KAAP 221 Exam #1 Chapter 17: The Endocrine System

Which of the following is a known effect of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissues?

All of the answers are correct

Two hormones that have opposing effects are called

antagonists

Steroid Hormones...

bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells

The primary function of ADH is to

decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys

All of the following are true of the nervous system, except that it doesn't

function independently of the endocrine system

Hormones that regulate the male and female reproductive organs are collectively called

gonadotropins

he pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is MSH.

growth hormone

Which of the following organs does not contain target cells for oxytocin?

heart

Where does the chemical reaction between thyroglobulin and iodine take place?

in the lumen of the thyroid follicle

Pinealocytes produce

melatonin

The adrenal gland does not produce steroid hormones in

the medulla

Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the

thyroid gland

The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is

thyroxine

Which of the following hormones increases production of red blood cells?

Erythropoietin

Cells of the adrenal cortex produce

aldosterone

Hormones known as "catecholamines" are

amino acid derivatives

The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually

a G protein

A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is

aldosterone

Reduction of fluid losses at the kidneys due to the retention of Na+ is the action of

aldosterone

All of the following are targets for insulin except a) liver cells b) blood cells c) cardiac and smooth muscle d) adipocytes e) skeletal muscle

blood cells

Which of the following substances acts as a second messenger?

cyclic AMP

Hormonal actions on cells can affect all of the following except

decrease levels of calcium ions

Damage to cells of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex would result in

decreased ability to convert amino acds to glucose

The zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex produces

glucocorticoids

he most complex endocrine responses that integrate the nervous and endocrine system involve the

hypothalamus

Regulatory hormones that control secretion of anterior pituitary hormones are released by neurons at the ________ of the hypothalamus.

median eminence

The inner portion of the adrenal gland is the

medulla

The Pancreatic polypeptide cells (PP cells) of the pancreatic islets produce

pancreatic polypeptide

The testes produce

testosterone

The posterior pituitary gland secretes

ADH

When hormones interact they can produce any of the following kinds of effects except

Apoptosis

Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release all of the following except

OXT

Which of the following is released due to sensory input and thus part of a neuroendocrine reflex?

OXT

Destruction of the supra-optic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which result?

loss of ADH secretion

Which of the following might occur in an overdose of insulin?

low blood glucose

Growth hormone does all of the following except a) promote bone growth b) promote amino acid uptake by cells c) cause fat accumulation within adipocytes d) promote muscle growth

promote amino acid uptake by cells

When a G protein becomes activated and causes an activation of enzymes,

ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed.

Too little secretion of cortisol causes

Addison's Disease

The anterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the

Adenohypophysis

The hypophyseal portal system

All of the answers are correct

Proper growth does not require which of the following hormones?

MSH

The hormone produced by the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis during early childhood is

MSH

The hormone(s) that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is/are

Oxytocin

The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is

PRL

The zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex produces

androgens

The enzyme renin is responsible for the activation of

angiotensin I.

Which of these statements about melatonin is false? a) it is produced by pinealocytes b) it is made from serotonin c) exposure to light stimulates production d) exposure to light inhibits production e) it inhibits releases or GnRH

exposure to light stimulates production

After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex,

gene transcription is initiated

Hormones that dominate during the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) are the

glucocortoids

The exhaustion phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is characterized by all of the following except a) increased ability to produce glucose from glycogen b) increase sweat gland secretions c) increased pumping effectiveness of the heart d) inability to maintain adequate fluid and electrolyte balance e) decreased resistance to disease and infection

increase sweat gland secretions

During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), there is

mobilization of energy reserves

The posterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the

neurohypophysis

The two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce how many hormones?

9

A rise in cortisol would cause an increase in each of the following except

ACTH levels

After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics which of the following hormones?

ADH

Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of

ADH

The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is

ADH

Neurons of the supra-optic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture

ADH and OXT

Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause

Gigantism

Cells can respond to ________ hormone(s) at a time.

Several

Liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing hormones called

Somatomedins

Extracellular membrane receptors are used by all of the following types of hormones except

Steroid Hormones

Receptors for all of the following hormones are found in the cell membranes of target cells except

Steroid hormones

The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is

TSH

The intracellular protein ________ binds calcium ions. This complex can then activate enzymes.

calmodulin

Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include all of the following except a) carbohydrates b) eicosanoids c) peptides d) amino acids e) steriods

carbohydrates

The endocrine system works most closely with the ________ system to maintain homeostasis.

cardiovascular

Peptide hormones are

composed of amino acids

The adrenal medulla produces

epinephrine

The hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is

epinephrine

Calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein

Calmodulin

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex is

ACTH

The exocrine portion of the pancreas produces

digestive enzymes

The functional organization of the nervous system parallels that of the ________ system in many ways.

endocrine

The hypothalamus is an important organ in both the ________ and ________ systems.

endocrine; nervous

Activation of the renin-angiotensin system would result in all of the following except a) elevated BP b) increased retention of sodium ions at the kidney c) Increased water retention d) increased blood volume e) increased urine production

increased urine production

The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that

increases the level of calcium ions in the blood

The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is

insulin

The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to enter its target cells is

insulin

The beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce ________ which ________ blood sugar.

insulin; lowers

Hormones that produce different but complementary results are called

integrative

Each of the following is true of the pineal gland except that it a) is a component of the hypothalamus b) is a component of the epithalamus c) responds to light and darkness d) secretes melatonin e) contains pinealocytes

is a component of the hypothalamus

Which of the following statements about the endocrine system is false? a) it affects only cells with appropriate receptors b) it has target cells that are mainly distant tissues c) it releases hormones, all of which are lipids, directly into the bloodstream d) it is regulated by negative feedback mechanisms e) it releases secretions directly into blood fluids

it releases hormones, all of which are lipids, directly into the bloodstream

The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is

parathyroid hormone

When one hormone is needed for a second hormone to produce an effect, it is called

permissive

All of the following are true regarding the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans), except that they a) contain 4 types of endocrine cells b) release their products directly into the intestines c) account for only a small percent of all pancreatic cells d) are vital for survival e) produce enzymes that assist in digestion

release their products directly into the intestines.

If stress lasts longer than a few hours, an individual will enter the ________ phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS).

resistance

When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the

second messenger appears in the cytoplasm

The hypothalamus controls secretion by the anterior pituitary by

secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system

All of the following are result of thyroid hormones except

Decreased heart rate and force of contraction

The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is

FSH

________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues. Group of answer choices

Hormones

The most complex endocrine responses that integrate the nervous and endocrine system involve the

Hypothalamus

Decreased blood flow to the kidneys would not lead to which of the following?

Increased release of natriuretic peptide

The hormone oxytocin does all of the following except

Is responsive to osmoreceptors

Melatonin is produced by the

pineal gland

Two hormones that have additive effects are called

synergists

Thyroid hormones are structural derivatives of the amino acid

tyrosine

The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is

LH

Before the discovery of these glands, thyroid surgery often led to a rapid drop in blood calcium levels, which triggered muscle contractions and cardiac arrhythmias. What glands are these and which hormone is lacking?

Parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone