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Khan Academy AP Gov Unit 3-5

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In the 1960s and 1970s, women began protesting gender discrimination in colleges and universities, such as unequal scholarship allocation to men's sports and women's sports. Which of the following statements describes how Congress responded to this situation? a. Congress passed Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972 b. Congress passed the Equal Rights Amendment c. Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 d. Congress passed the Nineteenth Amendment

a. Congress passed Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972

In 2013, Edward Snowden released classified information showing that the National Security Agency (NSA) was conducting a massive surveillance program by collecting data from major cell phone providers. Which of the following amendments provides the basis for an accusation of unconsitutional action by the NSA? a. Fourth Amendment b. First Amendment c. Eighth Amendment d. Second Amendment

a. Fourth Amendment

"As the quotations earlier in this opinion demonstrate, the inherent right of self-defense has been central to the Second Amendment right. The handgun ban [by the District of Columbia] amounts to a prohibition of an entire class of 'arms' that is overwhelmingly chosen by American society for that lawful purpose. The prohibition extends, moreover, to the home, where the need for defense of self, family, and property is most acute. Under any of the standards of scrutiny that we have applied to enumerated constitutional rights. . . banning from the home 'the most preferred firearm in the nation to 'keep' and use for protection of one's home and family, . . .would fail constitutional muster.'" -Associate Justice Antonin Scalia, majority opinion in District of Columbia v. Heller (2008) Supporters of Scalia's view that handgun bans violate Second Amendment rights could cite which of the following Supreme Court cases to support their argument? a. McDonald v. Chicago (2010) b. Shaw v. Reno (1993) c. Baker v. Carr (1961) d. United States v. Lopez (1995)

a. McDonald v. Chicago (2010)

"The District Court's assessment that all this evidence proved racial predominance clears the bar of clear error review. The court emphasized that the districting plan's own architects had repeatedly described the influx of African-Americans into District 12 as a . . . compliance measure, not a side-effect of political gerrymandering. And those contemporaneous descriptions comported with the court's credibility determinations about the trial testimony—that Watt told the truth when he recounted Rucho's resolve to hit a majority-BVAP target; and conversely that Hofeller skirted the truth (especially as to Guilford County) when he claimed to have followed only race-blind criteria in drawing district lines. We cannot disrespect such credibility judgments." -Associate Justice Elena Kagan, opinion of the Court in Cooper v. Harris, 2017 Supporters of Kagan's view that a state cannot use race as a predominant factor in creating districts could cite which of the following cases as precedent? a. Shaw v. Reno (1993) b. Baker v. Carr (1961) c. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) d. Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010)

a. Shaw v. Reno (1993)

Which of the following policies is an example of specific legislation that extended civil rights to women? a. Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972 b. Twenty-Fourth Amendment c. Twenty-Sixth Amendment d. the Voting Rights Act of 1965

a. Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972

Which of the following scenarios represents a violation of one of the civil liberties protected by the Bill of Rights? a. a state compels Amish students to attend school past the eighth grade b. a school district segregates its students into schools based on the students' race c. a state creates a racially gerrymandered district to meet requirements in the Voting Rights Act d. a law is passed in Congress which bans guns in schools because of the effect it has on interstate commerce

a. a state compels Amish students to attend school past the eighth grade

Which of the following measures would a president adhering to Keynesian economic principles most likely employ during an economic recession? a. an executive order that built three solar panel farms and two wind-powered generators in rural areas to decrease unemployment b. an executive order to reduce the federal interest rate from 1.65% to 1.0% c. legislation that eliminates Environmental Protection Agency regulations to reduce the cost of operation for major businesses d. a national budget with dramatic cuts in federal spending for the education department and defense department

a. an executive order that built three solar panel farms and two wind-powered generators in rural areas to decrease unemployment

Which of the following is a consequence of consumer-driven media outlets? a. an increase in sensational stories and attack journalism rather than factual reporting b. an increase in programming that challenges the existing beliefs of partisan viewers c. an increase in the diversity of viewpoints as media conglomerates splinter into smaller companies d. an increase in government propaganda through official state media channels

a. an increase in sensational stories and attack journalism rather than factual reporting

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of New York Times Co v. United States (1979) and Schenck v. United States (1919)? a. bolstered the freedom of the press / ruled that speech creating a "clear and present danger" is not protected b. ruled that political spending by corporations, associations, and labor unions is a form of protected speech / established a "heavy presumption against prior restraint" even in cases involving national security c. led to the development of the "one person one vote" doctrine / guaranteed the right to an attorney for the poor or indigent d. ruled that public school students can engage in symbolic protest / applied the Second Amendment to the states

a. bolstered the freedom of the press / ruled that speech creating a "clear and present danger" is not protected

Which of the following groups would most likely support a piece of legislation that lowers the cooperation tax rate? a. conservatives b. liberals c. communitarians d. progressives

a. conservatives

On Election Day, TV news network Houston News One is trying to project the 2018 Texas election results. They send pollsters to 400 voting places throughout the state to survey people before they cast their vote. Which type of poll is the news network conducting? a. entrance poll b. exit poll c. benchmark poll d. tracking poll

a. entrance poll

Which of the following statements best explains why a Congressional candidate might use a focus group over a telephone survey? a. focus groups are more useful to determine why people have the opinions they do than telephone surveys b. focus groups generally have more diverse respondents than telephone surveys c. focus groups usually have more respondents than telephone surveys d. focus groups are typically more reliable sources of data than telephone surveys

a. focus groups are more useful to determine why people have the opinions they do than telephone surveys

Club for Growth, a major interest group, recruits successful businessman, Tony Stark, to run for Senate in New York. They endorse him on their group's website, organize voter drives in New York City, and fundraise through their Political Action Committee (PAC). Which of the following statements best describes what this scenario illustrates? a. how interest groups take part in campaigns to get people with similar values elected b. how interest groups influence office holders to pass policies that match their policy goals c. how interest groups work with government agencies to influence the implementation of policy d. how interest groups use polling data to convince potential candidates to run for office

a. how interest groups take part in campaigns to get people with similar values elected

In 2019, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo signed a bill that ended the practice of vaccination exemptions based on religious beliefs. What does this scenario illustrate? a. how the government tries to balance promoting stability and safety and ensuring civil liberties b. how globalization has impacted Americans' political attitudes about the role of government c. how the precedents of major Supreme Court cases have affected the interpretation of the Fourth Amendment d. how state governments can refuse to implement federal policy and avoid the bureaucracy

a. how the government tries to balance promoting stability and safety and ensuring civil liberties

Which statement accurately summarizes the impact of the Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) decision? a. it allows corporations and unions to spend unlimited amounts of money on political activities that are independent of a party or candidate b. it allows political action committees (PACs) to spend unlimited amounts of money on individual candidate campaigns c. it allows political campaign contributions through political action committees (PACs) to be tax deductible d. it allows individual donors to give unlimited amounts of money directly to specific federal candidates or campaigns

a. it allows corporations and unions to spend unlimited amounts of money on political activities that are independent of a party or candidate

In 1961, the Supreme Court heard a case in which the police entered into a residence without a warrant looking for a suspect thought to be hiding in the house. While searching for the suspect, the police found illegal pornographic material. The police arrested the homeowner and she was convicted in state court of possessing pornography. The Court decided to throw out the conviction because the police did not produce a search warrant, violating the right of the accused to be protected against an unreasonable search and seizure. Which of the following statements best explains the impact of this decision? a. it applied the Fourth Amendment to the states through the incorporation doctrine b. it limited state power to conduct legal searches and seizures without a warrant c. it enhanced the states' power to conduct searches and seizures without a warrant d. it applied the Fourth Amendment to the federal government through total incorporation

a. it applied the Fourth Amendment to the states through the incorporation doctrine

Which of the following statements best explains how the 17th Amendment increased democratic participation in the United States? a. it changed the election process for US senators b. it extended the right to vote to women c. it changed the minimum voting age from 21 to 18 d. it extended the right to vote to black men

a. it changed the election process for US senators

Which of the following statements best explains how the ruling in Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) changed the balance of power between governments and protection for individual liberties? a. it limited the power of state governments by declaring a state law requiring Amish children to attend school until they were 16 as a violation of the First Amendment b. it enhanced the power of the federal government to place limitations on speech which creates a "clear and present danger" c. it enhanced the power of state governments by allowing schools to ban symbolic speech like black armbands to protest a war d. it limited the power of the federal government by striking down a school policy that required the reading of a prayer

a. it limited the power of state governments by declaring a state law requiring Amish children to attend school until they were 16 as a violation of the First Amendment

Which of the following policies is an example of state action to improve voter turnout? a. motor voter laws b. literacy tests c. voter ID laws d. poll taxes

a. motor voter laws

Rumana Modi votes for political candidates whose rhetoric and policy initiatives while serving in office align with what she wants to be done in the future. Which model of voting behavior does this best represent? a. prospective voting b. party-line voting c. rational choice voting d. retrospective voting

a. prospective voting

Gabriel Sarwan only votes for political candidates whose platforms directly benefit the profitability of his small business. This voting behavior can best be characterized by which of the following models? a. rational choice voting b. retrospective voting c. party-line voting d. prospective voting

a. rational choice voting

Which of the following is a characteristic of a reliable scientific poll? a. representative sample b. open-ended questions c. non-randomized sample d. required names for all respondents

a. representative sample

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the linkage function that the National Association of Realtors (NAR) would have with regard to a recently passed federal law protecting home buyers? a. sharing research and constituent preferences for enforcing the law ar a Housing and Urban Development (HUD) hearing b. submitting an amicus curiae brief for the federal district court to review and overturn the recently passed law c. investigating and reporting possible corruption in the passage of home buyer protection legislation d. sponsoring new candidate and mobilizing voters to unseat the author of the legislation in the next election

a. sharing research and constituent preferences for enforcing the law ar a Housing and Urban Development (HUD) hearing

