KIN 245 - Exam 3

Identify an accurate statement about anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear.

It is one of the most common serious injuries to the knee.

The three heads of the triceps surae together join to the __ tendon.

Achilles

Triceps surae refers to the

gastrocnemius and soleus

Identify an accurate statement about the external oblique abdominal muscles.

They aid the rectus abdominis muscle in its action.

The origin of the rectus femoris is the anterior inferior iliac spine and the groove (posterior) above the _____.

acetabulum

The rectus femoris has the following origin: anterior inferior iliac spine of the ilium and posterior groove above the

acetabulum

The movements of the adductor brevis on the hip joint include ____, external rotation, and flexion.

adduction

The primary movements of the gluteus medius at the hip joint include _____, as well as internal and external rotation.

adduction

The primary movements of the gracilis on the hip joint include ____, flexion, and internal rotation.

adduction

The ___ muscle has its point of insertion in the lower two-thirds of the pectineal line of the femur and upper half of the medial lip of the linea aspera.

adductor brevis

The most common serious knee ligament injury involves the

anterior cruciate ligament

The external oblique abdominal inserts on the

anterior half of crest of ilium, inguinal ligament, crest of pubis, and fascia of rectus abdominis at lower front.

Identify the points of origin of the tensor latae muscle.

anterior iliac crest and surface of the ilium just below the crest

Where can the vastus medialis muscle be palpated?

anterior medial side of the thigh just above the superomedial patella

Identify an action performed by rectus femoris muscle.

anterior pelvic rotation

The vastus intermedius muscle, along with the other vasti muscles, is primarily responsible for extending the knee while the hip is

being flexed

Which of the following statements is not correct regarding the abdominal muscles?

both of the above choices are correct

The __ vertebrae serve as a link between the thoracic spine-rib cage and the head.

cervical

Nearly all movement of the spinal column takes place within two supportive structures known as the __ and __.

cervical & lumbar

Bilateral stretching of the sternocleidomastoid can be brought about by

cervical hyperextension in combination with capital flexion

heel-strike

characterized by landing on the heel with the foot in supination and the leg in external rotation

The internal oblique abdominal inserts on the

costal cartilage of 8th, 9th, and 10th ribs and linea alba

What are the exercises that strengthen the rectus abdominis muscle?

crunches, isometric contractions, bent-knee sit-ups

During quiet rest, the __ is responsible for breathing movements.

diaphragm

The primary action of the tibialis anterior at the ankle joint are ___ and inversion.

dorsiflexion

The peroneus tertius, absent in some humans, is a small muscle that assists in

dorsiflexion and eversion

anterior compartment muscles of lower leg

dorsiflexor group

The largest muscle group in the trunk and spinal column is the __, which extends on each side of the spinal column from the pelvic region to the cranium.

erector spinae

The actions of the peroneus longus on the ankle joint are subtalar __ and plantar flexion.

eversion

Identify the actions performed by the peroneus longus muscle.

eversion of the foot and plantar flexion of the ankle

Turning the ankle and foot outward in abduction away from the midline is termed subtalar

eversion.

Movement of the posterior femur from any point toward the posterior pelvic in the sagittal plane is termed hip

extension

Movements of the semimembranosus at the hip joint include ___, posterior pelvic rotation, and internal rotation.

extension

Posterior movement of the spine in the sagittal plane, where the head moves away from the chest, and the thorax moves away from the pelvis is termed spinal

extension

Identify an action performed by the splenius muscles.

extension of the head and neck

What are the actions performed by the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

extension of the head at the atlantooccipital joint and flexion of the cervical spine

Identify an action performed by the vastus lateralis muscle.

extension of the knee

Rotary movement of the lower leg laterally away from the midline is termed

external rotation

Rotary movement of the lower leg laterally away from the midline is termed ___.

external rotation

The upper fibers of the gluteus maximus assist in hip adduction, whereas the lower fibers assist in adduction. Together, these fibers also carry out hip extension, posterior pelvic rotation, and ___ of the hip.

external rotation

Identify an action performed by the pectineus muscle.

external rotation of the hip

The anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments are located on the outermost anterior and posterior surfaces of the knee joint.

false

The cuboid bone is located medially with respect to the navicular bone.

false

The lateral collateral ligament originates on the lateral femoral condyle distally to popliteus origin and inserts on the fibular head.

false

The medial malleolus is an anatomical landmark located on the fibula.

false

The popliteus originates on the medial aspect of lateral femoral condyle.

false

The posterior portion of the trunk contains the abdominal muscles.

false

The semimembranosus inserts anteromedially on the medial tibial condyle.

false

The semitendinosus is located laterally and internally rotates the knee.

false

The spinous processes are located anterior with respect to the vertebral bodies.

false

The teres ligament is located superficially and slightly limits adduction.

false

With the exception of the glenohumeral joint, the acetabular femoral joint is the least mobile joint of the body.

false

The vastus intermedius has the following origin: upper two-thirds of the anterior surface of the ____.

femur

Anterior movement of the spine in the sagittal plane; where the head moves toward the chest, and the thorax moves toward the pelvis is termed spinal

flexion

Bending or decreasing the angle between the femur and the lower leg is termed __.

