KAAP 221 Chapter 19
19.20 Grace is in an automobile accident and her celiac trunk is ruptured. Which organs will be affected most directly by the injury?
most directly affect the stomach, inferior portion of the esophagus, spleen, liver, gallbladder, and proximal portion of the small intestine
19.19 name the 3 branches of the internal carotid artery
ophthalmic anterior cerebral middle cerebral arteries
19.9 explain the function of baroreceptor reflexes
respond to changes in blood pressure. Baroreceptors-located in the walls of the carotid sinuses and aortic arch- monitor the degree of stretch at those sites
19.1 which chamber of the heart receives blood from the systemic circuit?
right atrium
19.15 Trace a drop pf blood through the lungs, beginning at the right ventricle and ending at the left atrium
right ventricle pulmonary trunk right/left pulmonary arteries pulmonary arterioles alveoli pulmonary venules pulmonary veins left atrium
19.18 identify the branches of the external carotid artery
superficial, temporal, maxillary, occipital, facial, lingual, and external carotid arteries
19.16 name the 2 large veins that collect blood from the systemic circuit
superior vena cava inferior vena cava
19.7 in a healthy person, where is blood pressure greater: in the aorta or in the inferior vena cava?
the aorta (higher pressure in inferior vena cava= blood would flow in reverse direction)
19.6 explain the equation R oc 1/r^4
the equations states the resistance (R) is inversely proportional to the 4th power of the vessel radius (r). This means that a small change in vessel diameter results in a large change of resistance
19.16 besides containing valves, cite another major difference between the arterial and venous systems
the existence of dual (superficial and deep) venous drainage in the neck and limbs
19.9 describe auto-regulation as it relates to cardiovascular function
cardiovascular auto-regulation involves local factors changing the pattern of blood flow within capillary beds in response to chemical changes in interstitial fluid
19.18 name the arterial structure in the neck region that contains baroreceptors
carotid sinus
19.3 identify two types of capillaries with a complete endothelium
continuous capillaries and fenestrated capillaries
19.10 how does the kidney respond to vasoconstriction of the renal artery?
decreases both blood flow and blood pressure at the kidney. In response, the kidneys would release EPO and renin. EPO increases the reate of red blood cell formation which leads o an increase in blood volume. REnin leads to an increase in the level of angiotensin II. The angiotensin II would bring about increased blood pressure and increased blood volume
19.12 describe the changes in cardiac output and blood flow during exercise
during exercise, cardiac output increases and blood flow to the skeletal muscles increases at the expense of blood flow to less essential organs. Unless compensatory vasoconstriction occurs in "less essential" organs such as those of the digestive system, vasodilation in skeletal muscles would cause a potentially dangerous decrease in blood pressure and blood flow throughout the body during exercise
19.1 distinguish among efferent vessels, afferent vessels, and exchange vessels
efferent vessels (arteries): carry blood away from the heart afferent vessels (veins): carry blood to the heart exchange vessels: (capillaries): exchange nutrients, dissolved gases, and wastes between the blood and interstitial fluid
19.10 identify the hormones responsible for short term regulation of decreasing blood pressure and blood volume
epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla
19.4 describe the distribution of total blood volume in the body
the systemic venous system and the systemic arterial system contain 64 and 13 % of the total blood volume. The remaining volume is contained in the heart (7%) pulmonary circulation (9%) and systemic capillaries (7%)
19.20 which vessel collects most of the venous blood inferior to the diaphragm?
inferior vena cava
19.19 name the veins that drain the dural sinuses of the brain
internal jugular veins
19.21 identify the 2 veins that carry blood away from the stomach
left and right gastroepiploic veins
19.23 trace the path of a drop of blood from the eft ventricle to the right hip joint
left ventricle ascending aorta aortic arch thoracic aorta abdominal aorta right common iliac right external iliac right femoral right deep femoral right hip joint
19.12 describe the respiratory pump
mechanism by which a reduction of pressure in the thoracic cavity during inhalation assists venous return to the heart
19.13 Name the immediate and long-term problems related to hemorrhage
-immediate short-term problem: maintain adequate blood pressure and peripheral blood flow -long term problem: restore normal blood volume
19.15 briefly describe general patterns of blood vessel organization
-the peripheral distributions of arteries and veins of the body's left and right sides are generally identical, except near the heart, where the largest vessels connect to the atria or ventricles -a single vessel may have several names as it crosses specific anatomical boundaries, making accurate anatomical descriptions possible -tissue and organs are usually serviced by several arteries and veins
19.3 At what sites in the body are fenestrated capillaries located?
-where solutes and as large as small peptides move freely in and out of the blood -these sites include endocrine glands, the choroid plexus of the brain, absoprtive areas of the intestine and filtration areas of the kidney.