Which of the following is a characteristic of a reliable scientific poll? a. small sampling error b. open-ended questions c. entire population surveyed d. required names for all respondents

a. small sampling error

MediaQuant is a firm that tracks media coverage for each candidate and assigns a dollar value to it based on advertising rates. It evaluated the 2016 presidential campaign and concluded that Donald Trump received $4.96 billion in free media coverage, 60% of which came from the internet, including online news, blogs, forums, and social media. Which statement best explains the significance of this campaign strategy? a. social media allows candidates to personalize outreach to a new generation of voters, bypassing reliance on political parties and platforms b. candidates must spend huge sums of money on campaigns, necessitating greater dependence on political party funding c. presidential campaigns cost taxpayer billions of dollars that could be used to fund other national programs such as improving US infrastructure d. online campaigning has significantly reduced the meaningful engagement of everyday citizens, requiring greater reliance on powerful interest groups and wealthy contributors

a. social media allows candidates to personalize outreach to a new generation of voters, bypassing reliance on political parties and platforms

A suspected terrorist has chosen to remain silent after being arrested, yet the police continue to question him on potential locations of a bomb without informing him of his rights. This scenario is an example of which of the following? a. the "public safety" exception b. discretionary authority c. the exclusionary rule d. selective incorporation

a. the "public safety" exception

Which of the following scenarios best reflects the process of political socialization? a. the Belchers, a family of five, discuss the platforms of the 2020 presidential candidates b. Teddy donates several thousand dollars to support Representative Lenny DeStefano's campaign c. Representative Pescadero always decides whether he will support legislation based on his constituents' wishes d. Senator Front and Senator Ambrose promise to trade votes to benefit each other's pieces of legislation

a. the Belchers, a family of five, discuss the platforms of the 2020 presidential candidates

In recent years the Supreme Court has applied the decision across all states that individuals have the right to possess a firearm in the home for self-defense. Which of the following is a reason for this? a. the Fourteenth Amendment applies the Second Amendment to the states b. the Supreme Court changed its interpretation of what constitutes quartering of soldiers under the Third Amendment c. the Commerce Clause guarantees the right for an individual to bear arms at the state level d. the Supreme Court redefined what constitutes a handgun under the Second Amendment

a. the Fourteenth Amendment applies the Second Amendment to the states

"The Electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall be inhabitant of the same state with themselves... and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote..." - Excerpt from Amendment XII of the US Constitution According to this Amendment, how is the president chosen if no candidate receives a majority of votes by the Electoral College? a. the House of Representative votes on top three vote-getters, with each state having one vote b. a joint body of senators and representatives will choose among the top three candidates that advance from the Electoral College vote c. each of the representatives in the House gets one vote to determine which of the top three candidates should become president d. the Senate votes on the top three vote-getters, with each senator having one vote

a. the House of Representative votes on top three vote-getters, with each state having one vote

Which of the following scenarios best describes a candidate-centered campaign? a. the candidates takes most of the initiative by hiring a professional campaign manager and soliciting contributions online b. the candidate claims to be independent, yet large contributors are members of a particular party c. the candidate meets regularly with party representatives to plan a campaign strategy against a well-funded incumbent d. though taking different sides on partisan issues, the candidate approves of using attack ads funded by the party

a. the candidates takes most of the initiative by hiring a professional campaign manager and soliciting contributions online

"In ... [certain] cases, immunities that are valid as against the federal government by force of the specific pledges of particular amendments have been found to be implicit in the concept of ordered liberty, and thus, through the Fourteenth Amendment, become valid as against the states." Associate Justice Cardozo, majority opinion in Palko v. Connecticut (1937). Source: Justia Justice Cardozo argues here that certain rights protected at the federal level also apply at the state level through the Fourteenth Amendment. Which clause is used to support Cardozo's argument? a. the due process clause b. the equal protection clause c. the establishment clause d. the privileges or immunities clause

a. the due process clause

In 1954, the Supreme Court ruled that race-based segregation in a public school system was unconstitutional. Which of the following constitutional provisions did the Supreme Court use to support their decision? a. the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment b. the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment c. the free exercise clause of the First Amendment d. the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment

a. the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

a. the exclusionary rule

Based on previous court rulings, which of the following scenarios would most likely violate the freedom of the press clause of the First Amendment? a. the government prevents a radio talk show host from reporting on leaked information about surveillance of American allies b. the government prevents a newspaper from publishing an article about US plans to launch a military attack on another country c. the government prevents the director of the FBI from releasing a memo about an investigation into a presidential candidate days before the election d. the government prevents a news network from releasing an interview with a national security advisor who revealed classified information about locations of nuclear missiles

a. the government prevents a radio talk show host from reporting on leaked information about surveillance of American allies

Which constitutional change in the early twentieth century led to an increase in democratic participation in the United States? a. the method by which the US senators are elected was changed b. states no longer could segregate public schools under the principle of "separate but equal" c. the minimum legal voting age was reduced from 21 to 18 d. states' use of poll taxes to keep African Americans from voting was disallowed

a. the method by which the US senators are elected was changed

Two market research firms conduct public opinion polls in the month before the city council votes on a proposed ordinance to issue fines to homeless individuals. Each firm uses a random-dialing system to contact 1000 city residents. DynamicData's survey asked: "Do you think homeless people should be issued a fine for making our city streets unsanitary?" 53% of respondents answered yes, 41% answered no, and 6% said they didn't know. Reardon Research's survey asked: "Do you think homeless veterans should be punished for sleeping in the streets?" 23% of respondents answered yes, 68% of respondents answered no, and 10% said they didn't know. Which of the following most likely accounts for the different results? a. the questions contained a difference in wording b. the polls relied on random-dialing, which rarely produces a representative sample c. neither poll had a large enough sample size to produce scientific results d. the polls were conducted at different times

a. the questions contained a difference in wording

Which of the following statements best explains how a politician might use date found in a public opinion poll? a. to craft the presentation of policy so as to gain public support b. to encourage voters to support their policy position c. to measure the effectiveness of public policies d. to anticipate how media organizations will report on policy

a. to craft the presentation of policy so as to gain public support

Which of the following is a structural barrier to political participation enforced in certain states today? a. voter ID laws b. party-line voting c. poll taxes d. literacy tests

a. voter ID laws

Which of the following statements is the most valid criticism of voting for a third party in the US political system? a. your third-party vote may help a candidate that you disagree with b. you may be aiding a foreign government when you lend support to lesser known parties c. third parties cannot make a different at any level of government d. third parties cannot change the amount of political corruption in Washington DC

a. your third-party vote may help a candidate that you disagree with

"Who can say that the legislature of Alabama which set up that state's segregation laws was democratically elected? Throughout Alabama all sorts of devious methods are used to prevent Negroes from becoming registered voters, and there are some counties in which, even though Negroes constitute a majority of the population, not a single Negro is registered. Can any law enacted under such circumstances be considered democratically structured?" -Excerpt from King, Martin Luther Jr., "Letter from the Birmingham Jail" in Why We Can't Wait, ed. Martin Luther King, Jr., 77-100, 1963. Which of the following statements best explains Martin Luther King's argument regarding democratic participation in the above excerpt? a. The federal government's undemocratic control of the Alabama state legislature is responsible for preventing African Americans from registering to vote b. A law affecting African Americans is unjust if they had no part in creating it as a result of being denied the right to vote c. Segregation laws and the disenfranchisement of African Americans are unjust if they are not supported by the state legislature d. Through devious methods, the majority of Alabama state legislators are able to undermine federal statutes outlawing segregation

b. A law affecting African Americans is unjust if they had no part in creating it as a result of being denied the right to vote

Affirmative action is best defined as which of the following? a. A policy creating racial quotas for admitted classes at major colleges and universities for members of disadvantaged groups b. A policy benefiting those who tend to suffer from discrimination or are members of a historically disadvantaged group c. A set of guidelines issued by government agencies, which provide specific details about how a policy will be implemented d. A law that prohibits segregation of public facilities, as well as discrimination on the basis of race, color, sex, religion, or national origin

b. A policy benefiting those who tend to suffer from discrimination or are members of a historically disadvantaged group

"The Constitution instructs all who act for the government that they may not 'deny to any person . . . the equal protection of the laws.' In implementing this equality instruction, as I see it, government decisionmakers may properly distinguish between policies of exclusion and inclusion. Actions designed to burden groups long denied full citizenship stature are not sensibly ranked with measures taken to hasten the day when entrenched discrimination and its after effects have been extirpated." - Associate Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, dissenting opinion in Gratz v. Bollinger (2003) Based on the text, which of the following statements would the author most likely agree with? a. While some forms of affirmative action are constitutional, using quota systems based on race is not b. Colleges and universities should be allowed to use race as a factor in admissions c. Colleges and universities should be forbidden from taking race into consideration d. Affirmative action policies are an example of reverse racism and violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

b. Colleges and universities should be allowed to use race as a factor in admissions

In the 1960s, literacy tests were used in an attempt to limit African American participation in the voting process. Which of the following statements describes how Congress responded to this situation? a, Congress created the Federal Elections Commission to regulate voting centers b. Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 c. Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 d. Congress issued fines to any states who used literacy tests

b. Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965

Which of the following best defines civil liberties? a. Freedoms that give people the right to refuse to obey laws as a peaceful form of political protest b. Freedoms that protect citizens, opinions, and property against government abuse of power c. Rights that guarantee individuals freedom from discrimination at both the state and federal levels of government d. Rights given to the states to protect them from the federal government superseding their power

b. Freedoms that protect citizens, opinions, and property against government abuse of power

