a newspaper could challenge the government and the "Courant" was the only newspaper in Boston publishing without government authority
TV services, such as one-click shopping and video-on-demand, were made possible by what?
Interactive cable
Communication Channels
Diffusion, by definition, takes place among people or organizations. Communication channels allow the transfer of information from one unit to the other
A growing production trend in Hollywood is _________ filmmaking, which makes grand special effects possible
Digital
The recording and radio industries went from analog to _______________ recording in the 1970s.
Digital
Platform Agnostic Publishing
Digital and hard-copy books available for any and all reading devices
E-Readers
Digital books with the appearance of traditional books but content that is digitally stored and received
The convergence of film with ___________ is beginning to reshape production, distribution, and exhibition
Digital technologies
What refers to a radical change in an industry that is caused by a new technology or product?
Disruptive tradition
Which attitude change theory argues that new information can cause people mental discomfort?
Dissonance theory
Conventions
Distinctive, standardized style elements
One of the three component systems in the movie industry, ______________ involves supplying movies not only to theaters but also to TV, cable, and satellite networks and other outlets.
Distribution
The supplying of movies to theaters and other outlets is called what?
Distribution
What is the platform rollout approach?
Distributors open a movie on a few screens and hope that early reviews will propel it to success.
The culture that seems to hold sway with the majority of people in a society is known as the ________ culture.
Dominant
Before they can know what is real or not, children experience television through what researchers call the
Early window
Disintermediation
Eliminating gatekeepers between artists and audiences
By pumping money into the publishing house, rich parent companies...
Enable publishers to attract better authors or take risks on new writers
In interpersonal communications, a message must first be _____________; that is, it must be transformed into an understandable sign and symbol system. Once the message is received, the signs and symbols are interpreted, or ____________.
Encoded; decoded
When a message is transformed into an understandable sign and symbol system, the process is referred to as ________.
Encoding
Subscription Reference Books
Encyclopedias, atlases, dictionaries
Why does ethnic press circulation as a whole continue to increase?
Ethnic papers continue to prosper from advertisers who have no other way to reach their audiences, ethnic readers enjoy a link to their culture written in their own language, and while many ethnic groups read mainstream newspapers as well, special interest papers offer a closer link to community
The power of magazines is related to a reader's personal experience with the publication—including its advertising. This is referred to as _________________.
Engagement
Which country influenced American advertising in the colonial era?
England
What concept suggests that observers will ignore negative vicarious reinforcement if given real-world incentives?
Environmental incentives
After the Revolutionary War, printing became...
Even more important to political, intellectual, and cultural life in major cities
What is the Fourth World?
Every bit of info you have retained and used to construct your notion of the world
What is the Second World?
Everything that is within range of your perception in your lifetime, that is, everything you could possibly perceive
What is the First World?
Everything there is to know or everything God knows
What is the Third World?
Everything you actually perceive
One of the three component systems in the movie industry, _______________ is the component that the average person encounters by going to the local multiplex to see a movie
Exhibition
The showing of movies in theaters is called what?
Exhibition
Mass Communication Theories
Explanations and predictions of social phenomena that attempt to relate mass communication to various aspects of our personal and cultural lives or social systems
"Microcinema" is a term for films that are made for __________________ using ____________________
Extremely low budgets; using digital video camera and desktop digital editing machines
What occurred during the Industrial Revolution that caused a growing audience for printed information and entertainment?
Factory jobs left workers with more leisure time.
As interest in movies exploded in the wake of "The Great Train Robbery"'s success, hundreds of new ____________, or production companies, sprang up.
Factory studios
What group had expendable money and helped form the large and growing audience for printed information and entertainment during the industrial revolution?
Factory workers
What issues emerged as the population grew and the 19th century came to an end?
Failing farms, labor tensions, and an increase in slums
T or F: A regular monthly comic is about 36 pages of content
False
T or F: As digital comic sales increase, print sales decrease
False
T or F: Comic books account for a large percentage of magazine sales
False
T or F: Comic books are influential because of their large audience
False
T or F: Comic books began in the 1910s
False
Public relations professionals are referred to as ________, both inside and outside the media industries.
Flacks
When did the magazine evolve from a locally distributed form of media to a national mass medium?
Following the Civil War
Which of the following shows the problematic nature of advertising on editorial decision making?
For fear of offending pharmaceutical advertisers, an editor cancels a story about the hazards of blood pressure medications
Specialized radio programming that focuses on serving a particular audience is called what?
Format radio
The idea that "nothing succeeds like success" helps to explain Hollywood's trend toward what?
Franchise films
What internet services directly challenge the newspaper industry's ability to make advertising dollars?
Free community websites such as Craigslist, online classified advertising websites such as eBay, websites maintained by vendors and manufacturers
How can advertising help fix the financial problem of offering free online newspapers?
Free news attracts more readers, which in turn attract more advertising dollars
What is one reason Joseph Klapper's reinforcement theory does not apply today?
He did not include television in his research of media's effects.
How did news anchor Brian Williams violate ethics during his newscast?
He exaggerated the danger he faced in a war zone.
Why do critics of the ESRB rating system for video games feel that it actually masks potential problems?
Game makers are required to list only one descriptor that led to a rating, leaving out other content.
Why do advertisers like to use online game sites for marketing campaigns?
Gamers tend to spend more time on game sites than on informational sites
What is true about brand-specific game websites
Games are sometimes downloadable and games can be played online
What games in the 1930s were not considered gambling?
Games that paid off in additional games rather than cash and games of skill
Which of the following magazines was published by Benjamin Franklin in colonial America?
General Magazine, and Historical Chronicle, for All the British Plantations in America
Filmmaker ___________ made the very first important narrative motion pictures, or films that tell a story, _____________ being a famous example
Georges Melies; A Trip to the Moon
Upon the arrival of the printing press in the New World, what was approved for printing?
Government documents and religious texts
Promotion is such a big part of the financial success of a movie that many studios include advertising and marketing people in the _______________ ______________ process-that is, the decision to make a picture in the first place.
Green light
Which of the following is a mobile app that allows instant posting of a complaint or praise to people's Facebook friends and Twitter followers as well as to the named organization's customer service department?
Gripe
Taste Publics
Groups of people bound by little more than an interest in a given form of media content
Bounded Cultures
Groups with specific but not dominant cultures
Who is considered the "father" of radio?
Guglielmo Marconi
Standardized Tests
Guide and practice books designed to prepare readers for various examinations
What was the first imported video game?
Gunfight
Although yellow journalism did not last, what are elements of yellow journalism still seen in today's prestegious newspapers?
Heavy use of pictures and large headlines
During the early 1900s, which businessman used staged events, created an in-house employee publication, and used image advertising for his products?
Henry Ford
Trade books
Hard or softcover and include fiction and nonfiction
Two-thirds of American children have read at least one of what book series?
Harry Potter
Platform Agonstic
Having no preference for where we access our media content
Early Adopters
Highest degree of opinion leadership among the adopter categories, a higher social status, financial liquidity, advanced education and are more socially forward than late adopters. They are more discreet in adoption choices than innovators.
Why would a large company, such as Nintendo, use third-party games?
Highly successful games, even when written by other companies who profit from the software sales, lead to more console sales
What best explains why there is no agreement regarding which film was the first sound film?
Historians cannot decide what constitutes a sound film
Holly is watching a television program she has not seen before. The way that the program is filmed, the story is structured, and the narrator is used all lead Holly to conclude that she is watching a documentary. What would explain why Holly believes this?
Holly has a knowledge of genre conventions
What was the result of the Red Scare in Hollywood?
Hollywood lost some of its best talent when it was trying to compete with television.
What best describes instant books?
Instant books are quickly written and published works based on popular current events
Trialability
How easily an innovation may be experimented. If a user is able to test an innovation, the individual will be more likely to adopt it
Relative Advantage
How improved an innovation is over the previous generation
What are the primary obstacles newspapers specifically face as they transition to an online medium?
How to accurately measure circulation rates, and how to generate income from online operations
Janice is reading the online version of her local newspaper. She is somewhat distracted by the banner ads and pop-up ads that appear on the page. When Janice checks her Twitter feed, she notices brand tweets from her favorite shoe brands. These ads are examples of ________________.
Hypercommercialism
When newspapers place advertising on their front page, this is an example of ______________.
Hypercommercialism
Which Comic Book publishers have a library of licensed titles?
IDW and Dark Horse
What type of communication has flexible and changeable messages?
Interpersonal
Dependency Theory
Idea that media's power is a function of audience members' dependency on the media of their content
According to social cognitive theory, what modeling behavior is the most likely way that television influences behavior?
Identification
According to social cognitive theory, which of the following modeling behaviors is the most likely way that television influences behavior?
Identification
Samantha is watching a television drama that takes place in a modern house. She likes the living room featured on the show. It has two long, white leather couches and a glass coffee table. There are no curtains, and the walls are painted white. Samantha buys two charcoal-grey chairs and removes her curtains. What forms of modeling is Samantha displaying?
Identification
What is the main argument for joint operating agreements for newspapers?
If cities only have a single newspaper, there are no conflicting opinions to add diversity to the news.
Complexity or Simplicity
If the innovation is perceived as complicated or difficult to use, an individual is unlikely to adopt it
Decoding
Interpreting sign/symbol systems
In what ways were American magazines in the mid-1800s prior to the Civil War unique from British magazines?
Illustrations played a prominent role in American magazines and American magazines employed specialist writers to produce content
Which Comic Book publisher has creator-owned titles and characters?