19.13 describe circulatory shock, progressive shock and irreversible shock
-Circulatory shock: occurs when blood loss exceeds about 35% of the total blood volume. Involves a series of positive feedback loops that are initiated after homeostasis has been disrupted -Progressive shock: the next stge; is also a series of positive feedbacks loops that accelerate tissue damage -Irreversible shock: fatal stage that occurs if the positive feedback loops initiated during progressive shock are not broken
19.21 describe the function of the hepatic portal system and name its primary vessel
-function= carry blood with absorbed nutrients from the digestive organs to the liver for processing -primary vessel= hepatic portal vein
19.14 what is the function of hemangioblasts?
Remodel blood islands first into capillary networks and then into larger arterial and venous networks
19.11 what effect does an increase in the respiratory rate have on CO2 levels?
an increase in respiratory rate reduces CO2 levels
19.6 Which would reduce peripheral resistance: an increase in vessel length or an increase in vessel diameter?
an increase in vessel diameter (length=increase)
19.22 the plantar venous arch carries blood to which 3 veins?
anterior tibial posterior tibial fibular (peroneal) veins
19.8 identify conditions that would shift the balance between hydrostatic and osmotic forces
any condition that affects either blood pressure or osmotic pressure in the blood or tissues
19.16 identify the largest artery in the body
aorta
19.5 which is greater arterial pressure or venous pressure
arterial pressure because it must push blood a greater distance and through progressively smaller and thinner vessels
19.4 how is blood pressure maintained in veins to counter the force of gravity?
assisted by the presence of valves in the veins, which prevent backflow of blood, the contraction of the surrounding skeletal muscles squeezes venous blood toward the heart
19.9 define tissue perfusion
blood flow to tissues that is sufficient to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients
19.17 a blockage of which branch of the aortic arch would interfere with blood flow to the left arm
left subclavian artery
19.20 identify major branches of the vena cava
lumbar gonadal hepatic renal adrenal phrenic veins
19.15 compare the oxygen content in the two circulatory circuits
-Pulmonary circuit=carries deoxygenated blood from he right ventricle to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium. -Systemic circuit= carries oxygenated blood to the organs/tissues of the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium
19.24 identify the 6 structures that are vital to fetal circulation but cease to function at birth and describe what becomes of these structures
2 umbilical arteries, one umbilical vein, the ductus venosus, the foramen ovale, and the ductus arteriosus. After birth, the foramen ovale closes and persists as the fossa ovalis, a shallow depression; the ductus arteriosus persists as the ligamentum arteriosum, a fibrous cord, and the umbilical vessels and ductus venosus persist throughout life as fibrous cords.
19.24 describe the pattern of fetal blood flow to and from the placenta
Deoxygenated blood flows from the fetus to the placenta through a pair of umbilical arteries and oxygenated blood returns from the placenta in a single umbilical vein. The umbilical vein then drains into the ductus venosus within the fetal liver.
19.11 what is the function of chemoreceptor reflexes?
Respond to decreasing pH and O2 levels and to increase CO2 levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid by adjusting cardiovascular centers to increase blood pressure through vasoconstriction and increased cardiac output and stimulate responses by the respiratory centers to increase respiratory rate which increases pH and oxygen levels and decreases CO2 levels.
19.19 describe the structure/function of the cerebral arterial circle
The cerebral arterial circle is a ring-shaped anastomosis that encircles the infundibulum of the pituitary gland. Its anatomical arrangement creates alternate pathways in the cerebral circulation, so that if blood flow is interrupted in one area, other blood vessels can continue to perfuse the entire brain with blood.
