Kin 105 Exam 2

gliding joint

wrist and ankle

What is the concentration of salt and glucose in an intravenous solution?

0.9% salt, 5% glucose

How many layers of epithelial cells make up simple epithelium?

1 layer

How many layers of phospholipid molecules make up the membranes of cells?

2

How many moveable vertebrae comprise the spinal column?

24 motion segments

How many genes are contained in the human genome?

25,000

What percentage of total body calcium is stored in bones?

99 percent

What articulation makes up the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint?

Humeral head connects to the glenoid cavity

What two bones make up the primary articulation of the humeroulnar (elbow) joint?

Humerus and ulna

What type of cartilage covers the ends of long bones and serves to absorb shock during impact?

Hyaline

What three segments make each os coxae (hip bone)?

Ilium, pubis, ischium

What are the two types of loose connective tissue? Which of these types is used to estimate percent body fat?

areolar and adipose (estimate % body fat)

Which type of cartilage covers the end of long bones?

articular cartilage

condyloid joint

between occipital and atlas

saddle joint

between wrist and first phalanx of thumb

What are the two types of circulating connective tissue?

blood, lymph

Which type of muscle tissue generates its own electrical impules?

cardiac muscle

What specialized structures in cardiac muscle tissue allow for the spread of an electrical impulse from one cell to the next, to allow the heart to contract as a unit?

cardiac output, intercalated disks

Liquid matrix

circulating connective tissue

What two bones make up the shoulder girdle?

clavicle and scapula

What anatomical terms describe the ends and the shaft of a long bone, respectively?

ends: proximal epiphysis and distal epiphysis Shaft: diaphysis

What are the two types of membranes?

epithelial and connective

What type of cartilage makes up the intervertebral discs?

fibrocartilage

Which connective tissue membrane encloses the heart between the parietal pleura and parietal pericardium?

fibrous pericardium

What are six types of diarthrodial joints?

gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket

diarthrodial (highly moveable) joints

gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket

ball and socket joint

hip and shoulder joints

pivot joint

joint between c1 and c2

Vasconstriction

limit blood flow to less active areas of body

semiliquid matrix

loose connective tissue

Which type of RNA transcribes a segment of DNA?

mRNA

What are three types of RNA that participate in protein synthesis?

mRNA, RNA, tRNA

Which two facial bones are unpaired?

mandible and vomer

What joint actions are permitted at the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint?

multiaxial: frontal, sagittal, transverse

What is the most common type of neurons?

multipolar neurons

Where does transcription take place?

nucleus

What articulation makes up the acetabula femoral (hip) joint?

pelvic acetabulum and the head of the femur

What is the largest serous membrane?

peritoneum: parietal layer lines the body, visceral layers covers abdominal organs

amphiarthrodial (slightly moveable) joints

pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs

Which type of RNA makes up ribosomes?

rRNA

In the the anatomical position, how might the radius be described relative to the ulna?

radius is later to the ulna, ulna is medial to the radius

Which type of marrow is involved in red blood cell production?

red bone marrow

Vasolidation

relaxes blood vessels, increases blood flow

What three bones make up the pelvic girdle?

right and left hip bone, sacrum

What joints join the os coxa with the sacrum?

sacra iliac joint

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

What are two characteristics unique to the cervical vertebrae?

split in the spinous process, transverse foramen

What role are lumbar vertebrae designed for?

weight bearing

Which bones undergo intramembranous ossification? Moreover, what is the term used to describe the formation of all other bones?

1. Cranial and facial bones and clavicle 2. Endochondral ossification

What are the four general classifications of tissue?

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Within DNA, which nitrogen bases pair with each other?

A and T C and G

Which two nitrogen bases are larger and which two are smaller?

A and T - larger C and G - smaller

What is the scientific term for red blood cell production?

Erythropoiesis

Define osmotic pressure

A solution's tendency to draw in water

What is the neurotransmitter released from a motor neuron to activate a skeletal muscle cell?

Acetylcholine

Which neurotransmitter is released into the neuromuscular junction via exocytosis from the terminal end-bulb of a motor neuron?

Acetylcholine: motor neuron Sarcolemma: skeletal muscle cell

During transcription, which nucleotide on DNA binds with uracil on RNA?

Adenine

Which four nitrogen bases are present within DNA?

Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C)

How can this relatively small number of genes code for several million different proteins?

After translation, there is further modifications in ER

What joint actions are enabled by the proximal and distal radioulnar joints?

Allows for rotation, pronation, supination

In the infant skull, which is the largest fontanel?

Anterior fontanel

In which direction will the pelvis be tilted with weak abdominals, weak gluteus maximus, and tight or overly activated rectus femoris? How does this scenario potentially cause low back pain?

Anterior tilt, causes your lumbar vertebrae to over-curve and become out of alignment. The psoas muscle becomes tight and pulls directly on the lumbar vertebrae

What type of cartilage covers the ends of bones in a synovial joint?

Articular cartilage

What is the joint between the atlas and the axis? Furthermore, what action takes place at this joint?

Atlanto - axial joint, transverse movement, head rotation

What is the joint called between the first cervical vertebrae and the occipital condyles of the skull? Furthermore, what are the actions that take place at this joint?

Atlanto occipital joint, flexion and extension sagittal movement

What shapes of simple epithelial cells line the interior of blood vessels, the pancreatic duct, and uterine tubes, respectively?

Blood vessels - squamous Pancreatic duct - cuboidal Uterine tubes - columnal

Which type of connective tissue becomes infused with salts of calcium and phosphorus?

Bone connective tissue (solid matrix)

How is connective tissue classified?