Image
The number of times an online newspaper ad is seen is known as what?
Impressions
Rich media
Interactive Web advertising
What best defines copy testing?
It involves showing messages to consumers to gauge potential success
What is paid product placement?
It is a payment from a product manufacturer to feature its brands in media content
What best defines crowdfunded journalism?
It is a practice where journalists pitch story ideas and receive donations from contributors to write them
How did printers respond to the Stamp Act?
In open revolt against the British Crown, printers used their presses to publish essays against the British authorities
What is the basic principle guiding the relationship between free press and its readers?
In order for readers to be well educated, they must be presented with multiple perspectives
Young children who have not developed the critical skills to understand that what they see on television is not real are said to be what?
In the early window
Inferential Feedback
In the mass communication process, feedback is typically indirect rather than direct; that ism it is inferential
Newspaper subscriptions __________ from 1910 to the end of the 1930s
Increased
The number of American adults who do not read has steadily __________.
Increased
Hypercommercialism
Increasing the amount of advertising and mixing commercial and non-commerical content
What type of studios produce films using outside financing?
Independent studios
In addition to the FTC advertising is also regulated by who?
Individual states
By the mid-1700s, printing and libraries of information were among the engines driving the _____________ revolution
Industrial
What kind of magazines are AAA's "VIA" and "Aggregate & Mining Journal"?
Industrial, company, and sponsored
A television news report on issues concerning a growing homeless camp would be considered what?
Informational
The term "communication conservatism" refers to the fact that mass communication...
Is subject to the constraints imposed by the size of the audience and the fact that feedback is not immediate, it tends to be more structured and less free than interpersonal communication and it does not allow for a great deal of personalization or specificity
What are single-sponsor magazines?
Issues that feature ads by only one advertiser
What important type of newspaper coverage was honed by Greely's "New York Tribune"?
Issues-oriented reporting
Marshall McLuhan argued that the advent of print was the key to our modern consciousness. What did he mean?
It allowed literacy to become available to everyone.
How did the Postal Act of 1879 contribute to the growth of mass circulation popular magazines?
It allowed magazines to be mailed at a cheap second-class rate.
In what way does cloud computing help reduce production costs?
It allows filmmakers to lease expensive system-operating software
How did journalism regain its credibility after the era of yellow journalism?
It began to practice a code of ethics developed by an association of editors
"Doom" was important to the advancement of video games because...
It could be played over a computer network and through the player's perspective
What was significant about John Campbell's Boston News-Letter?
It established the newspaper in the American colonies.
What has been an effect of the large amount of video content available on the internet?
It has altered viewing habits, especially among young people
How has the Internet hurt newspapers the most financially?
It has taken away much-classified advertising business from newspapers.
Culture serves what purposes?
It helps us classify our experiences and it helps define us, our world, and our place in it.
What major effect does cross-promotion have for both the game maker and the advertiser?
It increases the profit margins for both companies
Congress passed the Child Pornography Prevention Act in 1996 to reduce the amount of child pornography on the Internet. A court case over the constitutionality of the law ensued, and the U.S. Supreme Court had to make the final determination. How did the Court rule?
It said the law was unconstitutional because it damaged freedom of expression.
What best summarizes the purpose of the bill of rights?
It sets limits on the powers of the government
Gutenberg's moveable-type printing press had a greater impact on world history than earlier Chinese movable-type presses because...
It used metal, which was more durable than clay
Why was the creation of wire services so significant to the news business?
It was cheaper for newspapers to use wire services instead of sending reporters out into every location.
What resulted from advertising agencies adding public relations divisions?
It was difficult to see the distinction between advertising and public relations.
Why was Benjamin Day's New York Sun so successful?
It was full of crime and entertainment news.
Why did MP3 technology become popular?
It was less expensive than buying CDs and it allowed listeners to download individual songs rather than entire albums
How was "I Love Lucy" innovative in the way it was produced?
It was shot using film cameras, it was produced in California instead of NY, and it was edited for the ideal shots
What was significant about the video game, "Doom"?
It was the first first-person perspective shooting game.
What was significant about the video game, Spacewar, completed in 1961?
It was the first interactive computer game.
What was significant about Collier's magazine?
It was the first mass circulation magazine to cease publication.
What was significant about the 1923 variety show The Eveready Hour?
It was the first regularly sponsored radio series.
How did radio change its focus after television arrived?
It went from being nationally oriented to locally oriented
How did the British newspaper the "London Gazette" influence the first colonial newspapers?
Its mixture of official information, reports from other countries, and local news served as a model for colonial newspapers
You read an article about an American presidential candidate's trip to England. The headline is large and the article is on the right side of the front page. What is the precise placement and size of the article known as?
Its production value
What writer/artist team was responsible for creating the X Men, the Incredible Hulk, and the Fantastic Four?
Jack Kirby and Stan Lee
In the 1970s, influence from ___________, which had a strong game industry, helped boost the US video-game industry
Japan
Who developed the movable metal type?
Johannes Gutenberg
Who wrote Man-Computer Symbiosis in 1960, which inspired computer experts to work toward what is now the Internet?
Joseph C. R. Licklider
Reinforcement Theory
Joseph Klapper's idea that if media have any impact at all, it is in the direction of reinforcement
Laggards
Last to adopt an innovation and show little to no opinion leadership. These individuals typically have an aversion to change-agents. Laggards typically tend to be focused on "traditions", lowest social status, lowest financial liquidity, oldest among adopters, and in contact with only family and close friends.
Culture is defined as the ______________ of members of a social group.
Learned behavior
What describes the political orientation of the modern critical cultural theory?
Leftist
What was unfair about the way libel was tried in the Zinger case in the American colonies?
Libel was based upon whether or not the words were printed in the paper, not upon their truth
Which of the following movies was the first to have sound throughout?
Lights of New York
The Gutenberg revolution, which caused printing to become widespread, also had a direct impact on the spread of what?
Literacy, ideas, and education
MTV truly changed the music industry, resulting in which of the following characteristics?
Live concerts must be extravagant
Clear time (TV)
Local affiliates air a network program that they carry
In the US before the Civil War, advertising was primarily used by who?
Local retailers
Narrow, demographically targeted audiences may be in danger of what?
Losing their ability to connect with members of other taste publics and having narrower cultural experiences
Next to Thomas Edison, the most important figures in the initial development of film as a medium were the ____________ brothers, French mechanics whose father owned a factory that produced photographic plates.
Lumiere
Which innovation is most responsible for the internet taking over music sales?
MP3
The Internet music revolution began with the development of which technology?
MP3 Compression
When large social, economic, or technological changes take place in a culture, magazines are often the first medium to reflect this. Why?
Magazine publishers can more quickly change titles that are aimed at specific audiences.
What explains the modern magazine's appeal to advertisers?
Magazine readers tend to be more engaged with advertising content
What were the reasons the magazine industry grew in the late 1800s?
Magazines became cheaper to mail, More people were literate, allowing them to read and enjoy magazines, and magazines became less expensive, making them affordable for more people
"In the early 1900s, magazines were the television of their time." What does this mean?
Magazines were the dominant advertising medium.
The movement of a mass public toward a shared, television-created understanding of reality is known as what?
Mainstreaming
What best defines convergence as it relates to the video-game industry?
Major media providers try to streamline their systems to offer video games, Internet, and movie capability
What type of studios finances films mostly from the profits of their own business?
Major studios
Advertisers explore different types of sales pitches in order to what?
Make their ads stand out and be remembered
Most video-game players belong to which of the following demographic groups?
Males and people over 18 years old
What statement describes the effects of cultural homogenization on the music industry?
Manufactured groups that produce unoriginal music tend to dominate the industry and when most music is controlled by giant corporations, the artists have little individuality
Before a movie is released and sometimes even before it is made, its concept, plot, and characters are subjected to what?
Market testing with sample audiences
Advertisers in trade or professional advertising would tend to focus on which of the following?
Marketing support and distribution plans
Which Comic Book publishers have well known superheros?
Marvel and DC
Which two comic book publishers together comprise more than 70% of the market?
Marvel and DC
What type of communication has messages that are mechanically produced and simultaneously sent?
Mass
By providing the same national news all over the country, the affordable __________________ magazines of the 1920s helped to unify the country.
Mass circulation
Joseph Klapper wrote a highly influential book on the effects of ____________ in 1960
Mass communication
What is one way mass communication differs from other forms of communication?
Mass communication involves not just one message but many identical messages.
What theory is used to relate mass communications to our personal lives and social systems?
Mass communication theory
Many romance novels, diet books, and self-help books fall into which of the following Association of American Publishers categories?
Mass market paperbacks
What mass communication theory argues that media are corrupting influences that negatively affect defenseless, "average" people?
Mass society theory
Which theory is the idea that media are corrupting influences that undermine the social order?
Mass society theory
What were the primary reasons why the magazine industry moved to smaller, more specialized publications in the 1950s?
Mass-market magazines could not match the timeliness and novelty of television and a more industrialized and urbanized American public demanded specialized reading specific to their interests
What company produced the video game "Missile Attack"?
Mattel Toys
What examines how audience members create meaningful experiences using media content?
Meaning-making perspective
Research has found that media portrayals play a(n) ___________ role in determining people's judgments of race-based stereotypes.
Meaningful
Why has the traditional measurement of magazine circulation become increasingly inadequate?