"The Constitution instructs all who act for the government that they may not 'deny to any person . . . the equal protection of the laws.' In implementing this equality instruction, as I see it, government decisionmakers may properly distinguish between policies of exclusion and inclusion. Actions designed to burden groups long denied full citizenship stature are not sensibly ranked with measures taken to hasten the day when entrenched discrimination and its after effects have been extirpated." - Associate Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, dissenting opinion in Gratz v. Bollinger (2003) Which of the following statements is most consistent with the author's argument in this passage? a. The Constitution is colorblind and any racial classifications, even when used to help minorities, are harmful to society b. The Constitution only forbids racial classifications when they are designed to harm minorities, not help them c. The Constitution sufficiently protects people of color and the Court should strike down any policy that aims to give certain people an advantage d. The Constitution allows for the use of race-based quotas as a way to remedy past injustices

b. The Constitution only forbids racial classifications when they are designed to harm minorities, not help them

"In the Bill of Rights for this Commonwealth it is declared that the happiness of the people & the Preservation of civil government depend upon the piety religion & morality & that the people have a right to invest their Legislature with power to require that provision be made for the public worship of God & the support of protestant teachers & require the attendance of people upon such worship instructions.... We must insist that the Continental Constitution contain a Bill of Rights which by Express shall secure to us our privileges especially our religion." - Daniel Adams, at a town meeting in Townshend, Massachusetts, 1787 Which of the following statements best summarizes the author's argument? a. listen specific rights in the Bill of Rights will lead to the regulation of those rights b. a bill of rights would protect civil liberties such as freedom of religion c. each state constitution should adopt a bill of rights specific to that state d. the Constitution creates a system of checks and balances that protects individual liberties

b. a bill of rights would protect civil liberties such as freedom of religion

Which of the following scenarios would most likely be considered a violation of the Twenty-Fourth Amendment? a. a court refuses to provide a lawyer for a defendant who cannot afford one b. a state institutes a fee to vote in a presidential election c. a court sentences a defendant to life in prison for stealing a loaf of bread d. a state institutes a law requiring state-issued photo identification to vote

b. a state institutes a fee to vote in a presidential election

Which of the following scenarios would most likely be considered a violation of the Fourth Amendment? a. a person is not provided a lawyer even though he cannot afford one b. a suspect's property is searched before a warrant is issued c. a person is tried twice for the same crime d. a minor is sentenced to the death penalty

b. a suspect's property is searched before a warrant is issued

"We advocate abolishing the term "citizen journalist". These people can call themselves "citizen news gatherers", but it is no more appropriate to call them citizen journalists than it would be to sit before a citizen judge or be operated on b a citizen brain surgeon. Because of declining revenues, newspapers, magazines and TV stations actually think they can get these "volunteers" to replace the professionals...that they can abandon their print editions, and have bloggers post without covering stories as they happen. Yes, there are a million news blogs, but only one New York Times. But to continue its reputation, the Times must uphold traditional editorial principles. So must we all." - Editorial, The Digital Journalist, 2009 Based on the text, which of the following statements would the author most likely agree with? a. the vast number of news blogs has made traditional publications like the New York Times unnecessary b. although bloggers can cover stories as they happen, they do not have training to provide good quality news coverage c. it is inaccurate to label citizen journalist "volunteers" as they are usually paid by newspapers and TV stations for their stories d. traditional editorial principles are needlessly restrictive in the digital age

b. although bloggers can cover stories as they happen, they do not have training to provide good quality news coverage

Which of the following sets of policies appears to be most influenced by a conservative ideology? a. abolish the death penalty as it is cruel and unusual punishment b. ban the use of books in public schools that have dangerous or controversial themes c. expand social welfare programs for the most vulnerable populations d. establish legal protections for undocumented children who have grown up in the United States

b. ban the use of books in public schools that have dangerous or controversial themes

Which of the following is the LEAST important underlying factor affecting the outcome of a presidential election? a. incumbency advantage phenomenon b. candidate's southern heritage c. length of time the president's party has held the White House d. growth rate of the economy leading up to the election

b. candidate's southern heritage

Like the old Progressive Party, a new generation third-party called the Working Families Party (WFP) has successfully competed in specific geographies in recent years, forging opportunistic alliances with either of the major parties while building a precinct-level organization and support. Based on this information and current election rules, which of the following is the best strategy for the WFP to influence public policy in the United States? a. challenge the nominees of one or both major parties at their national conventions b. concentrate on "grass roots" campaigns in local elections lacking two-party competition c. run candidates in national elections where they can serve as the spoiler d. run against both Republican and Democratic candidates in high-profile state or local elections

b. concentrate on "grass roots" campaigns in local elections lacking two-party competition

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) and McDonald v. Chicago (2010)? a. incorporated a right to legal counsel in capital cases / incorporated a protection from cruel and unusual punishment to the states b. decided that the state had to provide legal counsel for the poor and indigent / decided that the state could not restrict people from owning a gun for self-defense c. ruled that state laws were supreme to national laws / ruled that states could not infringe on an individual's right to own a gun d. declared that the state had violated the Sixth Amendment / Declared that the state had violated the Fifth Amendment

b. decided that the state had to provide legal counsel for the poor and indigent / decided that the state could not restrict people from owning a gun for self-defense

Which of the following important functions of democracy would most likely be more difficult without political parties? a. eliminating the patronage system in the bureaucracy b. educating voters on upcoming elections c. raising funds for candidates' campaigns d. reducing voter fraud in elections

b. educating voters on upcoming elections

b. equal protection clause

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of liberal and conservative views concerning social policy? a. federal government should provide free healthcare programs for poor / federal government should be responsible for providing welfare programs for poor b. federal government should legalize and regulate the use of marijuana / federal government should maintain its position on prohibiting the use of marijuana c. federal government should prevent race and gender from being taken into account for hiring decisions / federal government should encourage affirmative action programs for employment d. federal government should allow voluntary prayer in schools / federal government should not require a business to serve a same-sex couple if it goes against their religious beliefs

b. federal government should legalize and regulate the use of marijuana / federal government should maintain its position on prohibiting the use of marijuana

Linkage institutions are best defined as which of the following? a. organizations that raise money with the goal of supporting or defeating candidates, parties, or legislation b. groups that connect people to the government and turn people's concerns into political issues c. a formal or informal association of people seeking to influence governmental policy in favor of their interests d. organizations of people with similar political ideologies that seek to influence public policy by getting candidates elected

b. groups that connect people to the government and turn people's concerns into political issues

Which of the following policies would create the most tension between competing interpretations of limited government and individualism? a. expanding the national defense system b. increasing regulations on the sale of automatic weapons c. increasing funding for school lunch programs d. requiring all businesses to provide paid family leave

b. increasing regulations on the sale of automatic weapons

The Department of Education, the American Federation of Teachers, and the House Committee on Education and Labor work together to improve public education outcomes. This scenario illustrates which of the following concepts? a. political realignment b. iron triangles c. third parties d. political action committees

b. iron triangles

In 1961, Clarence Earl Gideon stood trial in Florida, accused of robbing a pool hall. Gideon was poor and could not afford a lawyer. He requested that the court provide one for him, but Florida only provided lawyers for defendants accused of capital offenses. The Supreme Court decided to throw out the conviction because lawyers were necessary to ensure a fair trial. The Court ruled that states must provide counsel to defendants too poor to afford lawyers or they are violating the constitutional right to legal counsel. Which of the following statements best explains the impact of this decision? a. it limited the states' power to convict someone who was poor or mentally ill b. it applied the Sixth Amendment to the states through the incorporation doctrine c. it enhanced the states' power to refuse the provide legal counsel in some felony cases d. it applied the Sixth Amendment to the federal government through total incorporation

b. it applied the Sixth Amendment to the states through the incorporation doctrine

Which statement accurately summarizes the impact of the Roe v. Wade (1973) decision? a. it required that police officers inform suspects under arrest of their Fifth and Sixth Amendment rights b. it incorporated a woman's right to privacy when having an abortion to state and local governments c. it increased states' power to control abortions and permitted states to regulate abortion procedures d. it established for the first time that the Bill of Rights implicitly includes protections for a right to privacy

b. it incorporated a woman's right to privacy when having an abortion to state and local governments

Which statement accurately summarizes the impact of the Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) decision? a. it increased states' power to restrict freedom of speech when it is shown to increase the danger to public safety b. it incorporated the right to legal counsel, as protected under the Sixth Amendment, to state and local governments c. it incorporated the Fourth Amendment to state and local governments d. it required that police officers inform suspects under arrest of their Fifth and Sixth Amendment rights

b. it incorporated the right to legal counsel, as protected under the Sixth Amendment, to state and local governments

Which statement accurately summarizes the impact of the Engel v. Vitale (1962) decision? a. it increased states' power to place limitations on freedom of speech when that speech creates a "clear and present danger" b. it upheld the separation of church and state and clarified the limitations of state governments under the establishment clause c. it emphasized the right of parents to control the religious upbringing of their children without state infringement d. it incorporated the right to freedom of speech, protected under the First Amendment, to state and local governments

b. it upheld the separation of church and state and clarified the limitations of state governments under the establishment clause

Which of the following makes a correct comparison between political parties and protest movements in the United States? a. are on of the three participants that make up an iron triangle / aim to get those sympathetic to the movement elected to office b. offer packages of policies to attract voters / bring attention to issues in the agenda-setting stage c. connect individuals to government as a linkage institution / affect the outcome of certain policies as successes or failures d. directly influence the formulation of policy / indirectly influences the implementation of policy

b. offer packages of policies to attract voters / bring attention to issues in the agenda-setting stage

Which of the following actions may Congress take to advance civil rights? a. declare Voter ID restrictions unconstitutional b. pass a law requiring that all schools receiving federal funding comply with desegregation efforts c. strike down state laws banning racial quotas in university admissions d. issue an executive order desegregating the military

b. pass a law requiring that all schools receiving federal funding comply with desegregation efforts