By the nature of the matrix Dense connective tissue, adipose tissue, areolar tissue, compact bone, blood connective tissue

What specialized structures of some epithelial cells sweep mucus towards the pharynx?

Cilia

What shape of pseudostratified epithelial cells line the interior of the respiratory tract?

Columnar

What is the most common type of microscope used in labs?

Compound light microscope

What is the sugar present in DNA versus RNA?

DNA sugar - deoxyribose RNA sugar - ribose

What are two surfaces of the body characterized by cells with cilia?

Digestive tract and respiratory tract

What four tracts of the body are lined with epithelial tissue?

Digestive, respiratory, urinary, circulatory, tracts

What does the acronym EMS stand for?

Electronic muscle stimulation

What is the difference between an embryonic stem cell and an adult stem cell?

Embryonic cell: found in early embryos, source of all body cells and can differentiate into any cell type Adult stem cells: specialized stem cells that remain in the body after birth; assist with tissue growth and repair

After formation in the ribosome, where does the amino acid chain go for further processing?

Endoplasmic reticulum

What are the difference between epithelial and connective membranes?

Epithelial - 2 layers, has a superficial layer and deep layer, serous, mucous, cutaneous Connective - single layer

Which glucose transporter protein is activated in response to skeletal muscle contraction?

GLUT-4

What special cells within epithelial tissue secret mucus?

Goblet cells (unicellular exocrine gland)

What is the functional role of the ACL?

Is to prevent the knee joint from hyperextension

Why are there so many more bones in the appendicular versus the axial portion of the skeleton?

It is due to the hands and feet Appendicular: 126 bones (extremities) Axial: 80 bones (head and trunk)

What common postural condition is characterized by a hyperflexed thoracic spine and hyperextended lumbar spine?

Kyphosis - lordosis posture

How are the following terms defined: lamellae, osteon, lacuna, canaliculus?

Lamellae: layers of the osteons also circular Osteon: circular units that make up compact bone - made up of smaller subunits Lacuna: spaces between the layers of the lamellae where osteocytes reside Canaliculus: canals between neighboring osteocytes

What are the two purposes of the sinuses of the skull?

Lighten the weight of the head, involved with production of our voice

What are the three bones of the inner ear that transmit sound waves?

Malleus, Incus, stapes

Which organelle functions in the aerobic production of ATP?

Mitochondria

What three factors determine passage of substances across a cell membrane?

Molecule size, solubility, electrical charge

What type of nerve cell connects the spinal cord with skeletal muscle?

Motor neuron (neurocyte)

Which two ions are exchanged through channels in the plasma membrane to conduct neural signals to cells?

Na+ and K+ ions

What classification of cells serves as support cells for neurons?

Neuroglia (glial cells)

What is the largest organelle of the cell?

Nucleus

What are the two general categories of bone tissue? Which type makes up 80 percent of skeletal mass?

Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts

What is the formal term for a mature bone cell?

Osteocytes

Define diffusion

Passive movement from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration - no ATP required

Which prefix is common for connective tissue membranes that cover the heart, bones, and cartilage?

Peri-

What three parts that make up nucleotides, such as DNA and RNA?

Phosphate unit, sugar unit, nitrogen base

Which two anaerobic metabolic systems operate exclusively in the cytoplasm to produce ATP?

Phosphogen and glycolytic

What is the function of the nucleolus?

Produce and assemble ribosomes

In terms of nitrogen bases, what is the difference between RNA and DNA?

RNA: Uracil (U) DNA: Thymine (T)

Which types of membrane protein binds hormones and neurotransmitters to effect cellular actions?

Receptors

What are two common prefixes used for structures specific to skeletal muscle cells?

Sarco, myo

What is the name for the membrane channel that allows for the passage of water into a cell via osmosis?

Semipermeable membrane - aquaporin channels

What are the two ways that epithelial tissue can be classified?

Shape: squamous, cuboidal, columnar Layers: simple, stratified, pseudostratified

Which type of muscle tissue is multinucleated?

Skeletal muscle (only cell with multiple nuclei)

Which type of muscle tissue is found in the tracts of the body and allows for vasoconstriction and vasodilation of blood vessels?

Smooth muscle

What is the only cell (in males) characterized by a flagellum?

Sperm cells

What shape of stratified epithelial cells line the interior of the esophagus?

Squamous

What terms are used for swelling and shrinking of a cell, respectively?

Swelling of a cell - hypotonic Shrinking of a cell - hypertonic

Why are ribs 8,9, and 10 called false ribs?

They do not directly connect to the sternum

Which type of membrane protein allows glucose to enter the cell?

Transporter

What type of gland are goblet cells?

Unicellular exocrine glands

Which part of a serous membrane attaches to the wall of a cavity and which part attaches to an organ, respectively?

Wall of a cavity - parietal pleura, parietal layer Organ - visceral pleura, visceral layer

What are two characteristics unique to thoracic vertebrae?

costal facet, angle of spinous process

firm matrix

dense regular connective tissue

What three bones articulate to form the talocrural (ankle) joint?

distal tibia, distal fibula, talus

hinge joint

elbow joint, between phalanges

What type of glial cells forms the myelin sheath that surrounds the axon?

oligodendrocytes

What connective tissue membranes cover the inside and outside surfaces of bones, respectively?

outside - periosteum inside - endosteum

Which two cranial bones are paired?

parietal and temporal

Synarthrodial (immovable) joints

sutures between skull bones

Which type of RNA carries amino acids to be used in translation of proteins in ribosomes?

tRNA

What type of dense regular connective tissue attaches muscles to bones?

tendons

In the anatomical position, how might the tibia be described relative to the fibula?

tibia is medial to the fibula