Measuring circulation takes time, but advertisers want immediate real-time numbers and circulation measurement does not indicate the level of the "engagement" of the readers
Hypodermic Needle Theory (Magic Bullet Theory)
Media are a dangerous drug or killing force against which "average" people are defenseless
What term refers to the ability to effectively comprehend and use mass media content?
Media literacy
What are typical objects of study for critical cultural theory?
Media ownership and disenfranchised groups
Frankfurt School
Media theory, centered in neo-Marxism, that valued serious are, viewing its consumption as a means to elevate all people toward a better life; typical media fare was seen as pacifying ordinary people while repressing them
Macro level
Media's wide scale social and cultural impact
What is a reason that Microsoft introduced Kinect, a new type of game system, in 2010?
Microsoft needed to compete against Nintendo's Wii
What type of media has enjoyed the greatest increase in usage between 2008 and 2014?
Mobile devices
On average, Americans listen ________ of music every day.
More than 4 hours
Television viewing accounts for ________ of all leisure-time activity among Americans aged 15 years and older.
More than half
Why have tablets, e-readers, and smartphones given the newspaper industry hope about its digital future?
More than half of tablet, e-reader, and smartphone owners use them to read the news
Which invention of Johannes Gutenberg had a profound impact on communication around the world?
Movable metal type
Why were movies especially attractive to the new European immigrants of the early 1900s?
Movies were silent and did not require an understanding of English.
What is the impact of concentration and globalization on the video-game industry?
Much of the industry is controlled by a few companies that sell to a global market
Of vital importance to social change in the early part of the 20th century was _______________, in which journalists fought for change and justice by seeking out and exposing corruption and the plight of the poor.
Muckraking
What company produced the video game "Pac-Man"?
Namco
The Crisis, founded by W.E.B. DuBois, was first published in 1910 as the voice of the
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
Noncommerical radio stations provide what?
National network programs, advertising-free radio, local education programs
Tags embedded in magazines that connect readers to advertisers' digital content when readers hold their smartphones near an ad are known as what?
Near field communication chips
How were spot commercial sales different from earlier advertising on television?
Networks sold individual spots in a given program to various advertisers instead of having one advertiser sponsor a whole program.
Which product dominates the handheld gaming device business?
Nintendo's Game Boy Advance
What made the importation of distant signals possible?
New signal boosters, such as the Jerrold booster and expanded bandwidth from, for example, coaxial cable
"Media content has limited impact on audiences because it's only make-believe; people know it isn't real." What is one counterargument against this?
News is not make-believe
The strand of critical cultural theory that studies the ways that news coverage is biased toward the powerful is known as what?
News production research
Why has it been difficult for newspaper companies to calculate circulation since the dawn of online newspapers?
Newspaper are not sure how to represent their total circulation to their advertisers who may be interested in both online and print editions, and newspaper companies do not know how to count those who read both an online and print edition
What are the reasons why efforts to increase the profit margins of newspapers have not been effective in increasing circulation?
Newspaper companies have made so many cuts to keep profit margins high that news coverage has suffered, and people do not want to buy newspapers that provide little or no informational value
What "crisis of confidence" do newspapers face?
Newspaper owners are afraid that they cannot compete for a generation of readers that gets its news from free electronic sources
What significant development occurred in the newspaper business in the 1830s?
Newspaper publishers began to sell space to advertisers in order to finance their papers.
What are reasons newspapers are attractive to advertisers as an advertising medium?
Newspapers are local, newspapers have a broad reach, with 70% of all Americans reading a paper every week, and newspaper readers are likely to be college graduates with household incomes exceeding $100,000
What were the major effects that the penny press had on the field of journalism?
Newspapers became less concerned about business news and more about local news, newspaper coverage began to be designed to appeal to the masses, newspapers companies generated new income based on their advertising potential
What are the important changes that resulted from the formation of wire services?
Newspapers could deliver more news to immigrants about their homelands and wire services gave newspapers a wider range of coverage
What statement best describes the ideal relationship intended between newspapers and their readers in a democracy?
Newspapers should uphold high standards of journalism, just as readers should demand high-quality product
The 3DS has revolutionized handheld gaming and allowed ____________ to remain number one in sales in the handheld-device industry
Nintedo
What company produced the video game Donkey Kong?
Nintendo
One element missing from the Osgood-Schramm model of communication is __________, a term that refers to anything that interferes with successful communication.
Noise
What is the term for the static on your cell phone that interferes with your ability to hear directions to a restaurant?
Noise
How much money did Steve Russell and the other members of the Tech Model Railroad Club make from the invention of the game "Spacewar"?
None
Dime Novels (Pulp Novels)
Novels that sold for 10 cents and concentrated on frontier and adventure stories
What best defines master antenna television (MATV)?
Numerous sets in one building are connected to one antenna
Flagship radio stations that are owned and operated by networks are known as what?
O&Os
Observational Learning
Observers can acquire new behaviors simply by seeing those behaviors performed
What was the name of the first home video-game system, developed by Ralph Baer?
Odyssey
What were the ways that Hollywood films successfully competed with television in the 1950s and 1960s?
Offering lavish spectaculars, using casts of thousands, which the small screen could not compete with and contrasting itself with television, which catered to a mass audience, by presenting serious "message movies" that explored social issues
What is the very latest way to receive and view television?
On a mobile device
Roughly ________ out of ten Internet users are willing to pay for access to online news.
One
Grand Theory
One designed to descript and explain all aspects of a given phenomenon
Which of the following is a type of interactive television?
One-click shopping
Advertorials now account for about ________ of magazine advertising income
One-tenth
What are the reasons for the recent decline in radio listening?
Online music sources, too many commercials, and mobile technologies such as smartphones
What about online newspapers is true?
Online newspapers bring in less money per reader, and newspapers have been unable to completely replace lost print ad revenue with digital ad revenue
What is true regarding the success of online newspapers?
Online newspapers have not yet boosted profits, but readership is high, and advertising revenue for online editions still lags behind print ad revenue
What best states how newspapers can ensure that more than just young people will read the news online?
Online versions must draw on newspapers' local credibility and brand recognition
What is true about new television programs?
Only about three or four per year become big hits
What factors led to Benjamin Franklin's financial independence?
Owning a book shop, owning a printing business, using advertising support
Established by Thomas Edison in 1908, the Motion Picture ___________ Company, often called simply the ___________, was a group of 10 companies under Edison's control.
Patents; trust
In the United States, which age group is most likely to read the newspaper?
Over 54
Concentration of Ownership
Ownership of different and numerous medias concentrated in fewer and fewer hands
Globalization
Ownership of media by multinational corporations
The staggering increase in the number of new titles released each year can be attributed in large part to what forms of books?
POD
What was the first true novel published in America?
Pamela
What statement best describes the current condition of paperbacks?
Paperbacks are no longer limited to reprints of successful hardbacks
Which early Japanese video games became all-time best sellers?
Pac-Man and Donkey Kong
What social scientist was the first to criticize mass society theory?
Paul lazarsfeld
Payola
Payment made by recording companies to DJs to play their recordings
What type of software allows users to directly share digital content and bypass centralized servers?
Peer-to-peer software
Recognition test
People are asked whether or not they remember seeing specific ads
Recall test
People are asked which ads they can remember most easily
What is the best definition of selective retention?
People best remember messages that are consistent with their preexisting beliefs.
What assumption do television professionals tend to have about news audiences?
People can only understand important issues if the issues are presented in a way that meets viewers' expectations.
Modeling
People copy the behaviors they see
In what way did the further industrialization and urbanization of the United States following World War II contribute to the demand for specialized magazines?
People had more disposable income and leisure time to spend on specific personal interests and on magazines about those interests
The Russian writer Joseph Brodsky said that choosing not to read books is a crime for which "a person pays with his whole life." What does this mean?
People who do not read keep themselves from learning new ideas, which has an impact on their entire lives.
Who are digital natives?
People who have never known the world without an Internet.
Opinion Leaders
People who initially consume media content, interpret it in light of their own values and beliefs, and then pass it on to opinion followers
Aliteracy
People who possess the ability to read but are unwilling to do so
Opinion Followers
People who receive opinion leaders' interpretations of media content
Awareness test
People's responses measure general consumer consciousness of an ad
Offset Lithography
Permitted printing from photographic plates rather than from heavy, fragile metal casts
What is the name of the physiological phenomenon in which our brain retains images for about 1/24 of a second?
Persistence of vision
When viewers see a rapid succession of images, they perceive these images as being in motion. This is because the brain holds each image for a split second an effect called ______________.
Persistence of vision
Which of the following terms describes a characteristic of post-television radio?
Personal
___________ is the strategy of opening a movie on only a few screens in hope that critical response, good word-of-mouth reviews, and other factors will propel it to success
Platform rollout
Which of the following describes the concept of freemiums in video games?
Players obtain virtual goods during a game in exchange for watching a commercial.
What is different about using product placement in video games as compared to other media, such as television?
Players sometimes welcome the ads if the advertising allows them to play for free.
Cultivation analysis was originally developed out of concern over what phenomenon?
Television violence
To survive financially, printers also operated as:
Postmasters, grocers, publishers, book sellers
Dependency theory offers a vision of a potentially ____________ mass media acting within the social system.
Powerful
Selective Perception
Predicts that people will interpret messages in a manner consistent with their preexisting attitudes and beliefs
What is considered to be the first mass-produced product?
Printed materials
What was the first mass-produced product?
Printed materials
What are prosocial behaviors?