"There are other good things of less moment. I will now add what I do not like [about the Constitution]. First the omission of a bill of rights providing clearly & without the aid of sophisms for freedom of religion, freedom of the press, protection against standing armies, restriction against monopolies, the eternal & unremitting force of the habeas corpus laws, and trials by jury in all matters of fact triable by the laws of the land & not by the law of Nations. . . . Let me add that a bill of rights is what the people are entitled to against every government on earth, general or particular, & what no just government should refuse or rest on inference." -Thomas Jefferson, letter to James Madison, 20 December 1787 Based on the text, which of the following statements would the author most likely agree with? a. the US Constitution successfully places limits on the federal government without adding the Bill of Rights b. the Bill of Rights places necessary restrictions on the federal government's power c. the amendment process makes it too easy for citizens to change the structure of the federal government d. the Bill of Rights could potentially be used to limit civil liberties by state governments

b. the Bill of Rights places necessary restrictions on the federal government's power

Which of the following constitutional provisions limits the power of the federal government to collect digital metadata as described by Senator Wyden? a. the Eighth Amendment in the Bill of Rights b. the Fourth Amendment in the Bill of Rights c. judicial review in Article III d. enumerated powers in Article I

b. the Fourth Amendment in the Bill of Rights

"An unjust law is a code that a majority inflicts on a minority that is not binding on itself. This is difference made legal. On the other hand, a just law is a code that a majority compels a minority to follow, and that it is willing to follow itself. This is sameness made legal." -Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Letter from a Birmingham Jail, 1963. Which of the following constitutional provisions guarantees that "sameness is made legal" in King's argument? a. the establishment clause of the First Amendment b. the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment c. the faithful execution clause of Article II d. the full faith and credit clause of Article IV

b. the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

In 1961, students who attended public schools in Pennsylvania were required to read at least ten verses from the Bible. After students finished reading the readings, school officials required that all students recite the Lord's Prayer. In 1963, the Supreme Court heard the case and ruled that the readings and recitations violated a provision of the First Amendment. Which of the following constitutional clauses does this case have in common with Engel v. Vitale (1962)? a. the free exercise clause b. the establishment clause c. the due process clause d. the equal protection clause

b. the establishment clause

Which of the following government policies would be most likely to draw criticism for interfering with individual rights under the Second Amendment? a. the federal government passes a budget that allocates more money to the military b. the federal government passes a law banning the sale of automatic weapons to anyone under the age of twenty-one c. the state of Louisiana passes a law that requires a suspect who is a minor to have a parent present during the investigation d. the state of Oregon passes a law that bans public places from restricting bathroom access on the basis of an individual's sex listed on their birth certificate

b. the federal government passes a law banning the sale of automatic weapons to anyone under the age of twenty-one

A recent poll indicates that 75 percent of all people in the United States support new gun control legislation. Which of the following supports the credibility of the poll result? a. the poll was administered to several thousand people who were stopped while shopping in Kroger grocery stores across the country b. the poll reported a sampling error of plus or minus 2.5 percent c. the poll was conducted on a major television network and open to anyone who phoned in to participate d. the poll was given to 150 people of all ages and races

b. the poll reported a sampling error of plus or minus 2.5 percent

"National security and privacy are not mutually exclusive. They can both be accomplished through responsible intelligence gathering and careful respect for the freedoms of law-abiding Americans." - A quote from Senator James Lankford of Oklahoma in response to the passage of the USA Freedom Act, 2015 Based on the text, which of the following statements would Senator Lankford most likely agree with? a. the Fourth Amendment does not protect the bulk collection of cell phone data and should not require a warrant b. the prohibition of unreasonable searches and seizures are intended to ensure that citizen liberties are not superseded by the need for social order and security c. the Fourth Amendment does not explicitly cover technological data, therefore Congress needs to pass a new amendment d. the prohibition of warrantless searches of suspected terrorists impedes the government's ability to protect the US from another terrorist attack

b. the prohibition of unreasonable searches and seizures are intended to ensure that citizen liberties are not superseded by the need for social order and security

Which of the following best explains how third parties affect the US political system? a. they can restructure state governments to be more responsive to the electorate b. they can shift national attention to particular issues and influence the outcome of elections c. they can pass legislation protecting the middle class d. they can win crucial elections at the national level given the right candidates

b. they can shift national attention to particular issues and influence the outcome of elections

"It has already been incontrovertibly shown that on the present occasion a bill of rights was totally unnecessary, and that it might be accompanied with some inconveniency and danger if there was any defect in the attempt to enumerate the privileges of the people. This system proposes a union of thirteen sovereign and independent states in order to give dignity and energy to the transaction of their common concerns. It would be idle, therefore to countenance the idea that any other powers were delegated to the general government than those specified in the Constitution itself." - Justice Thomas McKean at the Pennsylvania State Convention to ratify the Constitution, edited by John Back McMaster and Frederick D. Stone, 1788 Which of the following best summarizes the author's argument? a. A Bill of Rights should only protect civil liberties at the state level, not the federal level b. It is necessary to add a Bill of Rights because the Constitution gives the federal government too much power c. A Bill of Rights would potentially give the federal government more power than is explicitly stated in the Constitution d. A Bill of Rights is unnecessary because it would give too much power to the thirteen states

c. A Bill of Rights would potentially give the federal government more power than is explicitly stated in the Constitution

The establishment clause is best defined as which of the following? a. A provision of the Fourteenth Amendment that prohibits governments from denying any person within their jurisdiction equal protection under the law b. A provision of the First Amendment that prohibits the government from interfering with someone's ability to practice their religion c. A provision of the First Amendment which prohibits the federal government from making an official American religion d. A provision of the Fourteenth Amendment that prohibits governments from depriving a person's life, liberty, or property without due process of law

c. A provision of the First Amendment which prohibits the federal government from making an official American religion

"Universities cannot establish quotas for members of certain racial or ethnic groups or put them on separate admissions tracks. The Law School's admissions program . . . satisfies these requirements. Moreover, the program is flexible enough to ensure that each applicant is evaluated as an individual and not in a way that makes race or ethnicity the defining feature of the application. The Law School engages in a highly individualized, holistic review of each applicant's file, giving serious consideration to all the ways an applicant might contribute to a diverse educational environment." Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, writing for the Court in Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) Which of the following governmental policies would the author most likely support? a. A national scholarship program that is completely colorblind in giving out awards b. A federal hiring program that reserves 20% of positions for minority applicants c. A state university admissions program that takes race into account as part of an individual's overall record d. A state medical school admissions program that has different requirements for male and female applicants

c. A state university admissions program that takes race into account as part of an individual's overall record

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates a way in which an interest group can influence policymaking? a. the announcer on a major news network hosts a televised debate between candidates for the 2020 presidential election b. the Republican Party hosts a party convention to determine their candidate for the 2020 presidential election c. Mothers Against Drunk Driving holds a victim impact panel for people convicted of driving while under the influence of alcohol c. Clean Water Action pays for a television advertisement that highlights the potential outcomes of a new piece of green legislation

c. Clean Water Action pays for a television advertisement that highlights the potential outcomes of a new piece of green legislation

Which of the following amendment protects citizens from cruel and unusual punishments? a. Sixth Amendment b. Fourth Amendment c. Eighth Amendment d. Second Amendment

c. Eighth Amendment

Which of the following describes a reason why the Framers decided to include a Bill of Rights? a. It was specifically designed to outline the amendment process and extend voting rights to disenfranchised groups b. It was specifically designed to articulate the enumerated and implied powers of the federal government c. It was specifically designed to protect individual liberties and rights from a strong central government d. It was specifically designed to determine what powers were given to the federal government and what powers were given to the states

c. It was specifically designed to protect individual liberties and rights from a strong central government

Which of the following scenarios is an example of how a state can restrict protected speech under the First Amendment? a. California passes a law prohibiting any person from organizing a rally that advocates for the end of police violence b. Texas passes a law that fines teachers who protest pay cuts during school hours c. New York passes a law banning groups from staging protests in major highways during rush hour traffic d. West Virginia passes a law that restricts students from wearing Trump Campaign memorabilia at televised events at public universities

c. New York passes a law banning groups from staging protests in major highways during rush hour traffic

"The Constitution abhors classifications based on race, not only because those classifications can harm favored races or are based on illegitimate motives, but also because every time the government places citizens on racial registers and makes race relevant to the provision of burdens or benefits, it demeans us all. . . . Undoubtedly there are other ways to 'better' the education of law students aside from ensuring that the student body contains a 'critical mass' of underrepresented minority students." - Associate Justice Clarence Thomas, dissenting opinion in Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) Which of the following statements is most consistent with the author's argument in this passage? a. The Constitution only forbids racial classifications when they are designed to harm minorities, not help them b. The Constitution allows for the use of race-based quotas as a way to remedy past injustices c. The Constitution is colorblind and any racial classifications, even when used to help minorities, are harmful to society d. The Constitution does not include enough protections for people of color and the Supreme Court has to rectify that

c. The Constitution is colorblind and any racial classifications, even when used to help minorities, are harmful to society

Based on previous rulings, which of the following scenarios would most likely violate the freedom of speech clause of the First Amendment? a. a woman is arrested for shouting "Fire!" in a theater when there was no real emergency, causing a panic b. a state law prevents students from reading religious texts in public schools c. a public school district bans students from wearing t-shirts supporting presidential candidates before an election d. a city ordinance requires a protest movement to obtain a permit before conducting a peaceful march

c. a public school district bans students from wearing t-shirts supporting presidential candidates before an election

