K101 final exam
Lichens reproduce primarily asexually by ____________, which are fragments of the body of the lichen. a) conidia b) soredia c) asci d) thalli
soredia
When bread gets moldy with visible black or blue spots, you are looking at masses of the colored: a) spores. b) hyphae. c) mycelia. d) ascocarps. e) thalli.
spores.
The receptive portion of a flower that receives the pollen is the a) ovary b) stigma c) anther d) carpel e) anther
stigma
Domain Archaea consists of organisms a) that cause numerous human diseases such as tuberculosis (TB) and food poisoning b) that prefer extreme environments such as very salty, very hot, or lacking oxygen c) that are closely related to single-celled eukaryotes like amoebas d) that are eukaryotic e) all of the above
that prefer extreme environments such as very salty, very hot, or lacking oxygen
In an plant with a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 46, how many pairs of homologous chromosomes are present in a cell that has just entered Meiosis II? a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) 23 e) 46
0
First fungi first appeared
1.3 billions years ago
First eukaryotes (protists) first appeared
1.5 billions years ago
Substrate-level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of the ATP formed during glycolysis? a) 0% b) 2% c) 10% d) 38% e) 100%
100%
A double-stranded DNA molecule contains a total of 120 purines and 120 pyrimidines. This DNA molecule could be comprised of , respectively a) 120 adenine and 120 uracil molecules. b) 120 thymine and 120 adenine molecules. c) 120 cytosine and 120 thymine molecules. d) 120 adenine and 120 thymine molecules.
120 adenine and 120 thymine molecules.
First flowering plants first appeared
130 million years ago
The cells in this mushroom are a) 1= haploid, 2 = diploid b) 1= dikaryotic, 2 = haploid c) 1= diploid, 2 = haploid d) 1= dikaryotic 2 = diploid e) 1= haploid, 2 = dikaryotic
1= dikaryotic 2 = Diploid
A fruitfly with red eyes and leg bristles (genotype RrBb) was mated with a white-eyed fly lacking bristles (rrbb). Five hundred offspring were counted, with the following results: 58 Rrbb offspring; 62 rrBb offspring; 200 RrBb offspring; 180 rrbb offspring. Based on these results, how much distance is between these two genes on the chromosome? a) 24% (24 map units) b) 58% (58 map units) c) 60% (60 map units) d) 76 % (76 map units) e) 100% (100 map units)
24% (24 map units)
In the bacteriophage shown at right, the functions of the structures labeled 2 and 3, respectively, are a) 2= protection of the genetic material, 3= locomotion. b) 2= mate recognition, 3= attachment to a host cell c) 2= protection of the genetic material, 3= replication. d) 2= to take over host cell mechanisms, 3= attachment to a host cell. e) 2= protection of the genetic material, 3= attachment to a host cell
2= protection of the genetic material, 3= attachment to a host cell
First photosynthetic bacteria first appeared
3.2 billion years ago
First bacterial life (Archaea) first appeared
3.8 billion years ago
First seed plants first appeared
360 millions years ago
First pteridophytes (ferns) first appeared
410 millions years ago
First land plants (bryophytes) first appeared
440 millions years ago
In a population with two alleles for cystic fibrosis, C and c, the frequency the recessive allele is 0.6. What percent of the population would be heterozygous carriers for cystic fibrosis if the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? a) 16% b) 36% c) 40% d) 48% e) 64%
48%
An Okazaki fragment has which of the following arrangements? a) primase, polymerase, ligase b) 3' RNA nucleotides, DNA nucleotides 5' c) 5' RNA nucleotides, DNA nucleotides 3' d) DNA polymerase I, DNA polymerase III e) 5' DNA to 3'
5' RNA nucleotides, DNA nucleotides 3'
First animals (ie: jellyfish) first appeared
700 million years ago
In addition to seeds, which of the following are characteristics unique to seed-producing land plants? a) A haploid gametophyte within tissues of a diploid sporophyte b) Lignin present in cell walls c) Pollen d) All of the above e) A and c only
A haploid gametophyte within tissues of a diploid sporophyte Pollen
A coenocytic mycelium is: a) A mesh of branched filaments produced by spores. b) Formed of hyphae with chitin-reinforced walls. c) A mycelium characterized by long hyphal cells with hundreds or thousands of nuclei. d) Characteristic of the zygomycota e) All of these are correct.
A mesh of branched filaments produced by spores. Formed of hyphae with chitin-reinforced walls. A mycelium characterized by long hyphal cells with hundreds or thousands of nuclei. Characteristic of the zygomycota
The human Crystalline gene is contained in the genome of every cell of a human, but is only expressed (made into protein) in the lens of the eye. This is because a) The crystalline gene is spliced out of the genome early in embryonic development in all cells in the body except lens cells b) Activator proteins (transcription factors) that bind to regulatory regions of the crystalline gene are only found in the lens cells c) The crystalline gene has specific promoter and enhancer control elements that bind to only lens-specific activator proteins d) All of the above e) b and c only
Activator proteins (transcription factors) that bind to regulatory regions of the crystalline gene are only found in the lens cells The crystalline gene has specific promoter and enhancer control elements that bind to only lens-specific activator proteins
Consuming even a single mushroom of the genus _______________ can be fatal due to the irreversible inhibition of the enzyme RNA polymerase. a) Agaricus b) Shittake c) Portobello d) Amanita e) Oyster
Amanita
Which one of the following is mismatched? a) Bread mold - zygomycetes b) Sac fungi - Ascomycota c) Yeast - Ascomycota d) Amanita mushrooms - Ascomycota e) Shelf fungi - Basidiiomycota
Amanita mushrooms - Ascomycota
Entamoeba histolytica, a parasite that is the causative agent of Amoebic Dysentery, crawls through the small intestine of its victims via pseudopod formation. Based on this information, Entamoeba histolytica is a member of the clade a) Euglenozoa b) Amoebozoa c) Alveolata d) Stramenopila
Amoebozoa
Bacillus anthraxis causes:
Anthrax
The products of meiosis released by this fungus (arrow indicated by 3): a) Are haploid b) Are diploid c) Are called basidiospores d) Are called conidia e) A and b only f) A and C only
Are haploid Are called basidiospores
Marfan's
Autosomal dominant condition
Polydactyly
Autosomal dominant condition
Cystic Fibrosis
Autosomal recessive condition
Tay Sachs
Autosomal recessive condition
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) both function to "silence" genes, by a) Causing chromatin de-acetylation and tight winding of the DNA b) Acting as a release factor to cause ribosome disassembly c) Activating the Dicer enzyme to rapidly degrade the mRNA d) Binding to complementary RNA sequences to prevent translation e) Binding to complementary DNA sequences to prevent transcription
Binding to complementary RNA sequences to prevent translation
Which example below is a characteristic shared by all excavates (diplomonads and parabasalids): a) Both lack nuclei. b) Both are adapted to anaerobic environments. c) Both lack, or have highly reduced, mitochondria. d) Both have a single flagellum. e) Both have two nuclei and 4 flagella
Both lack, or have highly reduced, mitochondria.