Problem solving and cooperation
Selective Processes
Processes that help us "select" what information we consume, remember, and interpret in personally important and idiosyncratic ways
Which is the world's largest global advertiser?
Procter & Gamble
In the 2007 film Transformers, Chevy Camaros appeared throughout the movie. This is an example of ________.
Product placement
When news reporters in Chicago wear branded L.L. Bean clothing on the air, this is an example of what?
Product placement
Symbolic interaction theory is often used in the study of advertising influence, particularly in how advertising often attempts to persuade people to associate meaning to products. For example, a particular brand of whiskey may be marketed in a way that people will associate the brand with sophistication and success. What best describes what the advertising is doing?
Product positioning
The notion that a Cadillac symbolizes success is an example of what?
Product positioning
The making of movies is called what?
Production
In media, what is the choice of lighting, editing, camera angles, special effects, size and placement of headlines known as collectively?
Production values
Our media are dominated by what?
Profit motive
Which phrase best describes how radio changed after television emerged?
Programming became more particular
What are feature syndicates?
Provide columns, essays, cartoons, and other creative works
The importation of distant telecommunication signals accomplished what?
Provided access to a wider variety of programming?
Controlled circulation refers to what?
Providing a free magazine to readers in certain captive-audience situations
Stuart Hall developed the idea of the media as a ____________ in which various forces fought to shape perception.
Public forum
What did the Declarations of Principles argue?
Public relations practitioners should be providers of information.
What was the first daily newspaper published in colonial America?
Publick Occurrences both Foreign and Domestick
What best describes publishers' response to e-readers?
Publishers are embracing business that allows them to sell products without shipping them
What should be the role of the publisher and the book publishing industry when attempts are made at censoring books?
Publishers should argue that free speech should be protected and encouraged.
Cottage Industry
Publishing houses that were small operations, closely identified with their personnel
Before conglomeration, publishing was described as a cottage industry. What does this mean?
Publishing houses were small and paid close attention to detail.
What terms are used in James Carey's cultural definition of communication?
Ritual perspective and transmissional perspective
We all have a responsibility, as consumers of the stories told by our cultural storytellers in the mass media, to...
Question the storytellers and their stories, and reflect on the stories' meanings and what they say about us and our culture
At the end of World War I, the U.S. government forced battling radio companies in the United States to join together, resulting in the creation of which company?
RCA (Radio Corporation of America)
Mainstreaming
Television's ability to move people toward a common understanding of how things are
In the early twentieth century, which of the following was true about the difference between recordings and radio?
Radio allowed for immediate participation in events; recordings did not.
In what ways did the radio broadcasting industry change in the 1930s?
Radio became a cost-effective means of entertainment for Americans and advertising revenues increased considerably
What best describes how radio changed after World War I?
Radio came to be used for entertainment and commercial purposes
The social construction of reality theory explains that cultures use what to construct and maintain a uniform reality?
Signs and symbols
Media Multitasking
Simultaneously consuming many different kinds of media
Day-and-Date Release
Simultaneously releasing a movie to the public in some combination of theater, cable, DVD, and download
Why is print magazine advertising considered more effective than online magazine advertising?
Readers pay more attention to print advertising
Why are newspapers financially burdened by adding a free internet edition when it is produced so inexpensively?
Readers stop buying print editions when they can get free online subscriptions and newspapers still need to print costly paper editions
Pass-along readership refers to what?
Readers who did not originally purchase the paper
Communication is best describe as what types of processes?
Reciprocal and ongoing
Which statement below best describes the idea of "dominance of profit over artistry"?
Record labels are more likely to drop lesser-known artists
Lossless Compression
Reduce amount of data but in a way that can be perfectly restored
Compression
Reduce the amount of data
Lossy Compression
Reducing the amount of data by using a clever set of rules to throw away the least important info
Professional Books
Reference and educational volumes designed specifically for professionals
Blogs
Regularly updated online journals
The early settlers who traveled to colonial America from Europe brought few books with them, but the books they did bring tended to be ______________.
Religious
Printing was limited to what?
Religious and government documents
When magazines publish special versions of an issue that contain editorial content and advertising geared to a specific demographic or regional grouping, this is known as _______________.
Split runs
Most of the books early colonists brought with them to the New World were _______________.
Religiously oriented
Mosaic Model
Represents everything that you could possibly know about that topic
What did the Wireless Ship Act do?
Required that all ships using U.S. ports with more than 50 passengers on them have a working wireless and operator
What did the Radio Act of 1912 do?
Required that wireless operators be licensed by the Secretary of Commerce and Labor
What refers to advertising that focuses primarily on products aimed at local consumers?
Retail
Advertising agencies are commonly paid by means of a _________.
Retainer
Which activity has helped record companies make big profits from content they already own?
Ringtone downloading
Which perspective helps explain the cultural importance of mass communication?
Ritual perspective
Record speeds are measured in rpm, which stands for, ___________ _____________ _________________.
Rotations per minute
Radio personalities who are obnoxious, rude, and outrageous are often referred to as
Shock jocks
After the 1959 quiz show scandal, television networks changed from single advertiser-sponsored programs to what?
Spot commercial sales
Whereas the early Edison and Lumiere movies ____________, the films of Georges Melies ______________.
Showed little more than filmed reproductions of reality; were the first narrative motion pictures. Were shot in fixed frame, meaning that the camera did not move; included sequential shots taken in different places.
False advertising
Showing a product to appear different from how it actually is
Which of the following is an online-only magazine?
Salon
What were the first two large-scale, reputable online-only magazines to be established?
Salon and Slate
Media theories do what?
Seek to explain why media work the way they do
Transmissional Perspective
Sees media as senders of information for the purpose of control; media either had effects on our behavior or they do not
What are the selective processes in attitude change theory?
Selective exposure, selective retention, selective perception
As a result of the 1948 Paramount Decision, the big Hollywood studios were forced to do what?
Sell off the exhibition businesses (theaters) they owned, allow other filmmakers access to theaters, thus increasing competition, and end block booking, the practice of requiring exhibitors to rent groups of movies
The second "Harry Potter" film and "The Empire Strikes Back," which followed the release of "Star Wars" and continued the storyline, are examples of what?
Sequels
University Press Books
Serious nonfiction and scholarly books
One problem with Lasswell's simple model of communication is that it fails to account for the fact that there must be a ____________ of meaning in order for communication to take place
Sharing
The concept of typification schemes is used in what?
Social construction of reality theory
Some magazines identify companies by name in their picture caption copy only if they are advertisers. Why?
Some magazines purposely create copy to reinforce their advertisers' messages
What are some ways that newspapers are trying to attract young readers?
Some newspapers add stories and editorials written by and for young people, some newspapers change their look and feel to cater to young people, and some newspapers offer free online and print editions targeting the youth demographic
What have newspaper companies done to combat the loss of advertising dollars taken by the internet?
Some newspapers have joined together to create Careerbuilder.com, most newspapers have added an online classifieds page to its printed editions, and some newspapers have affiliated themselves with internet companies
What was significant enough about The War of the Worlds broadcast, on the eve of Halloween night 1938, that it caused theorists to move away from the mass society theory?
Some people were influenced by the broadcast, but many more were not.
What is a split run?
Special version of a magazine issue that targets a particular region or demographic
How are video games like magazines for advertisers?
Specific demographics can be targeted.
Banners
Static online billboards appearing on webpages
What are Slate and Salon examples of?
Strictly online magazines
Critical Research
Studies of media's contribution to the larger issues of what kind of nation we are building, what kind of people we are becoming
What does the market research department of an ad-agency do?
Studies target audiences and potential success of products
Computers and satellites allow editors to instantly send editions to printing plants around the world, which is important because...
Subscribers and sales outlets get almost immediate delivery
Magazines generally get their readers through what?
Subscriptions
The sale of a book and its content to filmmakers, foreign publishers, book clubs, and product producers is known as
Subsidiary rights
The sale of a book, its contents, and its characters to such buyers as filmmakers, foreign publishers, and product producers is known as the sale of ______________.
Subsidiary rights
The social movement covered most by the earliest American women's magazines was what?
Sufferage
Modern neo-Marxist theorists believe that people are oppressed by those who control the ________: religion, politics, art, and the mass media.
Superstructure
Television news stations, in an effort to save time and money, tend to present ___________ portrayals of violent crime, focusing on, say, crimes committed in a particular "bad" neighborhood, even if those crimes represent only a minute percentage of total crime in the area.
Symbolic
According to ______________, people give things meaning, and then that meaning controls their behavior.
Symbolic interaction
Which concept states that people give things meaning and that meaning controls their behavior?
Symbolic interaction
A media company's practice of making use of as many media channels of delivery as possible is called what?
Synergy
Procter & Gamble announced in 2005 that it was cutting $300 million in advertising expenditures from which of the following mediums?
Television
What newly established medium did Joseph Klapper neglect in his development of reinforcement theory?
Television
What distinguished television commercials from advertising of other media in the early days of television?
Television allowed for demonstration of a product
What are the assumptions upon which cultivation analysis is based?
Television builds general frames of reference regarding what "reality" is, television reinforces existing power structures, and television functions as the "central cultural arm" of U.S. Society
What are some of the assumptions upon which cultivation analysis is based?
Television functions as the "central cultural arm" of US society, television builds general frames of reference regarding what "reality" is, and television reinforces existing power structures
Cultural Imperialism
The invasion of an indigenous people's culture by the cultures of outside, powerful countries
What company produced the video game "Gunfight"?