Which of the following scenarios is an example of how the media can act as a linkage institution? a. a reporter interviews students and teachers after a school-wide evacuation because of a fire b. a political party advertises a "Rock the Vote" concert on Facebook to get people aged 18 to 21 to vote c. a television network airs the results of public opinion poll projecting the winner of the 2016 presidential election d. a political action committee donates money to a candidate for Senate to use for commercial advancements

c. a television network airs the results of public opinion poll projecting the winner of the 2016 presidential election

"The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States." - Article I, Section 2 of the United States Constitution Which of the following statements best explains the Framer's rationale for this constitutional provision? a. House members are prone to undue influence from constituents i their district, so their terms were shortened to prevent long-term damage to the republic b. House members were usually not as well off as their Senate colleagues, so they needed to return home more regularly to provide for their families c. all members of the House must stand for reelection every two years in order to better serve the immediate needs of constituents in their districts d. because the Framers knew that the members of the House did not live very long, it was better to replace them with younger candidates every two years

c. all members of the House must stand for reelection every two years in order to better serve the immediate needs of constituents in their districts

Before her candidate announces his bid for office, a campaign manager organizes a short survey of likely voters to determine which issues most concern them. She hopes that by conducting this survey before the campaign starts, she can tell her candidate the likelihood of winning based on his position on key issues. Which type of poll is this campaign manager conducting? a. exit poll b. tracking poll c. benchmark poll d. entrance poll

c. benchmark poll

In 1961, Clarence Earl Gideon stood trial in Florida, accused of robbing a pool hall. Gideon was poor and could not afford a lawyer. He requested that the court provide one for him, but Florida only provided lawyers for defendants accused of capital offenses. The Supreme Court decided to throw out the conviction because lawyers were necessary to ensure a fair trial. The Court ruled that states must provide counsel to defendants too poor to afford lawyers or they are violating the constitutional right to legal counsel. Which of the following constitutional provisions does the case described in the scenario have in common with McDonald v. Chicago (2010)? a. free exercise clause b. equal protection clause c. due process clause d. establishment clause

c. due process clause

"There's something even more revolutionary at work here. By lowering the barriers that protect state-owned industries, China is speeding a process that is removing government from vast areas of people's life. In the past, virtually every Chinese citizen woke up in an apartment or house owned by the government, went to work in a factory or a farm run by the government, and read newspapers published by the government...Now people are leaving those firms, and when China joins the W.T.O., they will leave them faster. The Chinese government no longer will be everyone's employer, landlord, shopkeeper and nanny all rolled into one. It will have fewer instruments therefore with which to control people's lives. And that may lead to very profound change...The genie of freedom will not go back into the bottle. As Justice Earl Warren once said, "liberty is the most contagious force in the world." In the new century, liberty will spread by cell phone and cable modem. In the past year, the number of Internet addresses in China has more than quadrupled, from two million to nine million. This year, the number is expected to grow to over 20 million. - Source: President Bill Clinton, "Clinton's Words on China: Trade Is the Smart Thing," The New York Times, 2000 a. if the relationship between the US and China strengthens, communism will spread to the US b. if China engages in international trade, its economic power will weaken over time, leading to US dominance c. if China becomes more involved in international organizations, its citizens will adopt aspects of American political culture d. if China joins international trade organizations, the US economy will improve because it can sell more technology to China

c. if China becomes more involved in international organizations, its citizens will adopt aspects of American political culture

Which of the following policies is likely to create the most tension between the competing values of free enterprise and rule of law? a. criminalizing speech that is considered racist on social media b. implementing a corporate policy that places women in leadership roles c. increasing regulations in banking practices d. passing laws that require that voters use state-issued identification card

c. increasing regulations in banking practices

The "public safety" exception to the Miranda rule can best be defined as which of the following? a. it prohibits the use of any evidence found without a warrant to convict someone in court b. it gives officers the right to lie to a suspect in an attempt to get a confession to a crime c. it allows the police to perform unwarned interrogation to stand as direct evidence in court if the information will help protect the public d. it requires that law enforcement officers inform a person subject to an interrogation of his or her Fifth and Sixth Amendment rights

c. it allows the police to perform unwarned interrogation to stand as direct evidence in court if the information will help protect the public

Which of these statements best explains why the Voting Rights Act of 1965 has been important to expanding political participation in the United States? a. it ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, gender, or national origin b. it reduced the minimum legal age to vote from 21 to 18 c. it enforced the Fifteenth Amendment by preventing states from using legal barriers to prevent African Americans from voting d. it introduced the requirement of showing an official form of identification to register for or vote in an election to deter voter fraud

c. it enforced the Fifteenth Amendment by preventing states from using legal barriers to prevent African Americans from voting

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the political impact of Schenck v. United States (1919) and Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010)? a. ruled that speech that posed a 'clear and present danger' was not protected / ruled that the federal government could restrict campaign spending by corporations, but not labor b. applied the First Amendment to the states / applied the Fifth Amendment to the states c. led to an increase in power for the national government to restrict freedom of speech / led to the creation of independent expenditure-only committees (Super PACs) d. declared that wearing a black armband to protest the Vietnam War was a form of symbolic speech / declared that political spending was a form of protected free speech

c. led to an increase in power for the national government to restrict freedom of speech / led to the creation of independent expenditure-only committees (Super PACs)

If Congress adheres to a liberal economic policy, which of the following measures would it most likely employ during an economic recession? a. a constitutional amendment that repeals the income tax b. a constitutional amendment that prohibits the federal government from creating government subsidies and bailouts to businesses c. legislation to increase corporate income tax rates and increase regulation of the economy d. legislation allowing Americans to engage in a barter system for goods without paying taxes

c. legislation to increase corporate income tax rates and increase regulation of the economy

"9/11 significantly increased political participation of the affected populations... Families and neighbors became more involved in politicized activities, including the selection of party nominees and in providing financial support to favored candidates...Finally, although families, and to a lesser extent neighbors, became more involved in their own parties' activities, there was an average shift in allegiance to the Republican Party." - Source: Eitan D. Hersh, "Long-term effect of September 11 on the political behavior of the victims' families and neighbors," 2013 Based on the text, which of the following statements would the author most likely agree with? a. neighbors of 9/11 victims became more politically active than family members of victims b. financial support for candidates is not a meaningful form of political participation c. major political events play a significant role in shaping individuals' political attitudes d. traumatic events tend to sway political attitudes toward the Republican Party

c. major political events play a significant role in shaping individuals' political attitudes

Which of the following policies is most likely to cause tension between the competing values of equality of opportunity and limited government? a. banning religious prayer in public schools b. reducing environmental regulations c. mandating that all public schools have English language programs d. decreasing funding for national defense programs

c. mandating that all public schools have English language programs

Which of the following is a linkage function primarily associated with US political parties? a. observing and communicating with the public on policy making and the performance of elected officials b. influencing lawmakers to vote a certain way on specific political policy issues c. mobilizing voters to elect a candidate advocating preferred ideological positions on political issues d. scheduling elections to determine candidates best suited to represent member interests

c. mobilizing voters to elect a candidate advocating preferred ideological positions on political issues

Which linkage institution is primarily responsible for keeping the electorate informed about political issues, policymaking, and leadership transitions in government? a. interest groups b. the federal bureaucracy c. news media d. political parties

c. news media

A right to privacy is best defined as which of the following? a. people have the right to be represented in a case by a lawyer b. people have the right to refuse to speak to a police officer if it will cause them to incriminate themselves c. people are protected from the government infringing in their personal life d. people are protected from the government imprisoning them for their private speech

c. people are protected from the government infringing in their personal life

"Winston Churchill is said to have remarked that 'Any man who is not a socialist at the age of 21 has no heart, and any man who is still a socialist at the age of 40 has no head.' The first part of the quote can be taken as saying that it is easy to favor economic equality when one is a young adult in the process of getting educated, finding a job, and beginning a career. But the second part implies that the notion of equality of income for all looks far different once one is middle aged and established in an occupation." - Source: Martin P. Wattenberg, Is Voting for Young People? 2012 Which of the following statements is most consistent with the author's argument in this passage? a. people's political ideology only changes after major political events b. people's political ideology is affected by generational differences, not lifecycle effects c. people's political ideology changes as they get older d. people's political ideology remains the same as they age

c. people's political ideology changes as they get older

Priyanka Kumble votes for political candidates based solely on their platforms and the policies they and their party plan to implement once elected. Which model of voting behavior does this best represent? a. party-line voting b. retrospective voting c. prospective voting d. rational choice voting

c. prospective voting

Tom Haverford has never voted in an election before, but is excited about Leslie Knope's campaign promises and decides to support her in the 2020 presidential election in hopes that she will be able to achieve those policy goals. Which model of voting behavior does this best represent? a. rational choice voting b. party-line voting c. prospective voting d. retrospective voting

c. prospective voting

"We used polling not to determine what positions he would take but to figure out which of the positions he had already taken were the most popular. I would always draw the distinction between deciding on policy and identifying certain issues for emphasis by telling Clinton, "You print the menu of the things you want. Then I'll advise which dish to have for dinner tonight.'" - Dick Morris, polling consultant for Bill Clinton, "Behind the Oval", 1997 Based on the text, which of the following statements would the author most likely agree with? a. public opinion poll results should be used to decide a politician's stance on an issue b. public opinion poll results can be used to predict who will win an election to a high degree of accuracy c. public opinion poll results can be used to determine how best to present policies to the public

c. public opinion poll results can be used to determine how best to present policies to the public