Clostridium botulinum causes:
Botulism (food poisoning)
The structure in the accompanying figure labeled C (outermost layer) is ___, and the structure indicated by the letter I is _____:
C - the capsule, I - the flagella
Which of the following statements describes the results of this reaction? C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy a) C6H12O6 is oxidized and O2 is reduced. b) O2 is oxidized and H2O is reduced. c) CO2 is reduced and O2 is oxidized. d) C6H12O6 is reduced and CO2 is oxidized. e) O2 is reduced and CO2 is oxidized.
C6H12O6 is oxidized and O2 is reduced.
Which of the following would likely move through the lipid bilayer of a plasma membrane most rapidly? a) CO2 and O2 b) Glutamic acid, an amino acid c) Glucose d) NaCl and H2O e) Starch
CO2 and O2
Trypanosomes are eukaryotes that are currently classified in the Clade a) Amoebozoa, since Trypanosomes move by lobe-like amoeboid motion b) Cercozoa, since Trypanosomes move by threadlike pseudopods c) Stramenopilia (Heterokonts), since trypanosomes have a tinsel and a smooth flagella d) Euglenozoa, since trypanosomes have a flagella with a spiral crystalline rod e) Alveolata, since trypanosomes have sac-like alveoli underneath their plasma membrane
Euglenozoa, since trypanosomes have a flagella with a spiral crystalline rod
the H5N1 Influenza virus a) Caused a worldwide influenza pandemic in 1918 b) Caused the deaths of 40 million people worldwide during World War I c) Is highly similar genetically to the current virus responsible for deadly "Bird Flu" or Avian Flu d) Is a retrovirus that mutates easily and often due to 'sloppy' replication enzymes e) All of the above
Caused a worldwide influenza pandemic in 1918 Caused the deaths of 40 million people worldwide during World War I Is highly similar genetically to the current virus responsible for deadly "Bird Flu" or Avian Flu Is a retrovirus that mutates easily and often due to 'sloppy' replication enzymes
In this extreme close-up of the female gametophyte of a flowering plant, 1 round of meiosis and then one mitotic division gives rise to a gametophyte with 8 nuclei in 7 cells (see class powerpoint for more details). Which cells will be fertilized by the 2 pollen nuclei (seen making their way down the pollen tube), and which of the following will happen as a result? a) Cell 5 will be fertilized, which will become the 2n embryo b) Cell 2 will be fertilized, which will become the 2n embryo c) Cells 7 and 8 will be fertilized, which will become the 3n endosperm d) Cells 4 and 6 will be fertilized, which will become the 3n endosperm e) a and c f) b and d
Cell 5 will be fertilized, which will become the 2n embryo Cells 7 and 8 will be fertilized, which will become the 3n endosperm
What type of protists have formed massive deposits of chalk, as seen in the White Cliffs of Dover? a) Diatoms b) Dinoflagellates c) Alveolates (Ciliates) d) Cerozoans (Forams) e) Euglenas
Cerozoans (Forams)
Scientific evidence indicates one of the following photosynthetic organisms is likely to be the direct ancestors of plants. a) Volvox b) Cyanobacteria c) Giant kelps d) Chara e) Ulva, the sea lettuce
Chara
Parenchyma cells specialized in function for photosynthesis are:
Chlorenchyma
Calvin cycle occurs in:
Chloroplast stroma
Cells with unevenly thickened primary walls that support young, growing parts of a plant are:
Collenchyma
DNA and rRNA analysis indicates that modern fungi descended from a) Plants b) Diatoms and other protists with a shell made of chitin c) Colonial, flagellated protists similar to choanoflagellates d) Colonial, photosynthesic protists similar to volvox e) Protists that have large masses of amoeboid cells like plasmidial slime molds
Colonial, flagellated protists similar to choanoflagellates
Living cells that do not conduct sugar themselves but play a crucial role in assisting the movement of sugars in sieve tubes are called. a) Sieve plates b) Tracheids c) Companion cells
Companion cells
Which one of the following is mismatched? a) Mushroom - Basidiomycetes b) Sac fungi - Ascomycetes c) Club fungi - Basidiomycetes d) Puff balls - Basidiomycetes e) Corn smut - Ascomycetes
Corn smut - Ascomycetes
Aspergillus soyae, one of the fungi used commercially to make soy sauce, reproduces asexually via conidia but has no known sexual cycle. It is thus classified as one of the a) Ascomycota b) Basidiomycota c) Deuteromycota d) Zygomycota e) Oomycota
Deuteromycota
Among the protists below, which typically moves with one "tinsel" flagella and one "smooth" flagella? a) Stentor b) Euglena c) Trypanosoma d) Plasmodium e) Diatoms
Diatoms
The activation of receptor tyrosine kinases (R-TKs) is always characterized by a) Dimerization and auto-phosphorylation. b) Activation of adenylyl cyclase c) A phosphorylation cascade. d) GTP hydrolysis. e) Phosphorylation of Protein Kinase A .
Dimerization and auto-phosphorylation.
Achondroplasia
Dominant lethal condition
In the age of the dinosaurs (~100 million years ago), these plants were tree-sized and the dominant plants of the Carboniferous period. (Today, only 1 genus remains). a) Equisetum ,the horsetails b) Lycopodium, the club moss c) Psilotum, the whisk fern d) Polypodium, a true fern
Equisetum ,the horsetails
Which of the following groups of prokaryotes might be found in the Great Salt Lake, the Red Sea, the Dead Sea, but NOT necessarily in the ocean? a) Cyanobacteria b) Methanogens c) Gram Positive Eubacteria d) Proteobacteria. e) Extreme Halophiles
Extreme Halophiles
_____________ Archaebacteria are typically found in abnormally hot environments, whereas ______________ Archaebacteria are typically found in swampy environments lacking oxygen. a) Extreme halophile, methanogens b) Extreme thermophile, methanogens c) Pyrrhanogen, Extreme halophile d) Methanogens, Extreme thermophile e) Gram positive, Gram negative.