Taito
Groups of demographically targeted people that are bound by little more than an interest in a given form of media content are referred to as what?
Taste publics
Addressable Technologies
Technologies permitting the transmission of very specific content to equally specific audience members
Location-based mobile advertising
Technology allowing marketers to send targeted ads to people where they are in the moment
Technopoly
Technology controls every aspect of our lives
Zonecasting
Technology that allows radio stations to deliver different commercials to specific neighborhoods
Which of the following groups buys a disproportionately large percentage of movie tickets in the United States?
Teenagers and young adults
What best describes why radio began to focus on a local audience in the 1950s?
Television had captured the national audience
One assumption on which cultivation analysis is based is that...
Television is fundamentally different from other mass media
European immigrant Nikola ____________ applied for a radio patent within months of Guglielmo Marconi
Tesla
Higher Education Books
Textbooks produced for colleges and universities
El-hi
Textbooks produced for elementary and high schools
In the term "video game," "video" means that interaction must take place on-screen and "game" means what?
That a player must have direct involvement in producing an outcome
What event revealed the inadequacies of mass society theory?
The 1938 War of the Worlds broadcast
Television received its first truly public demonstration during what?
The 1939 World's Fair
What book was removed from the curriculum in Idaho schools in 2014 because it contains the word masturbation?
The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian
What is considered the most influential silent film ever made?
The Birth of a Nation
The surprise hit ___________ is considered the start of the growing microcinema movement
The Blair Witch Project
Which act established the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)?
The Communications Act of 1934
The Golden Age of Radio was strongly influenced by which factor?
The Great Depression
Which event caused advertising to lose nearly two-thirds of its revenue?
The Great Depression
Which of the following was the first American-made motion picture to tell a story?
The Great Train Robbery
Which of the following was the first movie to use editing and montage?
The Great Train Robbery
What was invented by Vladimir Zworykin?
The kinescope and the iconoscope tube
Despite Hollywood's triumphs in the 1930s, the end of the decade brought two pieces of bad news for the film industry, including what?
The Justice Department's vertical integration suit in 1938 and the first public broadcast of a television program by RCA in 1939
Why might a multiple system operator (MSO) demand a cable system carry a certain channel?
The MSO has a financial interest in the channel
What are the nonprofit organizations dedicated to digitizing books?
The Million Book Project, Project Gutenberg, the Rosetta Project
Which magazine was used by muckrakers to inspire social change in the early twentieth century?
The Nation
The first wire service in the united states, which began operation in 1856, was called _____________.
The New York Associated Press
Which newspaper is considered the nation's "newspaper of record"?
The New York Times
Founded in 1947, what is the principal professional group for today's public relations professionals?
The Public Relations Society of America
What device sparked the birth of the American movie business?
The Vitascope
What are the two remaining U.S. national daily newspapers?
The Wall Street Journal and USA Today
What was the first book printed in the colonies?
The Whole Book of Psalms
Which was the first printed book in colonial America?
The Whole Booke of Psalms
Consumption-on-Demand
The ability to consume any content, anytime, anywhere
Media Literacy
The ability to effectively and efficiently comprehend and use any form of mediated communication
Literacy
The ability to effectively and efficiently comprehend and use written symbols
Even though a MUD (multiuser dimension) has no moving graphics, it is considered a video game because...
The action of the game takes place interactively on the screen
What best describes the relationship between advertiser and consumer in the digital age?
The advertiser and consumer act as partners and share information
What best describes the fundamental problem in readership faced by newspapers in the United States?
The age group in the United States that most reads newspapers becomes smaller each year
Retransmission fees (TV)
The amount a local cable operation pays to the station to carry its signal
Why did newspapers in New York City change as much as they did between the 18th and 19th centuries?
The appearance of new cultures, fresh businesses, and changing politics called for a different style of journalism
Stereotyping
The application of a standardized image or concept to members of certain groups, usually based on limited information
Audience Fragmentation
The audience itself is less of a mass audience
How has the success of the Harry Potter series been used to criticize the media's underestimation of its audience?
The author increased the quality of the books to appeal to the audience instead of dumbing them down.
Critics of conglomeration say that it is eroding the "firewall" in the newspaper business. What does the firewall refer to?
The barrier between newspapers' editorial and advertising missions
How did Atari and Odyssey set the stage for a new industry?
The capability of bringing quality arcade games into the home gave other designers a system to follow
Genre
The categories of expression within the different media
Production Values
The choice of lighting, editing, special effects, music, camera angle, location on the page, and size and placement of headlines
Third-person Effect
The common attitude that others are influenced by media messages but that we are not
What are ways the alternative press tries to attract young readers?
The content emphasizes events listings and eccentric personal classified ads, and the papers are free
Dominant Culture
The culture that seems to hold sway with the majority of people
What was important in the success of premium cable?
The demand for premium movie packages
What is the term for the lack of digital access among specific groups of Americans?
The digital divide
Imitation
The direct replication of an observed behavior
With what do media researchers credit the 1938 radio broadcast of Orson Welles's "The War of the Worlds"?
The emergence of the limited effects perspective
Convergence
The erosion of traditional distinctions among media
The Amsterdam News in New York, which is aimed at African Americans, is an example of what?
The ethnic press
Communication
The exchange of meaning
Observability
The extent that an innovation is visible to others. An innovation that is more visible will drive communication among the individual's peers and create more positive or negative reactions
What is true about D.W. Griffith's "The Birth of a Nation"?
The film had a cast of thousands, it cost $125,000 to produce, making it the most expensive movie up to its time, and it used montage to convey emotion and heighten suspense
The term "branding films" is used to describe what?
The financing of films by sponsors to advance their product lines.
Meaning-Making Perspective
The idea that active audience members use media content to create meaning, and meaningful experiences, for themselves
Symbolic Interaction
The idea that cultural symbols are learned through interaction and then mediate that interaction
Cultural Theories
The idea that meaning and therefore effects are negotiated by media and audiences as they interact in the culture
Cultural Theory
The idea that meaning and therefore effects are negotiated by media and audiences as they interact with the culture
Early Window
The idea that media give children a window on the world before they have the critical and intellectual ability to judge what they see
Critical Cultural Theory
The idea that media operate primarily to justify and support the status quo at the expense of ordinary people
Aggressive Cues Model
The idea that media portrayals can suggest that certain classes of people are acceptable targets for real-world aggression, thereby increasing the likelihood that some people will act violently toward people in these groups
Two-Step Flow Theory
The idea that media's influence on people's behavior is limited by opinion leaders and then passed on to opinion followers
Economic Determinism
The idea that money determines just about everything
Vicarious Reinforcement
The idea that observed reinforcement operates in the same manner as actual reinforcement
Social Cognitive Theory
The idea that people learn through observation
Cultivation Analysis
The idea that people's ideas of themselves, their world, and their place in it are shaped and maintained primarily through television
What is technological determinism?
The idea that technology and its development drive economic and social change
Technological Determinism
The idea that technology is a dominant social force, especially in and throughout the media
Mass Society Theory
The idea that the media are corrupting influences that undermine the social order and that "average" people are defenseless against their influence
Desensitization
The idea that viewers become more accepting of real-world violence because of its constant presence in television fare
Catharsis
The idea that watching violence in the media reduces people's innate aggressive drive
Conglomeration
The increase in the ownership of media outlets by larger, non-media companies
The biggest problem with the use of digital technology in film today is what?
The increased production costs
What was the radio industry's solution to the problem of how to make money once everyone owned a radio?
The industry began selling advertising radio spots
What are the reasons that reinforcement theory fell out of favor?
The influential power of church, family, and school declined in the 1960s, and the 1960s introduced major social and cultural changes
Product Placement
The integration, for a fee, of specific branded products into media content
What are the primary challenges newspapers currently face?
The internet has negatively affected newspapers' classified advertising business, and the internet has lured the desirable demographic of young people away from print editions
What major event happened in Hollywood during the period 1926-1928?
The introduction of films featuring sound
The Alien and Sedition Acts, though designed to protect the United States, were viewed negatively because...
The laws were reminiscent of constraints that had placed upon the press by England and the people did not want any restraint on their ability to practice freedom
Which story on a nightly newscast will audiences perceive as the most important
The lead story
What is the best definition of culture?
The learned behavior of members of a specific social group
Compatibility
The level of compatibility that an innovation has to be assimilated into an individual's life
A television drama intersperses flashback scenes with current-day scenes. Which of the following is one way production values can be used so the media literate viewer understands when a scene is a flashback?
The lighting or color may be slightly different in flashback scenes
What aspect should online city newspapers focus on that cannot be reached by another medium?
The local community
Reverse compensation (TV)
The local station pays the network a fee for the right to be an affiliate
Why do advertisers find controlled circulation magazines so attractive?
The magazines offer a narrowly defined, captive audience of a certain class
What is true about the more than 80,000 book publishers in the United States today?
The majority of book publishers are small presses.
Platform
The means of delivering a specific piece of media content
Medium
The means of sending information
What group does the uses and gratifications approach absolve of blame for negative media effects?
The media industries
The growth of ________ is among the key factors that have shaped the identity of public relations throughout its four stages of development
The middle class
How did the growth of the middle class affect the public relations industry?
The middle class wanted more information about organizations, which meant a greater need for public relations.
The North Star
The most significant African-American newspaper before the Civil War
What factors demonstrate the importance of foreign-language newspapers to immigrants, both past and present?