Which of the following is NOT an agent of political socialization? a. family b. schools c. sports teams d. media

c. sports teams

"Since polls conducted for the press must be simplified for comprehension by the general public, poll takers typically measure opinions crudely and analyze data superficially. For example, measurement often involves yes/no, approve/disapprove, or agree/disagree dichotomies rather than finely calibrated scales that would more precisely reflect shades of opinion." - Charles Atkins, James Gaudino, "Polling and the Democratic Consensus," Annals of the American Academy of Politics and Social Sciences Vol. 472, 1984, p. 128 In reference to the above excerpt, which of the following events most clearly supports the criticism of how public opinion polls are typically used during political campaign news coverage? a. the 2016 Democratic and Republican presidential nomination races b. the midterm election of 2014 c. the 2016 presidential election d. the gubernatorial elections of 2016

c. the 2016 presidential election

Which of the following statements best explains how the winner-take-all allocation of Electoral College votes works? a. the candidate who wins the popular vote in that state wins the proportionally equivalent amount of Electoral College votes for that state b. the party who wins the popular vote in that state wins all open congressional seats in that state c. the candidate who wins the popular vote in a state wins all of its Electoral College votes d. the party that wins the popular vote in that state controls the redistricting of congressional districts in that state

c. the candidate who wins the popular vote in a state wins all of its Electoral College votes

Which pairing below correctly matches both a constitutional procedure of voting rights and a past or current structural barrier to voting? a. the right to vote will not be denied or abridged on account of sex / rational choice b. literary tests cannot be used as a voter qualification / felony disenfranchisement c. the right of citizens who are 18 years or older to vote cannot be denied / poll taxes d. the right to vote cannot be denied based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude / party-line voting

c. the right of citizens who are 18 years or older to vote cannot be denied / poll taxes

Which of the following civil liberties is protected under the Second Amendment? a. the right to petition the government b. the right to trial by jury c. the right to own guns d. the right to freedom of speech

c. the right to own guns

Which of the following is an example of a social movement motivated by the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment? a. the Progressive movement b. Abolitionism c. the women's rights movement d. Occupy Wall Street

c. the women's rights movement

Which statement best explains how midterm elections serve an important linkage function with the electorate? a. they can determine whether the president and White House agenda will be replaced b. they can directly affect the composition and holdings of the Supreme Court c. they can alter the legislative agenda if the majority party changes hands in Congress d. they can reverse the constitutionality of executive orders and signing statements

c. they can alter the legislative agenda if the majority party changes hands in Congress

Which of the following scenarios is an example of how a state may constitutionally limit free speech at a protest demonstration? a. Lillian begins yelling expletives at a protest when children are present and a police officer arrests her b. Officer Daniels arrests students advocating for the president to be impeached c. Hendrick is arrested for yelling that protestors should overthrow the government d. Antoni starts yelling for other protestors to light buildings on fire and the police arrest him

d. Antoni starts yelling for other protestors to light buildings on fire and the police arrest him

In Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg County Schools (1971), the Supreme Court held that schools could assign students to schools outside of their district to achieve racial balances. Which of the following cases did the Court use as precedent in their decision? a. Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) b. Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) c. Engel v. Vitale (1962) d. Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

d. Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Which of the following policies is likely to create the most tension between the competing values of quality of opportunity and rule of law? a. instituting paid family leave in all businesses b. increasing regulations on banking practices c. requesting the financial records for the Department of Veterans Affairs d. Enacting a policy that punishes immigrants seeking asylum who attempt to enter the US without documentation

d. Enacting a policy that punishes immigrants seeking asylum who attempt to enter the US without documentation

"Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between Man & his God, that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship, that the legitimate powers of government reach actions only, & not opinions, I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should 'make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof,' thus building a wall of separation between Church & State." - Thomas Jefferson, letter to the Danbury Baptist Association, 1802 Supporters of Jefferson's view that the legislature should "make no law respecting an establishment of religion" could point to which of the following cases? a. Wisconsin v. Yoder b. Baker v. Carr c. United States v. Lopez d. Engel v. Vitale

d. Engel v. Vitale

Which of the following scenarios would likely be considered an unconstitutional use of state power under the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment? a. A state law criminalizes intermarriage between white and black citizens b. Idaho refuses to recognize drivers' licences issued in states that do not strictly enforce immigration laws c. Michigan passes a law requiring individuals to be 21 or older to marry d. Florida passes a law denying legal counsel to suspected terrorists

d. Florida passes a law denying legal counsel to suspected terrorists

"The District Court's assessment that all this evidence proved racial predominance clears the bar of clear error review. The court emphasized that the districting plan's own architects had repeatedly described the influx of African-Americans into District 12 as a . . . compliance measure, not a side-effect of political gerrymandering. And those contemporaneous descriptions comported with the court's credibility determinations about the trial testimony—that Watt told the truth when he recounted Rucho's resolve to hit a majority-BVAP target; and conversely that Hofeller skirted the truth (especially as to Guilford County) when he claimed to have followed only race-blind criteria in drawing district lines. We cannot disrespect such credibility judgments." -Associate Justice Elena Kagan, opinion of the Court in Cooper v. Harris, 2017 Which of the following statements best summarizes the author's argument? a. North Carolina created districts predominantly based on race in accordance with the Voting Rights Act, making it a constitutional action b. North Carolina created districts predominantly based on population changes, making it a constitutional action c. North Carolina created a districts predominantly based on partisan lines, which is unconstitutional d. North Carolina created a districts predominantly based on partisan lines, which is unconstitutional

d. North Carolina created a districts predominantly based on partisan lines, which is unconstitutional

In District of Columbia v. Heller (2008), the Court held that the District of Columbia could not ban the registration of handguns or require weapons to be nonfunctional in the home. Which of the following amendments was the focus of the Court's ruling? a. Eighth Amendment b. Tenth Amendment c. First Amendment d. Second Amendment

d. Second Amendment

"The attending physician, in consultation with his patient, is free to determine, without regulation by the state, that, in his medical judgment, the patient's pregnancy should be terminated. If that decision is reached, the judgment may be effectuated by an abortion free of interference by the State." Associate Justice Harry Blackmun, majority opinion in Roe v. Wade (1973) Which of the following statements is most consistent with the author's argument in this passage? a. The Tenth Amendment gives states the right to infringe on a person's right to privacy for the sake of regulating moral behavior b. The Constitution does not give the federal government the right to regulate abortions, therefore that is a state's responsibility c. The right to life, liberty, and property is more important than an implied right to privacy d. The Bill of Rights implies that there is a right to privacy that the government cannot infringe upon

d. The Bill of Rights implies that there is a right to privacy that the government cannot infringe upon

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of civil rights? a. The rights of individuals to ask government for redress of grievances b. The rights of individuals against unjust governmental interference c. The rights of individuals to life, liberty, and property d. The rights of individuals against discrimination based on their race, sex, or other demographic characteristics

d. The rights of individuals against discrimination based on their race, sex, or other demographic characteristics

"The school officials banned and sought to punish petitioners for a silent, passive expression of opinion, unaccompanied by any disorder or disturbance on the part of petitioners. There is here no evidence whatever of petitioners' interference, actual or nascent, with the schools' work or of collision with the rights of other students to be secure and to be let alone. Accordingly, this case does not concern speech or action that intrudes upon the work of the schools or the rights of other students." - Justice Abe Fortas Which of the following Supreme Court cases is most relevant to the topic of the passage? a. Engel v. Vitale (1962) b. Schenck v. United States (1919) c. New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) d. Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)

d. Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)

Liberal ideology is best defined as which of the following? a. a belief in limiting government interference in personal, social and economic issues b. a belief in limiting government regulation of the economy, but upholding traditional values by imposing restrictions on behaviors like same-sex marriage c. a belief in the superiority of the US over other countries and the need to promote the interests of the US, even if doing so hurts other countries d. a belief in increasing the role of government to regulate the economy and creating government programs to help the most needy

d. a belief in increasing the role of government to regulate the economy and creating government programs to help the most needy

Which of the following measures would a president adhering to supply-side economic principles most likely employ during an economic recession? a. a budget that raises taxes on top earners so that the government can redistribute the funds to the bottom 25% of earners b. a budget with significant increases in federal spending on entitlement programs like Medicaid c. a budget that increases funds for physics and science research for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) d. a budget that cuts individual and corporate income tax and decreases government regulation of the economy

d. a budget that cuts individual and corporate income tax and decreases government regulation of the economy

Which of the following scenarios is an example of how a state can reasonably restrict speech protected under the First Amendment? a. a man is arrested after organizing a protest against a new sanctuary city law proposed by his state legislature b. a woman is arrested for wearing a shirt that says, "End military involvement in the Middle East" c. a group of workers is arrested for picketing on the sidewalk outside a restaurant during the day, claiming that they are paid less than the minimum wage d. a group of protestors is arrested after staging a sit-in on the governor's front lawn to protect a Voter ID law

d. a group of protestors is arrested after staging a sit-in on the governor's front lawn to protect a Voter ID law

Based on previous rulings, the Supreme Court is most likely to view a case concerning which of the following as a symbolic speech case? a. a newspaper editor who was sued for defamation after printing an article criticizing a candidate for Senate b. a bookstore owner who was sued for displaying obscene magazines in an area where children could see them c. a member of the KKK is arrested for distributing pamphlets advocating racial discrimination d. a man who was arrested for waving a Nazi flag at a rally

d. a man who was arrested for waving a Nazi flag at a rally

Which of the following scenarios would most likely be considered a violation of the Eighth Amendment? a. a person is tried twice for the same crime b. a suspect's car is searched before a warrant is issued c. a person is not provided a lawyer even though he cannot afford one d. a minor is sentenced to the death penalty

d. a minor is sentenced to the death penalty

Based on previous rulings, the Supreme Court is likely to view which of the following as a free exercise clause case? a. a state law prohibits teaching evolution b. a public school holds mandatory prayers before sporting events c. a state reimburses religious schools for textbooks and teacher salaries d. a public school prevents Muslim students from wearing headscarves

d. a public school prevents Muslim students from wearing headscarves

"...Without debate, without criticism, no administration and no country can succeed--and no republic can survive... that is why our press was protected by the First Amendment--the only business in America specifically protected by the Constitution." - President John F. Kennedy, The President and the Press: Address before the American Newspaper Publishers Association, April 17, 1961 Based on the excerpt above, which of the following statements would Kennedy have most likely agreed with in terms of both the ideas of, and challenges for, the US republic? a. no content restrictions should be put on any media sites or companies, as total press freedom will eventually correct any abuses b. FIrst Amendment protections should be limited only to media that refrain from constantly attacking the president and executive office staff c. cyber attacks and hacking of social media and internet news should be allowed only for national security reasons d. an independent media must provide accurate information and commentary that uphold democratic principles and civil society

d. an independent media must provide accurate information and commentary that uphold democratic principles and civil society