Extreme thermophile, methanogens
The defining reproductive adaptation of angiosperms is the a) Flower b) Gymnosperm c) Sporophyte d) Gametophyte
Flower
Up to 60% of all medicines used today exert their effects by influencing what structures in the cell membrane? a) Receptor tyrosine-kinases b) Epinephrine receptors c) Growth factors d) G-protein linked receptors e) Steroid hormone receptors
G-protein linked receptors
Protists like ____________________ represent an intermediate stage in eukaryotic evolution when cells each had two haploid nuclei but fusion to become a true diploid organism had not occurred. a) Plasmodium b) Amoeba c) Euglena d) Giardia e) Paramecium
Giardia
Which parasitic protist has 2 haploid nuclei, 2 pairs of flagella, remnants of mitochondrial genes (but no intact mitochondria) and lives and reproduces in the small intestines of mammals? a) Chara b) Giaridia c) Amoeba d) Stentor e) Volvox
Giaridia
Which of the following correctly describes the energy payoffs in cellular respiration (before oxidative phosphorylation)? a) Glycolysis: 2 ATPs net, 2 NADH b) Transition reaction 2 NADH c) Kreb's cycle 4 NADH, 2 FADH2 d) All of the above e) A and b only
Glycolysis: 2 ATPs net, 2 NADH Transition reaction 2 NADH Kreb's cycle 4 NADH, 2 FADH2
Neisseria gonorrhea causes:
Gonorrhea
The mitochondria of eukaryotic cells most likely arose as a result of endosymbiosis between a eukaryotic cell and a a) Cyanobacteria (Blue-green bacteria). b) Gram (-) bacterium like Rickettsia. c) Gram (+) bacterium like Bacillus d) Gram (-) bacterium like E. coli e) Spiral bacteria like spirochaetes
Gram (-) bacterium like Rickettsia.
Which of the following groups of prokaryotes contains the genus Clostridium, responsible for the human diseases tetanus and botulism? a) Spirochetes b) Cyanobacteria c) Methanogens d) Gram Positive Eubacteria e) Proteobacteria
Gram Positive Eubacteria
Specialized cells of the dermal system in plants that function in gas exchange are called a) Cuticle cells b) Trichomes c) Periderm d) Guard cells e) Companion cells
Guard cells
In human females, one X chromosome per cell is randomly inactivated during early embryonic development, forming a Barr Body. Much of the DNA in this chromosome is then in the form of a) Introns b) Chromosome puffs c) Heterochromatin d) Euchromatin e) Tetrads
Heterochromatin
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are found at high levels on various cancer cells. A protein, Herceptin, has been found to bind to an RTK known as HER2. This information can now be utilized in breast cancer treatment if which of the following is true? a) If Herceptin is found in the breast lymph nodes of the patient. b) If HER2, administered by injection, is in sufficient concentration. c) If the patient's cancer cells have detectable HER2. d) If the patient's genome codes for the HER2 receptor. e) If the patient's genome codes for the manufacture of Herceptin.
If the patient's genome codes for the HER2 receptor.
Which is a key difference between alternation of generations in plants and sexual reproduction in non-plant organisms? a) In plants, the haploid and diploid stages are both multicellular. b) In plants, only the haploid stage is multicellular. c) In plants, the haploid generation is always dependent on the diploid generation. d) In other sexually reproducing organisms, the haploid and diploid generations are both multicellular. e) In other sexually reproducing organisms, the fusion of gametes forms a zygote before an embryo.
In plants, the haploid and diploid stages are both multicellular.
In the fern life cycle shown at right, where is the process of meiosis taking place? a) In the archaegonium - A b) In the fern sori - A c) In the diploid zygote - B d) In the heart-shaped Prothallus - C e) In the fiddlehead - D
In the fern sori - A
What is the effect of a nonsense mutation in a gene? a) It changes an amino acid in the encoded protein. b) It has no effect on the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein. c) It introduces a premature stop codon into the mRNA. d) It alters the reading frame of the mRNA. e) It prevents introns from being excised.
It introduces a premature stop codon into the mRNA.
Which of the following is NOT true about Rubisco? a) It is a carboxylase b) It is an oxygenase c) It is a kinase d) It is the most abundant protein in the world e) It fixes carbon dioxide into an organic form
It is a kinase
The "dots" on the underside of a fern frond are spore cases; therefore, what is true of the plant to which the frond belongs? a) It is a spore. b) It is a gamete. c) It is a sporophyte. d) It is a gametophyte. e) It is a spermatophyte.
It is a sporophyte.
What makes rRNA (or another sequence) a good 'evolutionary chronometer'? a) It is universally distributed across group chosen - all organisms have rRNA. b) It is functionaly similar between organisms - rRNAs all participate in protein synthesis. c) Its sequence changes slowly - good for looking across long periods of time d) The rRNA sequences can be aligned, or matched up, between 2 organisms. e) All of the above
It is universally distributed across group chosen - all organisms have rRNA. It is functionaly similar between organisms - rRNAs all participate in protein synthesis. Its sequence changes slowly - good for looking across long periods of time The rRNA sequences can be aligned, or matched up, between 2 organisms.
In the pGLO lab, how could you confirm that a transformed cell was expressing the bla gene (b-lactamase) ? a) It would fluoresce green b) It would grow on Amp plates c) If would not grow on 'LB only' plates d) If would only grow on 'LB only' plates
It would grow on Amp plates
Which of the following statements about meristematic tissue is false? a) It is found at the tips of all roots. b) It is found at the tips of all stems. c) It is capable of continually dividing throughout the life of the plant. d) Its cells are incapable of differentiating.
Its cells are incapable of differentiating.
Why is ATP an important molecule in metabolism? a) Its hydrolysis provides an input of free energy for exergonic reactions. b) It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions. c) Its terminal phosphate group coan unusually strong covalent bond that when hydrolyzed releases free energy. d) A and B only e) A, B and C
Its hydrolysis provides an input of free energy for exergonic reactions. It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions. Its terminal phosphate group coan unusually strong covalent bond that when hydrolyzed releases free energy.
When the function of the newly made polypeptide is to be secreted from the cell where it has been made, what must occur? a) It must be translated by a ribosome that remains free of attachment to the ER. b) Its signal sequence must target it to the ER, from which it goes to the Golgi. c) It has a signal sequence that must be cleaved off before it can enter the ER. d) It has a signal sequence that targets it to the cell's plasma membrane where it causes exocytosis. e) Its signal sequence causes it to be encased in a vesicle as soon as it is translated.
Its signal sequence must target it to the ER, from which it goes to the Golgi.
Proton Gradient in cellular respiration occurs in:
Mitochondrial inner membrane space
Krebs cycle occurs in:
Mitochondrial matrix
Schizophrenia
Multifactorial condition
In E. coli, there is a mutation in a gene called dnaB that alters the helicase that normally acts at the origin. Which of the following would you expect as a result of this mutation? a) No proofreading will occur. b) No replication fork will be formed. c) The DNA will supercoil. d) Replication will occur via RNA polymerase alone. e) Replication will require a DNA template from another source
No replication fork will be formed.