The newspapers offer immigrants news in a language they understand well, the newspapers give immigrants a close connection to other similar to themselves, and the newspapers offer immigrants stories about homeland news
Environmental Incentives
The notion that real-world incentives can lead observers to ignore the negative vicarious reinforcement they have lead observers to ignore the negative vicarious reinforcement they have learned to associate with a given behavior
What explains the fact that by 1955 movie attendance had dropped to levels even below those during the Great Depression?
The number of people with televisions had greatly increased.
What has happened as a result of cord-cutting in TV?
The number of zero-TV homes has been steadily growing
Time
The passage of time is necessary for innovations to be adopted; they are rarely adopted instantaneously
What ideas formed the driving force behind the legislation that allowed joint operating agreements (JOAs) for newspapers?
The people are best served by the media when there are opposing voices, the truth flows from many different sources of information, and it is important to maintain editorial diversity
The mass communication forum is only as good, fair, and honest as what?
The people who participate in it
Media
The plural of medium
Product Positioning
The practice in advertising of assigning meaning to a product based on who buys the product rather than on the product itself
What led the networks to demand that performers sign loyalty oaths?
The pressure of McCarthyism and the Red Scare
Selective Exposure
The process by which people expose themselves to or attend to only those messages consistent with their preexisting attitudes and beliefs
Mass Communication
The process of creating shared meaning between the mass media and their audiences
What is true about a television network's product and its customers?
The product is programming, which the television network sells to the audience, and the product is the audience, which the television network sells to the advertisers
What was the government's involvement with radio broadcasting in the 1940s?
The public interest informed government regulation
E-Publishing
The publication of books initially or exclusively online
In addition to technology, what is the principal factor contributing to the changes that newspapers face?
The readers
Why use analog?
The real world is analog. Analog is easier technology. Human perception is analog. Analog representations do not require conversion.
Feedback
The response to a given communication
What are the benefits of concentration and conglomeration?
The resulting media companies face less financial instability and large companies can reach a more widespread audience
What best describe the way in which a programming message is delivered in the traditional mass communication process?
The results are finite, with a program either succeeding or failing
What led to the decline of limited effects theory?
The rise of media's influence in the 1960s
News Production Research
The study of how economic and other influences on the way new is produced distort and bias new coverage toward those in power
What is true according to the modern neo-Marxist theory?
The superstructure, which includes religion, politics, and mass media, oppresses people, and people are oppressed by the powers that control the culture
What is vertical integration?
The system in which a studio produces its own movie, distributes it itself and exhibits it in its own theaters
Which of the following directly led to the passage of the Radio Act of 1912?
The sinking of the Titanic
Social System
The social system is the combination of external influences (mass media, organizational or governmental mandates) and internal influences (strong and weak social relationships, distance from opinion leaders).
By the 1850s, cheaper printing and growing literacy had fueled expansion of the magazine. What was an additional factor that provided content?
The spread of social movements
Deregulation has led to just three companies having access to 80% of radio listeners. What is one effect of this change?
There are fewer local public affairs broadcasts.
What are ideas you should recognize to understand mass communication theory?
There are many different mass communication theories, and theories from other fields of science are often borrowed for mass communication theories
What is true about the five largest American movie chains?
They account for more than half of all the screens in the country, and they sell nearly 80% of all tickets in the country
What about the C3 and C7 rating systems is true?
They are considered to be inaccurate and antiquated
What makes books fundamentally different from other mass media?
They are produced and sold as individual units.
What best describes the cultural value of Stephenie Meyer's vampire series and J.K. Rowling's magical volumes?
They are sources of entertainment, escape, and personal reflection
What does it mean to say that dime novels turned books into a mass medium?
They became accessible to a large audience.
Broadcasters blame inaccurate ratings on what?
They believe the undercounting of viewers results in lost ad revenue, and they believe the alleged falloff in prime-time viewers that ratings indicate are false
What was the advantage of 33-1/3 rpm records over the earlier 78 rpm records?
They could play 23 minutes of music instead of about 3 minutes.
How have media conglomerates abandoned their traditional democratic mission?
They have chased profits rather than news, failing to consider the welfare of their readers
Which of the following are reasons why major movie studios continue to cater to young people?
They hope to make money off of licensing deals and product tie-ins, which young people like and they types of films that appeal to young audiences also do well overseas, thus increasing earning potential.
What statement best describes the early newspapers "Acta Diurna" and "Corantos"?
They informed the public about political events
The National Radio Conferences were significant for the radio industry because...
They led to the Radio Act of 1927 and they helped end the chaos that ensued after the Radio Act of 1912
Groupings of channels provided by cable networks at different prices are known as what?
Tiers
Why were early arcade games banned during the 1930s?
They were considered gambling
Which of the following is true about the first movies shown by Edison and the Lumières?
They were shot in fixed fram
What are communications?
Things created
Symbols
Things that have "objective" meaning
Signs
Things that have "subjective" meaning
Eduard-Leon Scott de Martinville may have made the first sound recording, but history traditionally credits whom?
Thomas Edison
Who built the first motion picture studio?
Thomas Edison
The most widely read colonial author during the American Revolution was __________, the author of Common Sense
Thomas Paine
Who was the most widely read colonial author during the American Revolution?
Thomas Paine
According to news production research, the way news is produced biases news coverage toward who?
Those in power
What is true about movie ticket sales today?
Ticket sale revenues continue to decline, and movie industry insiders are nervous about current and future sales.
What contributed to fragmented news?
Time constraints faced by journalists
Multiple Points of Access
To approach media content from a variety of directions and derive from it many levels of meaning
What are the purposes served by commuter papers?
To develop newspaper readers who will eventually by the big-city daily and to draw local advertisers that want to reach young readers
What was the basic purpose of the Motion Picture Production Code?
To forbid profanity and risqué scenes in movies
What are the journalistic purposes of hard news, as opposed to soft news?
To keep people informed, to present multiple sides to the story, and to help people make educated decisions
In what ways are newspapers lowering the barrier between writing and advertising?
To make more money, papers are asking writers to promote products instead of news, and some news departments answer to sales managers rather than editors
The purpose of unaffiliated brand name game sites is what?
To offer games that promote a variety of products
The purpose of a brand-specific game site is what?
To promote a product in a fun way
Why are today's editors under increased pressure from advertisers to meet their demands?
Today's hyper-competitive media environment means magazines are increasingly vulnerable to losing advertisers
What kind of magazines are "Advertising Age" and "American Medical News"?
Trade, professional, and business
Though networks feared that DVRs would have a negative impact on traditional programming sources, the effect has been less negative than anticipated. Why?
Traditional broadcasters rely on DVR playback to boost their ratings and profits.
Which of the following resulted from the rise of satellite radio?
Traditional stations air fewer commercials than before
What is a pilot (TV)?
Trial program
T or F: All sales of digital comics have increased, the sales of traditional comic books have increased as well
True
T or F: Comic book conventions are an important marketing and fan development tool
True
T or F: Comic book geeks have a significant influence on the industry
True
T or F: Comic book publishers did great damage to the industry by overreacting to threats of government censorship
True
T or F: Comic book publishers like to "write for trade," that is they like long stories that extend over 5-6 issues that together can then be published as a softcover or hardcover book
True
T or F: Comic book superheroes had a resurgence/reinvention in the 1960s
True
T or F: Comic books are a tiny part of the U.S. publishing industry
True
T or F: Comic books are an "in between" medium - not really a book and not really a magazine
True
T or F: Comic books are characterized by a strong "geek" factor
True
T or F: Comic books as a mass medium are less than 100 years old
True
T or F: Comic books moved to "direct sales" model through speciality stores in the 1970s
True
T or F: Comic publishers have discovered that an issue with #1 on the cover sells more copies.
True
T or F: Image Comics was founded by former Marvel artists seeking more creative and financial control over their work
True
T or F: Image Title Comics are not dominated by superhereos
True
T or F: Marvel and DC each publish about 50 comics a month
True
T or F: New technologies have dramatically blurred the distinctions among various types of media
True
T or F: People could hear words and music from another location and time via recordings
True
T or F: The New York Sun was a penny press paper
True
T or F: The Superhero genre dominates in comic books
True
T or F: The development of radio and sound recording happened at the same time
True
T or F: The home version of "Trivial Pursuit" is not considered a video game
True
T or F: The major studios Colombia and Fox are owned by non-U.S. conglomerates.
True
Who is involved in interpersonal communication?
Two or a few people
What is an example of a limited effects theory and argues that voter behavior is limited by opinion leaders and followers?
Two-step flow theory
The magazine industry takes in more than $26 billion a year in revenue. About how much of that comes from advertising?
Two-thirds
Mass market paperbacks
Typically published only as paperbacks and are designed to appeal to a broad readership
Jane tells her friend Sally that she is taking her out for a treat but wants to surprise her. So she blindfolds Sally until they arrive at their destination, which is a room with upright chairs that have basins full of water in front of them. When Sally sees this, she realizes that her friend is treating her to a pedicure. Which of the following best describes the way Sally assigns meaning to her surroundings?
Typification scheme
Print on Demand (POD)
Works stored digitally by publishers that can be instantly printed, bound, and sent
Why use digital?
Units are convenient and easy to communicate. A continuous range of information is often not necessary. Computers are good at digital. Often the info lost when using digital does not matter.
What companies were part of the Hollywood studio system that developed in defiance of Edison's Motion Picture Patents Company during the 1910s?