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of an open primary and a closed primary? a. only used for congressional elections / only used for presidential elections b. party members choose nominees after hours of speeches and debates / meeting of delegates from one political party to select party candidates for public office c. voters registered with another party or as independents can vote / registered independents can vote along with members of a registered party d. any person can participate in this election / limited to registered members of a political party

d. any person can participate in this election / limited to registered members of a political party

Which of the following actions by a news organization would most likely be protected from prior restraint based on the precedent established by New York Times Co. v. United States (1971)? a. releasing a podcast that reveals classified information about the current location of American military units b. publishing an editorial in a university newspaper featuring false information that damages another student's reputation c. broadcasting a radio advertisement that calls for all American patriots to bring their guns to keep protestors away from statues of Confederate Civil War heroes d. broadcasting a televised report that analyzes classified information about government surveillance of other countries

d. broadcasting a televised report that analyzes classified information about government surveillance of other countries

"Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes." - Article I, Section 3, Clause 2 of the United States Constitution What is the constitutional purpose of assigning US Senators to one of three clases? a. class assignment creates a smaller cadre of legislators to be trained in how to apply the chamber rules of debate b. senators are assigned a class to determine which committees they will chair during their term of office c. senators are assigned to one of three classes based on their seniority and prior experience in other elected offices d. by gradually changing membership, rotations encourage deliberate debate and leadership continuity after major elections

d. by gradually changing membership, rotations encourage deliberate debate and leadership continuity after major elections

"Simplifying our tax code will help the middle class because it will make it easier for small businesses to hire and grow. And we agree with the President that we should lower our corporate tax rate, which is one of the highest in the world, so that companies will start bringing their money and their jobs back here from overseas." - Senator Marco Rubio in a response to the State of the Union address, 2013 Which of the following ideological perspectives is most consistent with the author? a. progressive b. liberal c. communitarian d. conservative

d. conservative

"The effects of a severe recession experienced are large when the individual is between the ages of 18 and 24 - the so-called formative age - during which social psychologists think most of social beliefs are formed; the effects are not so strong when the recession is experienced later in life... these effects are permanent because attitudes of recession-stricken individuals remain significantly altered many years after the severe recession ends." - Source: Antonio Spilimbergo and Paulo Giuliano, "The Long-Lasting Effects of the Economic Crisis", 2009 Which of the following statements is most consistent with the authors' argument in this passage? a. economic recessions have little impact on the attitudes of individuals who were not in their formative years when they occured b. social beliefs are formed during the ages of 18 and 24 c. recessions that strike when individuals are aged 18 to 24 cause them to experience lasting economic problems d. economic recessions have lasting consequences on the attitudes of individuals who experienced them during their formative years

d. economic recessions have lasting consequences on the attitudes of individuals who experienced them during their formative years

Which of the following sets of policies appears to be most influenced by liberal ideology? a. create strict identification requirements for voting b. expand production of oil, coal, and natural gas industries c. ban transgender individuals from serving in the military d. establish a universal healthcare program to insure all Americans

d. establish a universal healthcare program to insure all Americans

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of typical liberal and conservative views concerning economic policy? a. the Federal Reserve System should be solely responsible for stabilizing the economy / Congress should have a shared responsibility with the Federal Reserve System for stabilizing the economy b. cutting taxes to help stimulate the economy by increasing the supply of goods / cutting spending to entitlement programs like social security helps to stimulate the eonomy c. increasing spending on public works projects can provide much needed jobs for the unemployed / raising taxes on top earners will give the government more money to redistribute to the people who need it most d. federal government should have a stronger role in regulating the economy / federal government should have a less involved role in regulating the economy

d. federal government should have a stronger role in regulating the economy / federal government should have a less involved role in regulating the economy

Which of the following scenarios best reflects the globalization of US political culture? a. the Markovian government shifts from a constitutional democracy to a monarchy after a regime change b. the country of Kahndaq signs a peace treaty with the US after several years of military conflict c. after a series of national disasters, the Bialyian government signs an international agreement to address the effects of climate change d. following a political revolution and a strong trade relationship with the US, the country of Corto Maltese starts hosting free and open elections

d. following a political revolution and a strong trade relationship with the US, the country of Corto Maltese starts hosting free and open elections

Even though he just retired, Bill sees no reason to join the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP), as the dues are not enough to make much difference in protecting his health care, and he expects that he will benefit from the association's activities whether he becomes a member or not. This scenario reflects which of the following political concepts? a. issue network influence b. friendly incumbent rule c. equal access opportunity d. free-rider problem

d. free-rider problem

"There's something even more revolutionary at work here. By lowering the barriers that protect state-owned industries, China is speeding a process that is removing government from vast areas of people's life. In the past, virtually every Chinese citizen woke up in an apartment or house owned by the government, went to work in a factory or a farm run by the government, and read newspapers published by the government...Now people are leaving those firms, and when China joins the W.T.O., they will leave them faster. The Chinese government no longer will be everyone's employer, landlord, shopkeeper and nanny all rolled into one. It will have fewer instruments therefore with which to control people's lives. And that may lead to very profound change...The genie of freedom will not go back into the bottle. As Justice Earl Warren once said, "liberty is the most contagious force in the world." In the new century, liberty will spread by cell phone and cable modem. In the past year, the number of Internet addresses in China has more than quadrupled, from two million to nine million. This year, the number is expected to grow to over 20 million. - Source: President Bill Clinton, "Clinton's Words on China: Trade Is the Smart Thing," The New York Times, 2000 Which of the following statements is most consistent with Clinton's argument in this passage? a. the US needs to engage in free trade to be economically successful b. the president should be in charge of setting the foreign policy agenda c. political beliefs are set at a young age and rarely change as people get older d. globalization can spread US political culture to countries around the world

d. globalization can spread US political culture to countries around the world

Prior restraint is best defined as which of the following? a. speech that presents a "clear and present danger" b. forms of nonverbal speech protected by the First Amendment c. materials that an average person would consider obscene d. government censorship that blocks free speech or publication

d. government censorship that blocks free speech or publication

Which of the following statements best defines policy mood? a. how the president can use their presidency to present an agenda directly to the public b. how organizations estimate public attitudes toward issues by surveying a small sample of the public c. how people adopt political attitudes and values over their lifetimes d. how political scientists measure the public's preferences toward policy issues

d. how political scientists measure the public's preferences toward policy issues

Which of the following is a true statement about the role media plays in providing citizens with political knowledge? a. it can impact the outcome of an election as their reporting can encourage citizens to vote b. it can determine a citizen's core political beliefs about the role of the government in the United States c. it holds the different levels of government accountable for their actions by acting as a watchdog d. it enhances people's access to political information so they can make thoughtful decisions about their representatives and policy

d. it enhances people's access to political information so they can make thoughtful decisions about their representatives and policy

Which statement accurately summarizes the impact of the McDonald v. Chicago (2010) decision? a. it increased the states' power to ban handguns to protect the public from gun violence b. it restricted the state from denying any person a gun if they wanted it for self-defense c. it required that each state institute stricter background checks and inform the federal government of all handgun purchases d. it incorporated an individual's right to bear arms for self-defense and made it apply to state and local governments

d. it incorporated an individual's right to bear arms for self-defense and made it apply to state and local governments

Which of the following statements best explains why the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a significant political event? a. it removed structural barriers to minority voting b. it extended suffrage to African-American men and women c. it prevented schools and universities from discriminating against female students d. it prohibited discrimination in public places, employment, and voting

d. it prohibited discrimination in public places, employment, and voting

In 1890, Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway cars for black people and for white people. Homer Plessy took a seat in a "whites only" train. He refused to move to the car reserved for black people and was arrested. The case went to the Supreme Court and the Supreme Court ruled to uphold the Louisiana law. Which statement accurately summarizes the impact of the Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) decision? a. it restricted African-American voting power by ruling that poll taxes and literacy tests were constitutional b. it protected African-American voting power by requiring that states create majority-minority legislative districts c. it protected African-American access to the same public facilities as the majority while population d. it restricted African-American access to the same public facilities as the majority white population

d. it restricted African-American access to the same public facilities as the majority white population

On a political survey, Patrick Yang reveals that he rarely votes, because he does not believe the federal government listens to or responds to his needs, nor does he think the average citizen has much influence over political affairs. A political scientist would characterize these attitudes as representing which of the following? a. political socialization b. retrospective voting c. libertarianism d. low political efficacy

d. low political efficacy

The presidential election of 1968 was conducted against a backdrop of assassinations, race riots, widespread demonstrations against the Vietnam War, and violent confrontations between police and anti-war protestors at the Democratic National Convention. It also included a strong third party effort by former Alabama Governor George Wallace, a pro-segregation Democrat running as an Independent. The election outcome was a victory for GOP candidate, Richard Nixon, with Wallace receiving 46 electoral votes from southern states. Which of the following terms accurately characterizes this election and political era? a. a party era b. disenfranchisement c. divided government d. party realignment

d. party realignment

Which term accurately describes the presidential electoral change brought about the permanent switch of many conservative white southerners from the Democratic party to the Republican party in the mid-1960s? a. super-majority dominance b. party recalibration c. dealignment d. party realignment

d. party realignment

Which of the following statements best describes the impact of ideologically-oriented programming? a. people are more likely to consume a wide-range of media sources to keep themselves as impartial as possible b. people are more likely to avoid ideologically-oriented media sources as they are often biased sources of news c. people are more likely to avoid paying attention to the news, as they are unsure about the credibility of the reporting d. people are more likely to choose a program that matches their ideology, filtering the news they recieve

d. people are more likely to choose a program that matches their ideology, filtering the news they recieve