It is found in the center of a woody tree. If you were able to start your car your car at the center of a large redwood tree and than drive out to the bark, you would cross, in this order a) Young wood, old wood, oldest wood, vascular cambium, phloem, periderm b) Oldest wood, old wood, young wood, vascular cambium, phloem, periderm c) Periderm, phloem, vascular cambium, oldest wood, old wood, youngest wood d) Young wood, old wood, oldest wood, vascular cambium, periderm, phloem e) Oldest wood, old wood, young wood, vascular cambium, periderm, phloem
Oldest wood, old wood, young wood, vascular cambium, phloem, periderm
The Prion Hypothesis (Dr. Stanley Pruissner) states that a) Mad cow disease is caused by eating beef tainted with abnormally folded prion proteins. b) Cooking beef or lamb infected with prion proteins will destroy the prions, making the meat safe to eat. c) Kuru, a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in humans, can be caused by the religious practice of ritual cannibalism. d) Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies result from the conversion of normal PrP-c to an abnormally folded PrP-sc state e) Prion particles infect cells of the brain and redirect the cell's protein synthesis machinery to replicate new prion particles in the neurons responsible for memory
Prion particles infect cells of the brain and redirect the cell's protein synthesis machinery to replicate new prion particles in the neurons responsible for memory
Which of the following groups of prokaryotes in the figure above contains the bacteria Helicobacter pylori, responsible for the human ulcers, and E. coli, beneficial intestinal bacteria in humans? a) Thermophiles b) Cyanobacteria c) Methanogens d) Gram Positive Eubacteria e) Proteobacteria
Proteobacteria
Organisms most closely related at the DNA level to eukaryotic mitochondria are ______________, and most closely related to eukaryotic chloroplasts are _________________: a) Proteobacteria, cyanobacteria. b) Proteobacteria, green sulfur bacteria. c) Eubacteria, green sulfur bacteria. d) Eubacteria, cyanobacteria. e) E. coli, green sulfur bacteria
Proteobacteria, cyanobacteria.
Which of the 4 kinase enzymes in glycolysis might be the enzyme shown in the figure below? a) Hexokinase b) Pyruvate Kinase (PK) c) Phosphofructokinase (PFK) d) Phosphoglycerokinase (PGK) e) a and c f) b and d
Pyruvate Kinase (PK) Phosphoglycerokinase (PGK)
The five stages of a viral infection are attachment, penetration, _____________, assembly, and release a) Lysis b) Integration c) Lysogenesis d) Transduction e) Replication
Replication
An example of a unicellular fungus is: a) Bread mold. b) Saccharomyces cereviscieae. c) Candida albicans d) Penicillium fungus e) B and c
Saccharomyces cereviscieae. Candida albicans
Primary growth in a young stem occurs at the a) Root apical meristem b) Lateral meristem c) Shoot apical meristem d) Vascular cambium e) Epidermis
Shoot apical meristem
Living cells that lack nuclei and ribosomes are:
Sieve Tubes
Extracellular Matrix
Site of cell-cell adhesion and cell recognition
Nucleus
Site of transcription of mRNA and tRNA for protein synthesis
Golgi apparatus
Sorting of proteins targeted for extracellular secretion
Helicobacter pylori causes:
Stomach ulcers
Mitochondria
Synthesis of ATP via oxidative phosphorylation
All of the following are functions of integral membrane proteins except a) Cell - cell adhesion. b) Synthesis of hormones. c) Active transport of ions. d) Reception of hormone signals like epinephrine. e) Attachment to the extracellular membrane.
Synthesis of hormones
Rough ER
Synthesis of the insulin receptor, a transmembrane glycoprotein
Smooth ER
Synthesis of the steroid hormone testosterone
Clostridium tetani causes:
Tetanus ("Lockjaw")
All of the following are DNA viruses except: a) The Herpes virus that causes cold sores b) The Influenza virus that causes the 'flu. c) The Pox-viruses that cause chicken pox d) The Human Papilloma virus that causes cervical cancer e) The Parvoviruses that cause the common cold
The Influenza virus that causes the 'flu.
An experimenter has altered the 3' end of the tRNA corresponding to the amino acid methionine in such a way as to remove the 3' AC. Which of the following hypotheses describes the most likely result? a) tRNA will not form a cloverleaf. b) The nearby stem end will pair improperly. c) The amino acid methionine will not bind. d) The anticodon will not bind with the mRNA codon. e) The aminoacylsynthetase will not be formed.
The amino acid methionine will not bind.
Following fertilization, an unequal division of the cytoplasm occurs to split the embryo into two cells. Which of the following is true? a) The upper, terminal cell becomes the embryo and eventually the new plant b) The lower, basal cell becomes the suspensor and anchors the embryo within the seed c) The upper, terminal cell becomes the endosperm d) a and b only e) b and c only
The upper, terminal cell becomes the embryo and eventually the new plant The lower, basal cell becomes the suspensor and anchors the embryo within the seed
After transformation of HB101 by pGLO, why are the cells grown in LB broth for 20 minutes before plating on Amp plates? a) The Green Fluorescent Protein takes 20 minutes to be transcribed and translated b) The pGLO plasmid does not fully enter the HB101 cells until 20 minutes after the heat shock c) The Arabinose promoter needs at least 20 minutes before RNA polymerase can bind to the promoter d) There is a phenotypic lag of ~20 minutes before the b-lactamase gene for Amp resistance can be expressed e) The HB101 bacteria are weak after the heat shock treatment, and need 20 minutes to recover
There is a phenotypic lag of ~20 minutes before the b-lactamase gene for Amp resistance can be expressed
What do the four elements most abundant in life-carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen-have in common? a) They all have the same number of valence electrons b) Each element exists in only one isotopic form c) They are equal in electronegativity d) They are elements produced only by living cells e) They all have unpaired electrons in their valence shells.
They all have unpaired electrons in their valence shells.
Which of the following is true about Radiolarans? a) They cause periodic red tides, poisoning shellfish and the people who eat the shellfish b) They capture prey through the use of thread-like pseudopods c) They have a test (shell) of calcium carbonate (chalk) d) B and c e) All of the above
They capture prey through the use of thread-like pseudopods They have a test (shell) of calcium carbonate (chalk)
What is the role of large cells called heterocysts in a cyanobacterial filament? a) They carry out both cellular respiration. b) They carry out nitrogen fixation. c) They carry out photosynthesis. d) They oxidize inorganic substances to obtain energy. e) They store endospores.