Universal, Paramount, Triangle Company
What are the major recording companies in the U.S.?
Universal, Warner Music Group, and Sony BMG
Remainders
Unsold books returned to publishers to be sold at great discount
What prompted the development of mass society theory?
Urban growth, reactionary cultural leaders, and totalitarian propaganda
What theories are used in current debates over video-game regulation?
Use and gratifications, and limited effects
Edwin S. Porter's "The Great Train Robbery" was the first movie that accomplished what?
Used editing and intercutting of scenes, told a relatively sophisticated tale, and used a mobile camera
Daguerreotype
Used polished metal plates covered with a thin layer of silver iodide emulsion to record images. Exposure times were about 30 minutes. Images were generally still lifes and portraits
Which technology was the first to lead audiences to expect more control over their television-watching experience?
VCR
What are zoned editions of newspapers?
Version of the newspaper that are published for suburban or regional areas
During the 1930s, studios produced their own films, distributed them through their own outlets, and exhibited them in their own theaters in a system known as ________.
Vertical integration
In 1948, 10 years after beginning its case against Hollywood for ______________, the Justice Department issued its _____________ Decision.
Vertical integration; Paramount
The idea that a viewer's feelings are appeased if a character acts out what the viewer desires is known as what?
Vicarious reinforcement
What did Nolan Bushnell discover about video games that led to his financial success?
Video games must be easy to play and must appeal to a wide audience
Stimulation Model
Viewing mediated violence can increase the likelihood of subsequent aggressive behavior
Ritual Perspective
Views media not as a means of transmitting "messages in space" but as central to "the maintenance of society in time"
Telephone calls transferred in digital packets over the Internet rather than on circuit-switched telephone wires are referred to as what?
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP).
Who invented the first advertising agency in 1849?
Volney B. Palmer
Religious Books
Volumes such as Bibles, Korans, and the Sruti
What was largely responsible for the international spread of American movies in the early 20th century?
War in Europe halted European film production but not demand for movies
The term "nonlinear TV" refers to what?
Watching TV programs when we want
Binge Viewing
Watching three or more episodes of a series in one sitting
Observational learning
We are able to acquire new behaviors by watching those behaviors being performed
Inhibitory effects
We are disinclined to perform certain behaviors if we see others treated negatively for performing those behaviors
Disinhibitory effects
We are inclined to perform certain negative behaviors if we see others treated positively for performing those negative behaviors
How does most of the noise in the mass communication process result from our own consumption behavior?
We often consume media at the same time we are doing other things and do not give it our full attention.
What can happen if we ignore the impact of media on our lives?
We will be carried along by it instead of controlling it.
What group did British and early American magazines pursue as their audience in the 1700s?
Wealthy and literate gentlemen
What day of the week are new comic books released?
Wednesday
Which company established the first corporate public relations department in 1889?
Westinghouse Electric
What is the most popular online virtual worlds game?
World of Warcraft
Brand Entertainment
When brands are part of and essential to the program
What best describes censorship (books)?
When someone in authority limits the publication of or access to certain media products
Innovators
Willing to take risks, have the highest social status, have financial liquidity, are social and have the closest contact to scientific sources and interaction with other innovators. High-risk tolerance(expect some or many innovations to fail). Financial resources help absorb these failures
In what way are movies more similar to books than they are to television?
With movies and books, people directly buy a single product to consume.
What category of magazine saw the largest number of new titles during the late 1800s?
Women's magazines
Sensational sex, crime, and disaster news are characteristics of what?
Yellow Journalism
What age groups do major studios target with their movies?
Young adults and teenagers
Which of the following are reasons that it is assumed that young people will read news online?
Young people are accustomed to the interactivity offered by online newspapers and young people have better access to technology than older groups
Why is it difficult for newspapers to attract young readers?
Young readers are not necessarily interested in traditional news, and newspapers struggle with compromising their values in order to hold the attention of young readers
What was the name of Eadweard Muybridge's machine that projected slides onto a distant surface?
Zoopraxiscope
In an attempt to compete with Eadweard Muybridge's ____________, a machine for projecting slides onto a distant surface, Thomas Edison's employee William Dickson created the ________, a very early motion-picture camera
Zoopraxiscope; kinetograph
What is eWatch?
a PR firm that alerts clients to negative references on the Web
What is a pseudo-event?
an event arranged or brought about merely for the sake of the publicity or entertainment value it generates.
What is Slingbox?
a device that allows the transfer of television content to phones or computers
What is the best definition of a video game?
a game in which the action must take place interactively on-screen
What is a focus group?
a group of a targeted public that is interviewed for research
What is an example of a stripped show?
a syndicated show that airs M-F at 5:30 PM
Media that can transmit very specific content to specific audience members, such as personalized newspapers, are known as what?
addressable technologies
Magazines at the beginning of the 20th century were financially supported mostly by
advertisers
One value of ad research is that it can help what?
advertisers avoid costly mistakes
In 3000 BCE Babylonian merchants hired barkers to announce products and prices to passersby. This was an example of what?
advertising
Which of the following drugs is used most by young people?
alcohol
Sound recording improved on the technology of radio by....
allowing people to hear words and music created at a different time
De Tocqueville's "Democracy in America," published in the 19th-century, is an example of a book that is....
an accurate representation of the past when it was written
The primary goal of ad research is to find out whether...
an ad was effective
What is a fixed-fee arrangement?
an arrangement in which a PR firm performs services for a client for a set of money
We watch a news story about a man who tried to save a choking victim getting sued for accidentally hurting her in the process. This makes us less likely to help someone in a similar situation, which is an example of ________ effect.
an inhibitory
Why is the home version of Trivial Pursuit, which uses a DVD to offer video hints, not considered a video game?
because there is no on-screen interaction
The need to ______ and the need for ______ are two major factors that motivate people to use social media.
belong; self-presentation
Pandora and Spotify are examples of which of the following?
bitcasters
A new type of content known a ____________ ______________ involves making brands part of and essential to a program
brand entertainment
Classic games, including word and trivia games, matching games, table games, and card games, are known as _____________ games.
casual
Most of the games played on mobile phones today are ________, such as card and trivia games.
casual games
Social cognitive theorists deflated the idea of ________, or that watching violence in the media reduces people's innate aggressive drive.
catharsis
With taverns and coffeehouses attached to them, print shops in colonial America became
central locations for the collection, exchange, and dissemination of information
Music downloading has increased in part due to ______, subscription-based services that allow users to store files online and access them from computers and digital devices anywhere.
cloud-music services
The picture quality of CATV was improved by the introduction of what?
coaxial cable
The "3" in the audience measure called a C3 rating refers to what?
commercials viewed within 3 days of the airing
In its simplest form, __________ is the transmission of a message from a source to a receiver
communication
What was the first cable system called?
community antenna television
Dime novels, which attracted many new readers in the 1800s...
concentrated on frontier and adventure stories.
CBS Corporation owns the CBS and Showtime television networks, CBS Radio, Charles Scribner's Sons publishing, and a number of other ventures. What is this an example of?
conglomeration
The definition of advertising must be very broad because advertisers
constantly look for new ways to stand out
In the mass communication process, a blogger, the New York Times, and college students who create digital video movies for a website are all what?
content producers
Under the system operation known as vertical integration, the big movie studios in the 1930s...
controlled movies from shooting to screening, guaranteeing their distribution and an audience, and produced their own films, distributed through their own outlets, and exhibited them in their own theaters
What is lobbying?
directly interacting to influence elected officials or government regulators and agents
The idea that media operate primarily to maintain the status quo at the expense of ordinary people is expressed by ______ theory.
critical cultural
What theory argues that the media work to support the status quo?
critical cultural theory
The concept that television heavily influences people's ideas of themselves, their surroundings, and their roles in their world is reflective of _______________ ______________.
cultivation analysis
Theories that assume that our experience of reality is an ongoing, social construction are called ____________ theories.
cultural
Most of the recording industry is owned by a few big companies and, as a result, manufactured music groups dominate the scene. This outcome is known as which of the following?
cultural homogenization
The argument that people increasingly need media content to understand the world, to behave meaningfully, and to escape is ______ theory.
dependency
What theory argues that media is increasingly necessary for people to act effectively in society?
dependency theory
Because of ______________ of the U.S. telecommunications industry in the 1980s and 1990s, one person or company can own as many as eight stations in one market.
deregulation
What does the media department of an ad-agency do?
determines where and when ads should be placed
The Beadle brothers' publications easily attracted readers because they were...
devoted to frontier and adventure stories
The convergence of traditional forms of advertising with the Internet is called
digital advertising
What services does the cable television industry offer today?
digital telephone services, television, and high-speed internet
At its 2011 annual meeting, the American Medical Association voted to encourage magazine industry efforts to discontinue the use of a particular practice. What was the practice?
digitally altering graphics of models' bodies
What best defines morphing in advertising?
digitally combining and transforming images
DirecTV is an example of a major _________ company
direct broadcast satelite
What refers to books that are available online for download onto computers, mobile devices, and dedicated readers?
e-books
On Christmas Day 2009, Amazon.com reported that it sold more ________ books than ________ books.
e-books; hard-copy
Buying products and services online is known as
e-commerce
The publication of books initially or exclusively online is best known as
e-publishing
What materials do newspaper feature services provide?
editorials, horoscopes, editorial cartoons, and comics
Books published for elementary or high schools are commonly simply called ____________-______________ books
el-hi
Regardless of income, the habit of regular reading seems to _________ voting, political activism, participation in culture and fine arts, volunteerism, and charity work.
encourage
As our cultural storytellers, the mass media have a responsibility to tell their stores in the most __________ and __________ manner possible.
ethical; professional
The spread of premium cable was assisted by the diffusion of what kind of technology?
fiber optic cable
In addition to the many tasks normally associated with the distribution component system of the movie industry, film distributors today are also responsible for __________ movies
financing the production of
When a reader is required to pay in order to access some or all of the content of a newspaper, the reader is facing what is known as a ______________ edition.
firewall
Judge Judy and Judge Joe Brown, as well as game and talk shows, are examples of programming produced specifically for sale into syndication on a market-by-market basis. This is called what?
first-run syndication.