19.24 compare a ventricular septal defect with tetralogy of fallot
Ventricular septal defects are abnormal openings between the left and right ventricles. Tetralogy of fallot includes a ventricular septal defect plus three other heart defects; a narrowing of the pulmonary trunk, a displaced aorta, and an enlarged right ventricle with corresponding thickened right and left ventricles
19.2 List the five general classes of blood vessels.
arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
19.8 define edema
abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid in the peripheral tissues
19.14 what are blood islands and from which cells do they form?
aggregations of embryonic cells scattered within the yolk sac that from blood vessels and blood cells. During embryonic development, these islands give rise to hematopoietic stem cells and hemangioblasts
19.5 why is it beneficial for capillary pressure to be very low?
allows time for diffusion between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluid
19.10 describe the roles of natriuretic peptides
excess stretching of the right atriu during diastole causes the release of atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP). Excessive stretching of the ventricles during diastole cuases the release of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). The roles of these peptides are to trigger responses whose combined effects act to decrease blood volume an dblood pressure. As blood volume and blood pressure decrease, natriuretic production ceases
19.17 whenever thor gets angry, a large vein bulges in the lateral region of his neck. which vein is this?
external jugular vein
19.18 identify the veins that combine to form the brachiocephalic vein
external jugular, internal jugular, vertebral and subclavian veins
19.5 Neural and endocrine regulatory mechanisms influence which factors?
heart rate, stroke volume, peripheral resistance, and venous pressure
19.11 where are chemoreceptors located?
in carotid bodies, aortic bodies and on ventrolateral surfaces of the medulla oblongata
19.4 why are valves located in veins but not arteries
in the arterial system, pressures are high enough to keep the blood moving away from the heart and through arteries and capillaries. In the venous system, blood pressure is too low to keep the blood moving back toward the heart. Valves in veins prevent blood from flowing backward whenever the venous pressure drops
19.7 define blood flow, and describe its relationship to blood pressure and peripheral resistance
the volume of blood flowing per unit of time through a vessel or group of vessels; it is directly proportional to arterial pressure (increased pressure results in increased blood flow) and inversely proportional to peripheral resistance (increased resistance results in decreased blood flow)
19.22 a blood clot that blocks the popliteal vein would interfere with blood flow in which other veins?
tibial/fibular (peroneal) veins (which form the popliteal vein) and the small saphenous vein (which joins popliteal vein)
19.1 Describe the pulmonary circuit
transports blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries, capillaries in the lungs and pulmonary veins and returns it to the left atrium
19.1 describe the systemic circuit
transports blood through the arteries, capillaries and veins of the body from the left ventricle to the right atrium. Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit must complete the pulmonary circuit before it re-enters the systemic circuit
19.7 calculate the mean arterial pressure for a person whose blood pressure is 125/70
using the formula MAP=diastolic pressure + pulse pressure/3. MAP= 70+ (125-70/3) whoch equals 70 + 18.3 or 88.3 mm Hg
19.4 what factors are involved in the formation of varicose veins?
varicose veins are sagging, swollen superficial veins in the thighs and legs. They result from the pooling of blood due to gravity and failure of venous valves
19.6 list the factors that contribute to total peripheral resistance
vascular resistance, vessel length, vessel luminar diameter, blood viscosity and turbulence
19.8 under what general conditions would fluid move into a capillary? (reabsorption)
whenever blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) is greater than capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP)
19.13 Identify the compensatory mechanisms that respond to blood loss
include an increase in cardiac output, a mobilization of venous blood reservoir, peripheral vasoconstriction and the release of hormones that promote the retention of fluids and the maturation of erythrocytes
19.22 name the first 2 branches of the common iliac artery
internal iliac artery external iliac artery
19.17 name the 2 arteries formed by the division of the brachiocephalic trunk
right common carotid artery right subclavian artery
19.23 trace the path of blood from the right forearm to the right atrium
right forearm right brachial right axillary right subclavian right brachiocephalic superior vena cava right atrium
19.2 describe a capillary
small blood vessel, located between an arteriole and venule whole thin wall permits exchange between blood and interstitial fluid by diffusion
19.21 identify the 3 veins that merge to form the hepatic portal vein
superior mesenteric inferior mesenteric splenic veins