They carry out nitrogen fixation.
Proton Gradient in Light reactions occur in:
Thylakoid lumen
Light reactions occur in:
Thylakoid membrane
Secondary plant tissue produced by the vascular cambium includes except a) essel elements b) Sieve cells c) Tracheids d) Trichomes e) Companion cells
Tracheids
Thin, tapered water transport cells with numerous pits are:
Tracheids
Retroviruses like the HIV virus differ from other viruses by: a) Using the enzyme reverse transcriptase to copy their RNA into DNA. b) the shape of their capsid. c) the way they infect their host cells. d) the sugar coating on their capsids. e) lytically destroying their hosts.
Using the enzyme reverse transcriptase to copy their RNA into DNA.
Prion diseases of humans include: a) Kuru. b) Scrapie. c) Mad Cow Disease. d) Variant Creutfeld-Jacob disease (vCJD). e) A and D
Variant Creutfeld-Jacob disease (vCJD).
Thick, barrel shaped cells with end plate perforations are:
Vessel Elements
In freshwater ciliates, special organelles called_______________________ control water regulation. a) flagella b) contractile vacuole c) food vacuole d) lysosome e) peroxisome
contractile vacuole
Mammalian blood contains the equivalent of 0.15 M NaCl. Seawater contains the equivalent of 0.45 M NaCl. What will happen if red blood cells are transferred to seawater? a) Water will leave the cells, causing them to shrivel and collapse. b) NaCl will be exported from the red blood cells by facilitated diffusion. c) The blood cells will take up water, swell, and eventually burst. d) NaCl will passively diffuse into the red blood cells. e) The blood cells will expend ATP for active transport of NaCl into the cytoplasm.
Water will leave the cells, causing them to shrivel and collapse.
Hemophilia
X-linked condition
Of the following, which is the most current description of a gene? a) a unit of heredity that causes formation of a phenotypic characteristic b) a DNA subunit that codes for a single complete protein c) a DNA sequence that is expressed to form a functional product: either RNA or polypeptide d) a DNA—RNA sequence combination that results in an enzymatic product e) a discrete unit of hereditary information that consists of a sequence of amino acids
a DNA sequence that is expressed to form a functional product: either RNA or polypeptide
A wildlife pathologist is examining some skin tissue from a dead frog. She notes the presence of a fungus. She cultures some of the fungal cells and notices that some of the cells are flagellated. She concludes that the frog has a disease caused by a) an ascomycete fungus. b) a zygomycete fungus. c) a basdiomycete fungus. d) a chytridomycete fungus.
a chytridomycete fungus.
The most commonly occurring mutation in people with cystic fibrosis is a deletion of a single codon. This results in a) a base-pair substitution. b) a nucleotide mismatch. c) a frameshift mutation. d) a polypeptide missing an amino acid. e) a nonsense mutation.
a polypeptide missing an amino acid.
Most bacterial cells keep from bursting in a hypotonic environment by a) an efficient water pump. b) a tough cell membrane. c) pumping large quantities of salts into the cell. d) a rigid cell wall. e) a stiff capsule.
a rigid cell wall.
When translating secretory or membrane proteins, ribosomes are directed to the ER membrane by a) a specific characteristic that identifies it as a "bound" ribosome itself. b) a signal-recognition particle that brings ribosomes to a receptor protein in the ER membrane. c) moving through a specialized channel of the nucleus. d) a chemical signal given off by the ER. e) a signal sequence of RNA that precedes the start codon of the message.
a signal-recognition particle that brings ribosomes to a receptor protein in the ER membrane.
The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event? a) glycolysis b) accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain c) the citric acid cycle d) the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA e) the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP
accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain
Claviceps purpurea infests grain like rye and produces _______________, a precursor of LSD which, if accidentally ingested, can cause hallucinations and even death. a) an ergot b) a smut c) a rust d) a brown rot e) a mildew
an ergot
A pea pod is formed from _____. A pea inside the pod is formed from _____. a) an ovule ... a carpel b) an ovary ... an ovule c) an ovary ... a pollen grain d) an anther ... an ovule e) endosperm ... an ovary
an ovary ... an ovule
The most recent group of plants to evolve are the: a) gymnosperms. b) hornworts. c) angiosperms. d) conifers. e) gnetophytes.
angiosperms.
Fertilization in moss occurs when sperm swim from a(n) _____ and down the neck of a(n) a) antheridium ... sporangium b) sporangium ... antheridium c) antheridium ... archegonium d) archegonium ... antheridium e) sporangium ... archegonium
antheridium ... archegonium
Proteins that are manufactured for secretion (export from the cell): a) are made in the smooth ER and packaged in transport vesicles b) have carbohydrates covalently added when the proteins are in transport vesicles c) are made in the cytosol and transported across the ER membrane d) are moved to the outside of a cell by threading the protein through special pores in the plasma membrane e) are made in the rough ER and packaged in transport vesicles
are made in the rough ER and packaged in transport vesicles
Bacteria that _____ tend to have abundant internal membranes a) are phototosynthetic b) are gram-negative c) have flagella d) are pathogenic e) all of the above
are phototosynthetic
Viruses: a) are very tiny cells on the order of 500 nm. b) contain both RNA and DNA. c) cannot independently perform metabolic activities. d) have a standard morphology that includes a capsid, tail, and tail fibers. e) All of the above.
are very tiny cells on the order of 500 nm. contain both RNA and DNA. cannot independently perform metabolic activities. have a standard morphology that includes a capsid, tail, and tail fibers.
The sac fungi are characterized by sexual reproductive structures called__________ and asexual reproductive structures called _____________: a) asci, conidia. b) basidia, sporangia c) gemmae cups, conidia. d) conidiophores, ascocarps e) conidia, asci
asci, conidia.
The club fungi typically reproduce by producing: a) zygospores. b) ascospores. c) asci. d) basidiocarps. e) mycorrhizae
basidiocarps
Alternative RNA splicing a) is a mechanism for increasing the rate of transcription. b) can allow the production of proteins of different sizes from a single mRNA. c) can allow the production of similar proteins from different RNAs. d) increases the rate of transcription. e) is due to the presence or absence of particular snRNPs.
can allow the production of proteins of different sizes from a single mRNA.
One difference between a cancer cell and a normal cell is that a) the cancer cell is unable to replicate its DNA. b) the cell cycle of the cancer cell is arrested at the S phase. c) cancer cells continue to divide even when they are tightly packed together. d) cancer cells cannot function properly because they suffer from density-dependent inhibition. e) cancer cells are always in the M phase of the cell cycle.
cancer cells continue to divide even when they are tightly packed together.
The cell walls of fungi are composed of: a) cellulose. b) lipids. c) glycogen. d) chitin. e) chlorophyll.
chitin
In paramecium and stentor, the surface of the cell is covered with thousands of short, hairlike __________ a) pili b) pseudopods c) flagella d) cilia e) trichomes
cilia
Some bacteria avoid a host's immune system by means of: a) efficient use of their flagella. b) cloaking themselves with host proteins. c) cloaking the cell with a watery capsule. d) changing their cell wall structure to resemble that of their host. e) eliminating the use of a membrane.
cloaking the cell with a watery capsule.
Once they appeared on Earth, ___ forever changed the atmosphere on earth by the production of large quantities of oxygen gas. a) Gm (+) eubacteria b) archaebacteria c) cyanobacteria d) eukaryotes e) Gm (-) rickettsias
cyanobacteria
A symptom of a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) is: a) degeneration of the digestive tract. b) progressive immune deficiency. c) degeneration of the brain and central nervous system. d) inflammation of the reproductive organs. e) influenza-like symptoms.
degeneration of the brain and central nervous system.
The haploid gametohyte (C ) a) develops from meiosis in the sori b) Has some cells that make flagellated sperm c) Has some cells that make haploid eggs d) Will nourish the young fern fiddlehead e) All of the above
develops from meiosis in the sori Has some cells that make flagellated sperm Has some cells that make haploid eggs Will nourish the young fern fiddlehead
A commercially important unicellular protist whose silica shells are used in filters, polishes, toothpaste and various industrial processes are the: a) dinoflagellates. b) euglenoids. c) apicomplexans. d) zooflagellates. e) diatoms.
diatoms.
Which organisms are capable of producing a "red tide", secreting a nerve agent toxic to humans? a) dinoflagellates b) chrysophytes (diatoms) c) sporozoans d) euglenids e) red algae
dinoflagellates
The leafy fern that you might have as a house plant is the _______________________ generation. a) diploid sporophyte b) diploid gametophyte c) haploid sporophyte d) haploid gametophyte e) None of the above.
diploid sporophyte
In flowering plants one megaspore gives rise to _____ nuclei a) four diploid b) four haploid c) eight haploid d) eight diploid e) microsporangia
eight haploid
A frameshift mutation could result from a) a base insertion only. b) a base deletion only. c) a base substitution only. d) deletion of three consecutive bases. e) either an insertion or a deletion of a base
either an insertion or a deletion of a base
In plants the fertilized egg develops into a multicellular _______________ (young plant) within a female gametangium. a) zygote b) seed c) embryo d) endosperm e) cotyledon
embryo
The triploid nucleus of the embryo sac develops into the _____ a) embryo b) endosperm c) fruit d) carpel e) seed
endosperm
Many Gram (+) Eubacteria like Clostridium botulinum and Bacillus anthraxis have the ability to survive harsh environmental conditions by protecting their DNA in a dormant, hard-walled, resistant structure called a(n) a) capsule b) endospore c) endotoxin d) sporangium e) capsid
endospore
Prokaryotes found inhabiting the Great Salt Lake would be the _____. a) cyanobacteria b) extreme halophiles c) extremophiles d) methanogens e) extreme thermophiles
extreme halophiles
Which of the following is among the first group of land plants to use vascular tissue for water transport? a) moss b) fern c) liverwort d) hornwort e) charophyte
fern
One type of asexual reproduction in liverworts involves formation of : a) setae. b) gemmae. c) fronds. d) archegonia. e) prothalli.
gemmae.
Which of the following groups of algae is (are) most closely related to land plants? a) brown algae b) green algae c) red algae d) blue-green algae e) all of the above
green algae
Pollen is __________ and contains __________. a) diploid ... spores b) diploid ... sperm nuclei c) haploid ... spores d) haploid ... sperm nuclei
haploid ... sperm nuclei
When you see a green, "leafy" moss, you are looking at the _________ generation a) haploid sporophyte b) haploid gametophyte c) diploid sporophyte d) diploid gametophyte e) structure where meiosis occurs f) structure that results directly from a fertilized egg
haploid gametophyte
The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate (ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi ) a) has a DG of about -7 kcal/mol under standard conditions. b) involves hydrolysis of a terminal phosphate bond of ATP. c) can occur spontaneously under appropriate conditions. d) Only A and B are correct. e) A, B, and C are correct.
has a DG of about -7 kcal/mol under standard conditions. involves hydrolysis of a terminal phosphate bond of ATP. can occur spontaneously under appropriate conditions.
A cell in G2: a) has twice the amount of DNA present in a telophase nucleus. b) has visibly distinct chromosomes. c) lacks a visible nuclear membrane. d) is in mitosis. e) is in cytokinesis.
has twice the amount of DNA present in a telophase nucleus.
Observations of cancer cells in culture support the hypothesis that cancer cells _____ a) have altered plasma membranes and cytoskeletal proteins b) have mutations or deletions in tumor suppressors like p53 c) have the ability to stimulate new blood vessel formation d) do not exhibit density-dependent inhibition of growth e) all of the above
have altered plasma membranes and cytoskeletal proteins have mutations or deletions in tumor suppressors like p53 have the ability to stimulate new blood vessel formation do not exhibit density-dependent inhibition of growth
The ________are plants that made major contributions to the coal deposits formed hundreds of millions of years ago. a) hornworts and liverworts b) horsetails and club mosses c) angiosperms d) whisk ferns and true mosses e) lichens and true mosses
horsetails and club mosses
In humans, the hormone testosterone enters cells and binds to specific receptor proteins, which in turn enter the nucleus and bind to specific sites on the cells' DNA. These proteins probably act to a) increase the rate of transcription of testosterone-regulated genes b) alter the pattern of DNA splicing c) inhibit translation of testosterone-regulated genes d) unwind the DNA so that its genes can be transcribed
increase the rate of transcription of testosterone-regulated genes
Mycorrhizal fungi benefits plants by: a) increasing photosynthetic area. b) increasing absorptive surface area of roots. c) increasing chlorophyll content. d) increasing leaf area. e) All of the above.
increasing absorptive surface area of roots.
Even though bacteria lack membrane-bound organelles, such as chloroplasts and mitochondria, they can still perform the functions of these organelles by localizing certain metabolic enzymes on: a) the nuclear membranes. b) the endoplasmic reticulum. c) infoldings of the plasma membrane. d) ribosomes. e) the cell wall.
infoldings of the plasma membrane.
The gametophyte is the dominant stage in the life cycle for which of the following plant groups? a) club mosses b) whisk ferns c) ferns d) horsetails e) liverworts
liverworts
A bacterium engulfed by a white blood cell through phagocytosis will be digested by enzymes within a) peroxisomes. b) lysosomes. c) Golgi vesicles. d) vacuoles. e) secretory vesicles.
lysosomes.