The emergence of the limited effects perspective of mass communication is said to have occurred...
following a radio broadcast of The War of the Worlds.
Consumers are brought to a theater where they watch a television program with commercials and are asked their brand preferences before and after the show. This technique is known as
forced exposure
What types of information did colonial newspapers first report?
foreign news, royal proclamations, shipping information, and reprints of articles from London
While movie attendance figures plummeted in 1955, the number of homes with TV sets during the 1950s did what?
greatly increased
What factor especially influenced the role of public relations in American society?
growth of the middle class
What is the unique selling proposition?
highlighting an aspect of a product that sets it apart from other brands
One of the challenges facing modern advertisers is...
hypercommercialism
Product placement and advergaming in video games are examples of what?
hypercommercialism
When Kanye West includes brand names in his song lyrics in exchange for cash, this is an example of what?
hypercommercialism
Modeling, according to social cognitive theory, happens in which two ways?
imitation and identification
During World War I, the U.S. government took over the patents for radio in order to...
improve the technology and help the war effort
The main reason that customers have switched from cable television to DBS is what?
increasing cable rates
Publishers produce titles aimed at readers who buy and carry away __________ units
individual
In the context of mass communication, the term "__________ feedback" refers to feedback that is indirect rather than direct.
inferential
Television executives can wait days or weeks for the ratings of new programs. This is an example of ________.
inferential feedback
As consumers increasingly ignore the traditional forms of advertising, advertisers struggle to be what?
innovative
The practice of combining public relations, marketing, advertising, and promotion into a seamless campaign is known as
integrated marketing communication.
The first large-scale public relations effort in the United States was...
intended to shape public opinion following the nation's entry into World War I.
A believer in the theory of technological determinism would maintain that Europeans' conquest of the Native Americans in the New World was inevitable owing to the...
invention of firearms in the 1200s and their use by Europeans
What did Congress do in 1993, the same year that the game, "Doom" was released for home computers?
investigate the effects of video games on their players
MP3 technology changed music distribution because...
it allows music to be delivered to consumers in a nonphysical form and consumers can make their own CDs from downloaded music files
Despite a high number of unique visitors each month, online-only magazines struggle because...
it is expensive to create all of the original content for the sole revenue stream of an online version
What is a creative specialist?
makes content that meets the communication needs of the client.
In the wake of the Gutenberg revolution, printed materials became the first products in history that were what?
mass produced
The idea that the media are corrupting influences and that "average" people are defenseless against their influence reflects which theory?
mass society theory
Media consumers are becoming less of a __________ audience and are increasingly ____________.
mass; fragmented
Broadcasters believe that ___________ would present a more accurate picture of a show's total audience
measurement of a show's 35-day performance
The ability to understand and use any form of mediated communication effectively and efficiently is known as what?
media literacy
Agenda setting theory argues that...
media may not tell us what to think, but media certainly tell us what to think about
What term describes simultaneously consuming many different kinds of media?
media multitasking
You enjoy The Daily Show both as a television comedy and as a means for learning about current events and political viewpoints. This is an example of using ________.
multiple points of access
What is the majority of advertising that we see in popular magazines and on television?
national consumer advertising
About how much television does the average American watch per week?
nearly 38 hours
The average American today watches...
nearly as many hours of television in one week as the hours worked by a full-time employee
Critics of technological determinism maintain that technology is _________, and that what really matters is how humans _____________ technology.
neutral; use
Mass communication theories are...
often borrowed from other fields, human constructions, and dynamic and changing
The advertising and promotion of a Hollywood feature usually equals about ________ of the production costs
one-half
Traditional, big-time television advertisers, such as BMW, Lincoln-Mercury, and Burger King, are now creating ads for which type of distribution?
online films
Critics of hypercommercialism in books fear that...
only those books with the most synergistic potential will be signed and published
The 1986 Japanese release of Legend of Zelda introduced ________, the concept that players could go wherever they wanted and there were multiple routes to winning.
open structure play
What type of advertising features ads on billboards, transit vehicles, and digital screens on gas pumps?
out-of-home advertising
Claiming that a product is proven to end colds faster when it really does not do so is an example of what?
outright lying
During the mid-1770s, political dissent was stimulated by the printing and circulation of short books called what?
pamphlets
Allen Lane introduced the modern _____________ book when he founded Penguin Books in 1935 in London
paperback
In general, newspaper circulation continues to drop because...
people do not spend as much time reading the newspaper
MoveOn.org is a website where
people organize independent political actions.
The "picture dots" used to produce an image are also known as what?
pixels
Home television is an example of a media ____________.
platform
The means of delivering a specific piece of media content is called a what?
platform
A majority of video-game _________ want game makers to rely less ons sequels and licensed material.
players
Critiquing society's failure to take advantage of advances in communication, James Cary wrote in 1975 that we have tended to view such advances "as opportunities for...
politics and economics."
What motivates companies to pursue syndication?
potentially huge profits
Theatrical films are movies that are...
produced originally for theater exhibition
Champs Sports, featured in the game Arena Football, encourages shoppers in its stores to play the game on specially designed kiosks in order to win Champs merchandise. This is an example of what?
product placement
One goal of public service advertising is to
promote themes of importance
"Midnight Madness Sale" and "Back to School Sale" are examples of ______ advertising.
promotional retail
During four network television seasons, designated drivers were embedded into the story lines of 160 different prime-time shows. This is an example of what?
prosocial programming.
According to the ad-pull policy, if an advertiser is dissatisfied with an advance review of a magazine's content, what can it do?
remove its ads from the magazine
According to dissonance theory, people consume, remember, and interpret information using three interrelated _____________ processes
selective
In 2013, Edward Snowden...
revealed that the U.S. government was constantly tracking most online activity.
Advertising that appears in search results produced by users' keyword searches is called ___________ marketing
search
Why would people want to challenge the mainstream culture?
so they can create their own ways of thinking, feeling, and acting
Why do many Internet users set up RSS feeds?
so they can personally create content from all the of online material available
The idea that people learn through observation is ______ theory.
social cognitive
The concept that people learn by observing and copying behaviors is reflective of ______________ ______________ _____________
social cognitive theory
Mass communication theories attempt to explain or predict which of the following?
social phenomena
In communication studies, culture is __________ constructed.
socially
A television producer who sells programs for airing on stations on a market-by-market basis is following a practice known as what?
syndication
Media literacy tends to be something we ______________, but as with most skills, we can become _____________ at it over time.
take for granted; better
The notion that machines and their development drive economic and cultural change is referred to as ________.
technological determinism
In-band-on-channel (IBOC) technology is used in which type of radio broadcasts?
terrestrial digital radio
Advergaming is a form of video-game advertising in which...
the brand itself becomes the game
What happened in 1971 as a direct result of the increasing focus on the unique selling proposition of products?
the creation of the National Advertising Review Board to monitor advertisements
What was The Weekly News?
the first English newsbook containing ads
The Book of ____________ ____________ Club, which began in 1926, is perhaps the best-known book club.
the month
IFC Entertainment, along with director Steven Soderbergh and Mark Cuban's Landmark Theaters, are all proponents of a new trend in distribution, which is
the simultaneous release of movies to theaters, DVD, and cable video-on-demand
When someone argues that she is not influenced by the notions of feminine beauty as expressed in advertising, this is an example of ________.
the third-person effect
Television commercials, which allowed for the demonstration of a product, led to
the unique selling proposition.
The books The Hucksters and The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit are important because
they provided readers with a highly negative picture of the public relations industry.
The early minority newspapers, such as those of Frederick Douglass, can be considered good examples of the democratic function of journalism because...
they served both as a tool to teach the community about their rights and as a call to action to fight for freedom
E-books account for about a ________ of all book sales in the US
third
Companies that create games for existing systems are called what?
third-party publishers
Books based on successful, popular television programs and movies are known as what?
tie-in novels
TV networks in the 1950s mostly acted as what?
time brokers
VCRs allowed TV viewers to tape a show for later viewing, also known as what?
time-shifting
Why did many corporations establish in-house public relations departments in the 1930s?
to counter people's distrust of business
Why would media industry practitioners today continue to defend the theory of catharsis?
to demonstrate that viewing violence can actually be helpful to an audience
Why do many Americans enjoy moving from one bounded culture to another?
to embrace the richness of various cultural heritages
What is the job of media specialists in a public relations firm or department?
to find the right media for the client's message
According to a statement made by Judy Phair as president of the Public Relations Society of America, "For public relations to be effective, it had to be built on public _________."
trust
The direct relationship between publisher and reader makes books ___________ _________ from other types of mass media.
uniquely different
A proposal whereby cable customers would pay for their service on a channel-by-channel basis is called what?
à la carte pricing.