"As it is now well known, political parties in recent years have built databases to facilitate targeting strategies. These databases list the names and contact information for all voters in a district, along with information about their personal traits, their neighborhoods, and their history of political participation. Politicians and their campaigns use these lists to perceive the electorate. The lists help them understand who their supporters are, what issues different voters care about, and how they should present themselves to voters in their campaign appeals. This large-scale collection of data influences how politicians perceive voters, and in turn, it affects how they interact with voters." -Source: Eitan D. Hersh, Hacking the Electorate: How Campaigns Perceive Voters, 2015 Based on the text, which of the following statements would the author most likely agree with? a. political parties should not rely on voter-data management systems as they often rely on irrelevant data and do not influence elections b. political parties rely on voter-data management systems to determine the reliability of exit polls after an election c. political parties use voter-data management systems to collect information that damages the credibility of political opponents in the media d. political parties can use voter-data management systems to tailor their policies to fit their constituents best and maximize voter turnout

d. political parties can use voter-data management systems to tailor their policies to fit their constituents best and maximize voter turnout

Which of the following policies is most likely to create the most tension between free enterprise and rule of law? a. raising the age to qualify for Social Security benefits to reduce the federal deficit b. enacting mandatory minimum sentences for non-violent offenses c. banning religious prayer in public schools d. reducing environmental regulations for oil companies

d. reducing environmental regulations for oil companies

Selina voted for Senator Bruce Wayne (D-NY) in 2008 and was unhappy with his performance in office because he didn't fix the economy. So in the 2014 midterm elections, Selina decides to vote for Barbara Kean, a Republican candidate. Which model of voting behavior does this best represent? a. party-line voting b. prospective voting c. rational choice voting d. retrospective voting

d. retrospective voting

Which of the following policies is most likely to create the most tension between the competing values of rule of law and limited government? a. reviewing presidential nominations for a cabinet position in a Senate hearing b. passing "right to work" legislation that lets people choose whether they want to join a labor union c. requesting the financial records for the Environmental Protection Agency d. seizing library records to investigate potential terrorists

d. seizing library records to investigate potential terrorists

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of Schenck v. United States (1919) and Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) a. political spending is a form of protected speech / the right of privacy extends to a woman's decision to have an abortion b. congress may not use the commerce clause to make possession of a gun in a school zone a federal crime / school sponsorship of religious activities violates the establishment clause c. the US government cannot block the publication of secret government documents / compelling Amish students to attend school past the 8th grade violates the free exercise clause d. speech creating a "clear and present danger" is not protected by the First Amendment / public school students have the right to wear black armbands to protest the Vietnam War

d. speech creating a "clear and present danger" is not protected by the First Amendment / public school students have the right to wear black armbands to protest the Vietnam War

Which of the following statements accurately summarizes why is it virtually impossible for third-party candidates to become president? a. third parties do not qualify for super PAC funds in presidential races b. primary elections weed out strong third-party candidates c. third-party candidates may pay exorbitant fees to have their names printed on general election ballots in most states d. the Electoral College uses a winner-take-all system

d. the Electoral College uses a winner-take-all system

Source 1: "As we consider whether to reauthorize parts of the PATRIOT Act, we must take stock of where we are today, It is no secret that NSA collects vast sums of information and at one point or another has collected information on virtually every person in this country who uses a telephone. That is no great secret. Since June, 2013, we have learned that the NSA collects phone call metadata, including the numbers of both parties, location, time, and duration. They collect our text messages, email chat, and Internet browsing history; smart phone app data, including Google Maps, which can pinpoint a person's location within a few yards. They collect maps of people's social networks, bank and credit card transactions. This is just the tip of the iceberg. There is undoubtedly much more being done that we simply don't know anything about." - Source: Senator Bernie Sanders, in a debate about the USA Freedom Act, 2015 Source 2: "The collection of telephone metadata in bulk facilitates our mapping of terrorist networks and our ability to disrupt terrorist plots. Contrary to the wild fantasies that critics frequently spout, this collection does not meaningfully intrude on our privacy. It does not involve the NSA listening in on anyone's calls. It is simply a very important means of finding a proverbial needle in a haystack. We should reauthorize this authority without delay." - Source: Senator Orrin Hatch, in a debate about the USA Freedom Act, 2015 Which of the following scenarios illustrate the author's concerns? a. the National Security Agency can identify several members of a domestic terrorist group using their cell metadata b. the Federal Bureau of Investigation gets a warrant to listen in on the phone conversations of a suspected drug dealer c. the iPhone allows customers to open their phones using facial recognition software, and the company hosts all of that data d. the House of Representatives impeaches a cabinet official because he makes multiple calls to an alcohol addiction hotline

d. the House of Representatives impeaches a cabinet official because he makes multiple calls to an alcohol addiction hotline

In Supreme Court cases that consider the balance of power between the government's protection of the public and ensuring the rights of individuals as related to the Second Amendment, how has the Court usually ruled? a. the Supreme Court has usually made decisions that uphold the right of an individual to a quick and speedy trial b. the Supreme Court has usually made decisions that uphold the power of the government to place restrictions on firearms c. the Supreme Court has usually made decisions that uphold the power of the government to interrogate suspects with limited interference d. the Supreme Court has usually made decisions that uphold the right of an individual to own a gun

d. the Supreme Court has usually made decisions that uphold the right of an individual to own a gun

Which of the following statements accurately summarizes the decision in New York Times Co. v. United States (1971)? a. the government did not violate the First Amendment and was correct to block the newspaper from publishing its article for reasons of national security b. the government violated the Fourteenth Amendment and unfairly targeted the New York Times newspaper c. the government did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment and was acting constitutionally d. the government violated the First Amendment and could not stop the newspaper from publishing its article

d. the government violated the First Amendment and could not stop the newspaper from publishing its article

Which of the following best explains a consequence of candidate-centered campaigns? a. the party's role in nominating candidates has grown b. candidates rely heavily on the party to fund campaigns c. candidates are less likely to work with interest groups d. the party's role in nominating candidates has weakened

d. the party's role in nominating candidates has weakened

A recent poll indicates that 57 percent of all people in the United States disapprove of the Supreme Court's ruling that no state or local government may require the reading of the Bible verses in public schools. Which of the following supports the credibility of the poll result? a. the poll was conducted on Twitter and open to anyone who wished to participate b. the poll was administered to people who were walking out of religious organizations across the country c. the poll did not report a sampling error on their results d. the poll received a representative sample of 1,850 respondents

d. the poll received a representative sample of 1,850 respondents

Political socialization is best defined as which of the following? a. the process of redrawing the geographic boundaries of legislative districts b. a citizen's beliefs that their vote matters and can influence government policies c. a collection of citizens' opinions on politics and the role of government d. the process by which people form their ideas about politics and acquire their ideas about the government

d. the process by which people form their ideas about politics and acquire their ideas about the government

"In the First Amendment, the Founding Fathers gave the free press the protection it must have to fulfill its essential role in our democracy. The press was to serve the governed, not the governors. The Government's power to censor the press was abolished so that the press would remain forever free to censure the Government. The press was protected so that it could bare the secrets of government and inform the people. Only a free and unrestrained press can effectively expose deception in government." - Justice Hugo Black Based on the text, which of the following statements would the author most likely agree with? a. speech that presents a "clear and present danger" should not be protected by the First Amendment b. school sponsorship of religious activities violates the free press clause c. the right to publish pornographic material is protected under the First Amendment d. there should be a "heavy presumption against prior restraint" of freedom of speech

d. there should be a "heavy presumption against prior restraint" of freedom of speech

Which of the following statements accurately summarizes what the National Rifle Association, American Association of Retired Persons, the National Right to Life Committee, Reproductive Rights Action League, and Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) all have in common? a. they all represent professional associations and businesses concerned with public policies that affect their members b. they all represent advocacy groups seeking to benefit people unable to represent themselves c. they all represent citizen groups attempting to influence government policies that they believe will benefit the public at large d. they all represent cause groups representing members that care intensely about a single issue or small group of related issues

d. they all represent cause groups representing members that care intensely about a single issue or small group of related issues

"The Electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall be inhabitant of the same state with themselves... and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote..." - Excerpt from Amendment XII of the US Constitution Which of the following statements would the constitutional founders most agree with in regards to this excerpt from the Twelfth Amendment? a. the Electoral College addresses a profound distrust of power residing with the chief executive, as this indirect electoral procedure preserves the superiority of the legislative branch b. the indirect method shows how committed the new republic was to boosting the power of the national government by giving electors from each state the role of "kingmakers" in presidential selection c. the Electoral College reflects a rejection of popular sovereignty by making the process indirect and convoluted, thus taking the national constituency out of the selection process d. this indirect method prevents voters across the country from ignoring better qualified candidates outside their region, and allows less populous states greater influence in presidential selection

d. this indirect method prevents voters across the country from ignoring better qualified candidates outside their region, and allows less populous states greater influence in presidential selection

Count the Votes, a website that focuses on opinion poll analysis, conducts a poll every day for four years to determine how popular the sitting president is with likely or registered voters. Which type of poll is Count the Votes conducting? a. exit poll b. benchmark poll c. entrance poll d. tracking poll

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