A gene that is 8,000 nucleotides long may use 1,200 nucleotides to make a protein consisting of approximately 400 amino acids. This is best explained by the fact that a) many noncoding stretches of nucleotides are present in mRNA. b) there is redundancy and ambiguity in the genetic code. c) many nucleotides are needed to code for each amino acid. d) nucleotides break off and are lost during the transcription process. e) there are termination exons near the beginning of mRNA.
many noncoding stretches of nucleotides are present in mRNA.
Parenchyma cells: a) may be either photosynthetic or non-photosynthetic. b) can differentiate into other kinds of cells in response to an injury to the plant. c) may contain various storage materials, such as starch grains, oils, or water. d) must be living cells in order to function. e) All of the above.
may be either photosynthetic or non-photosynthetic. can differentiate into other kinds of cells in response to an injury to the plant. may contain various storage materials, such as starch grains, oils, or water. must be living cells in order to function.
The parasitic protist that causes malaria, Plasmodium, must spend part of its life cycle in a nonhuman host. What organism(s) serve(s) as the vector for this life cycle? a) rats b) sand flies c) mosquitos d) leeches e) tse-tse flies
mosquitos
Pseudopods are used by the members of clade Amoebozoa for ingesting food as well as for: a) reproduction. b) excretion. c) digestion. d) movement. e) avoiding predation.
movement
Upstream (proximal) promoter elements in eukaryotes are: a) nucleotide sequences that act as binding sites for RNA polymerase. b) nucleotide sequences that regulate the efficiency of transcription initiation. c) nucleotide sequences that contain the TATA box. d) proteins that are required for RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter. e) proteins that inhibit RNA polymerase binding to the promoter.
nucleotide sequences that regulate the efficiency of transcription initiation.
In receptor-mediated endocytosis, receptor molecules initially project to the outside of the cell. Where do they end up after endocytosis? a) on the outside of vesicles b) on the inside surface of the cell membrane c) on the inside surface of the vesicle d) on the outer surface of the nucleus e) on the ER
on the inside surface of the vesicle
Viruses that attack bacteria are called: a) phages. b) bacteriods c) prions. d) virons. e) viroids.
phages
Bacteria that use light for their energy source and CO2 for their carbon source are called a) photoautotrophs b) photoheterotrophs c) chemoautotrophs d) chemoheterotrophs e) photochemoheterotrophs
photoautotrophs
Extrachromosomal circles of DNA in bacteria called ________ often carry genes involved in ___________: a) capsids, bacterial reproduction b) capsids, antibiotic resistance. c) plasmids, viral resistance. d) plasmids, antibiotic resistance.
plasmids, antibiotic resistance.
In a single molecule of water, the two hydrogen atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by a) hydrogen bonds. b) nonpolar covalent bonds. c) polar covalent bonds. d) ionic bonds.
polar covalent bonds.
Both gymnosperms and angiosperms have a) Pollen b) Seeds c) Ovules d) pollen and seeds e) pollen, seeds, and ovules.
pollen, seeds, and ovules.
The main advancement exhibited by ferns and their allies over mosses and other byrophytes is: a) presence of leaves. b) presence of specialized lignified vascular tissue. c) presence of gametophyte generation and sporophyte generation. d) presence of seeds.
presence of specialized lignified vascular tissue.
Homologous chromosomes synapse or pair during: a) anaphase I b) prophase I c) anaphase II d) telophase II e) prophase II
prophase I.
The general name for an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein is a) phosphorylase. b) phosphatase. c) protein kinase. d) ATPase. e) protease.
protein kinase.
A mutant bacterial cell has a defective aminoacyl synthetase that attaches a lysine to tRNAs with the anticodon AAA instead of the normal phenylalanine. The consequence of this for the cell will be that a) none of the proteins in the cell will contain phenylalanine. b) proteins in the cell will include lysine instead of phenylalanine at amino acid positions specified by the codon UUU. c) the cell will compensate for the defect by attaching phenylalanine to tRNAs with lysine-specifying anticodons. d) the ribosome will skip a codon every time a UUU is encountered. e) none of the options will occur; the cell will recognize the error and destroy the tRNA.
proteins in the cell will include lysine instead of phenylalanine at amino acid positions specified by the codon UUU.
Gram-positive bacteria stain __________ in a gram stain because of a thick layer of __________ in their cell walls a) green; peptidoglycan b) purple; peptidoglycan c) green; cellulose d) purple; polysaccharides e) red; polysaccharides
purple; peptidoglycan
Eukaryotic enhancers are capable of which of the following? a) regulating a gene even if they are cut out of the DNA and reinserted backwards b) regulating a gene from very long distances c) interacting with proteins that regulate transcription d) increasing the rate of RNA synthesis after initiation e) all of the above
regulating a gene even if they are cut out of the DNA and reinserted backwards regulating a gene from very long distances interacting with proteins that regulate transcription increasing the rate of RNA synthesis after initiation
Plasmids a) replicate independently of the main chromosome b) often contain antibiotic resistance genes c) are transferred from one bacterium to another by conjugation d) allow bacteria to survive adverse conditions e) all of the above
replicate independently of the main chromosome often contain antibiotic resistance genes are transferred from one bacterium to another by conjugation allow bacteria to survive adverse conditions
Ferns are considered advanced over mosses because ferns have true roots. However, like mosses, ferns lack: a) rhizomes. b) seeds. c) vascular tissue. d) sexual reproduction. e) photosynthesis.
seeds
The eggs of seed plants are fertilized within ovules, and the ovules then develop into _____ a) seeds b) spores c) gametophytes d) fruit e) ovaries
seeds
Seeds have advantages over spores. For example, _____ a) seeds contain embryonic plants, an abundant food supply, and a protective covering b) seeds can survive for extended periods of time at reduced metabolic rates c) seeds are single cells, demanding fewer nutrients from the parent plants d) seeds can survive even in conditions that are unfavorable for the parent plants e) all answers except C f) All of the aove
seeds contain embryonic plants, an abundant food supply, and a protective covering
In fungi, the function of the mycelium is _____. a) dispersal to distant habitats b) defense c) absorbing nutrients from the environment d) surviving a period of food shortage e) sexual reproduction
sexual reproduction
Evidence for the Endosymbiotic Theory (Margulis, 1967) includes a) similarity between bacterial size and the size of mitochondria and chloroplasts b) the presence of a single circular chromosome in bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts c) reproduction by binary fission in bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts d) 70S ribosomes in bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts e) All of the above provides evidence for the Endosymbiotic Theory.
similarity between bacterial size and the size of mitochondria and chloroplasts the presence of a single circular chromosome in bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts reproduction by binary fission in bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts 70S ribosomes in bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts
In angiosperms, double fertilization produces a) twin embryos (diploid) b) the 2n embryo and the 3n antipodals c) the 2n embryo and the 2n seed coat d) the 2n embryo and the 3n endosperm e) the 3n endosperm and the 2n seed coat
the 2n embryo and the 3n endosperm
Which of the following is the attachment site for RNA polymerase? a) the small subunit of the ribosome b) the TATAAA box c) the enhancer d) the Upstream Promoter Elements e) the AUG codon
the TATAAA box
The first indication that Archaea were different from the Eubacteria came from: a) the absence of peptidoglycans in the cell walls of the Archaea. b) Ribosome size. c) 16 S rRNA sequence. d) nuclei. e) response to antibiotics.
the absence of peptidoglycans in the cell walls of the Archaea.
If you wish to design an experiment to block the G protein-coupled receptor interaction, the block would preferentially affect which of the following? a) the exterior (cytoplasmic) end of the receptor b) the cytosolic end of the receptor c) the phospholipid's transmembrane domain d) the amino acid sequence in the binding site for the G protein e) the amino acids in the binding site for the transduction molecules
the amino acid sequence in the binding site for the G protein
Regulation of gene expression can be accomplished by controlling: a) the amount of chromatin packing. b) the amount of mRNA that is transcribed. c) the rate of translation of mRNA. d) the rate of mRNA degradation. e) All of the above.
the amount of chromatin packing. the amount of mRNA that is transcribed. the rate of translation of mRNA. the rate of mRNA degradation.
Water is able to form hydrogen bonds because a) oxygen has a valence of 2. b) the water molecule is shaped like a tetrahedron. c) the bonds that hold together the atoms in a water molecule are polar covalent bonds. d) the oxygen atom in a water molecule has a weak positive charge. e) each of the hydrogen atoms in a water molecule is weakly negative in charge.
the bonds that hold together the atoms in a water molecule are polar covalent bonds.
Puffballs and shelf fungi are most closely related to a) molds. b) truffles. c) the common edible mushroom. d) yeast. e) the black bread mold.
the common edible mushroom.
Evidence that Chara is the direct ancestor of all land plants includes a) the mechanism of cell wall synthesis in Chara and all land plants b) the presence of vascular tissue in Chara and all land plants c) the presence of homologous chloroplasts (chlorophylls a and b, as well as accessory pigments) in Chara and all land plants d) the presence of a cuticle in in Chara and all land plants e) A and C only.
the mechanism of cell wall synthesis in Chara and all land plants the presence of homologous chloroplasts (chlorophylls a and b, as well as accessory pigments) in Chara and all land plants
There are 61 mRNA codons that specify an amino acid, but only 45 tRNAs. This is best explained by the fact that a) some tRNAs have anticodons that recognize four or more different codons. b) the rules for base pairing between the third base of a codon and tRNA are flexible. c) many codons are never used, so the tRNAs that recognize them are dispensable. d) the DNA codes for all 61 tRNAs but some are then destroyed. e) competitive exclusion forces some tRNAs to be destroyed by nucleases.
the rules for base pairing between the third base of a codon and tRNA are flexible.
The most significant difference between the Archaea and the Eubacteria is: a) the lack of a nuclear envelope in the Archaea. b) the absence of the 70S ribosomes in the Eubacteria. c) the presence of a single filament flagellum in the Eubacteria. d) the small subunit (16 S) rRNA sequence. e) All of the above.
the small subunit (16 S) rRNA sequence.
Which of the following is the first event to take place in translation in eukaryotes? a) elongation of the polypeptide b) base pairing of activated methionine-tRNA to AUG of the messenger RNA c) binding of the larger ribosomal subunit to smaller ribosomal subunits d) covalent bonding between the first two amino acids e) the small subunit of the ribosome recognizes and attaches to the 5' cap of mRNA
the small subunit of the ribosome recognizes and attaches to the 5' cap of mRNA
Euglena and dinoflagellates show Secondary Endosymbiosis in that a) they have both mitochondria and chloroplasts b) they have two lipid bilayers around their mitochondria c) they have chloroplasts, but they are non-functional d) they have two lipid bilayers around their chloroplasts e) they have three lipid bilayers around their chloroplasts.
they have three lipid bilayers around their chloroplasts.
Gymnosperms are more advanced than ferns because a) they were the first plants to develop vascular tissues b) they were the first plants to shelter the male gametophyte in a pollen grain c) they are the first plants to produce seeds d) all of the above e) b and c only
they were the first plants to shelter the male gametophyte in a pollen grain they are the first plants to produce seeds
What is the function of the structures labeled (cilia)? a) to adhere to host cells, or other bacteria, or solid substrates b) to prevent phagocytosis by a white blood cell of the host c) to transmit DNA from one cell to another d) to exchange genetic material and genetic traits like antibiotic resistance between cells e) All answers except B
to adhere to host cells, or other bacteria, or solid substrates to transmit DNA from one cell to another to exchange genetic material and genetic traits like antibiotic resistance between cells
Which of the following is a function of a signal peptide? a) to direct an mRNA molecule into the cisternal space of the ER b) to bind RNA polymerase to DNA and initiate transcription c) to terminate translation of the messenger RNA d) to translocate polypeptides across the ER membrane e) to signal the initiation of transcription\
to translocate polypeptides across the ER membrane
Mosses and liverworts are limited in size because they lack: a) sperm. b) eggs. c) vascular tissues. d) stomata. e) reproductive structures.
vascular tissues.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of dicots? a) two seed leaves b) parts of flowers in fours or fives c) a taproot d) vascular bundles arranged in a ring e) veins in leaves usually parallel
veins in leaves usually parallel
An important difference between plants and algae is that a _______ covers the aerial portion of a plant. a) chlrorophyll. b) waxy cuticle c) lignin d) stomata with guard cells e) cellulose
waxy cuticle
The simplest vascular plants are the: a) mosses. b) whisk ferns. c) charophytes. d) hornworts. e) liverworts.
whisk ferns.
Water and dissolved minerals are conducted from the roots to the stems and leaves via ___________, whereas sugar is conducted through specialized cells known as _____________ a) Parenchyma, collenchyma b) sieve tubes, xylem c) xylem, companion cells d) xylem, sieve tubes e) phloem, companion cells
xylem, sieve tubes
The sexual spores produced by black bread mold, Rhizopus, are called a) zygospores. b) ascospores. c) basidiospores. d) conidia e) puffballs.
zygospores.