flexion

Movement of the anterior femur from any point toward the anterior pelvis in the sagittal plane is termed hip

flexion

The iliposoas muscle is located anteriorly and performs ____ of the hip joint.

flexion

The primary movement of the rectus femoris on the hip joint is ___ and anterior pelvic rotation.

flexion

The primary movements of the biceps femoris at the knee joint include ___, and external rotation.

flexion

The primary movements of the gluteus minimus at the hip joint include abduction and

flexion

The primary movements of the iliacus at the hip joint include ____ and external rotation.

flexion

When contracted, the actions of the rectus abdominis on the spine include lumbar __ and lateral flexion.

flexion

Identify an action performed by sartorius muscle.

flexion of the knee

The __ has the following attachments - origin: middle one-third of the posterior surface of the tibia; insertion: base of the distal phalanx of each of the four lesser toes.

flexor digitorum longus

Which of the following muscles has its insertion on the base of the distal phalanx of each of the four lesser toes?

flexor digitorum longus

Which of the following muscles can perform flexion of the great toe when concentrically contracting?

flexor hallucis longus

The semitendinosus muscle originates in the

ischial tuberosity

What is the biceps femoris (long and short head) origin?

long head: ischial tuberosity; short head: lower half of linea aspera and lateral condyloid ridge

What are the three muscles that make up the anterior vertebral muscles?

longus capitis, rectus capitis anterior, rectus capitis lateralis

The ___ muscle has its point of insertion in the oblique ridge on the lateral surface of the greater trochanter and the iliotibial band of the fasciae latae.

gluteus maximus

The ___ is best stretched by moving the hip into extreme adduction in front of the opposite extremity and then behind it.

gluteus medius

The semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and biceps femoris are known as the

hamstrings

The ankle joint, technically known as the talocural joint, is a __ joint.

hinge

The knee joint is primarily a ___ joint.

hinge

The adductor muscles as a group are called into action in

horseback riding and in doing the breastroke kick in swimming

The origin of the tensor fasciae latae muscle is the anterior ____ ___ and the surface of the ileum just below the crest.

iliac crest

The ___ has the following attachments - origin: inner surface of the ilium; insertion: lesser trochanter of the femur just below the shaft.

iliacus

Which of the following is not correct regarding the knee joint proper?

incorrect - classified as a ginglymus joint

What is the point of insertion of the tibialis anterior muscle?

inner surface of the medial cuneiform and the base of the first metatarsal bone

Turning the ankle and foot inward in adduction toward the midline is termed subtalar

inversion

The combined motion that occurs in both the thoracic and the lumbar regions is known as __ motion.

lumbar

The erector spinae muscle group can be stretched by

maximal hyperflexion of the entire spine

Where can the adductor magnus muscle be palpated?

medial aspect of thigh between gracilis and medial hamstrings

The ___ has the following attachments - origin: distal one-third of the anterior fibula; insertion: superior aspect of the base of the fifth metatarsal.

peroneus tertius

Which of the following muscles has its insertion on the base of the 5th metatarsal?

peroneus tertius

Each bone that makes up the toes is known as a(n)

phalanx

The primary movement of the soleus on the ankle joint is ___.

plantar flexion

When contracted, the actions of the peroneus brevis include eversion

plantar flexion

When contracted, the flexor hallucis longus has the following actions on the ankle joint: flexion of the great toe, __, and inversion.

plantar flexion

When contracted, the gastrocnemius carries out ___ at the ankle joint.

plantar flexion

What is the point of origin of the popliteus muscle?

posterior surface of the lateral condyle of the femur

lateral head of gastrocnemius muscle origin

posterior surface of the lateral femoral condyle

medial head of gastrocnemius muscle origin

posterior surface of the medial femoral condyle

Both the gluteus minimus and the gluteus medius are used in

powerfully maintaining proper hip abduction while running

Where can the adductor longus muscle be palpated?

proximally on anteromedial thigh just inferior to the pubic bone with resisted adduction

The __ has the following attachments - origin: posterior inner lip of the iliac crest; insertion: approximately one-half of the length of the lower border of the 12th rib and the transverse process of the upper four lumbar vertebrae.

quadratus lumborum

The angle formed by the intersection of the patellar tendon and the tibial tuberosity at the patella is known as the

quadriceps angle

The __ has the following attachments - origin: crest of the pubis; insertion: cartilage of the 5-7 ribs and xiphoid process.

rectus abdominis

Return movement from lateral flexion to neutral in the frontal plane is termed

reduction

The main actions of the sternocleidomastoid include head extension, flexion, __, and lateral flexion.

rotation

The main actions of the sternocleidomastoid include head extension, flexion, ___, and lateral flexion.

rotation

The rotary movement of the spine in the transverse plane is termed spinal __.

rotation

obliquus capitis inferior function

rotation of the atlas

Anterior and posterior pelvic rotation occur in the ___ plane of motion.

sagittal

The ___ has the following attachments - origin: anterior superior iliac spine and notch just below the spine; insertion: anterior medial surface of the tibia just below the condyle.

sartorius

The adductor longus muscle can be strengthened by using the

scissors exercise

The ___ has the following attachments - origin: posterior surface of the proximal fibula and proximal two-thirds of the posterior tibial surface; insertion: posterior surface of the calcaneus through the Achilles tendon.

soleus

The ___ muscle can be palpated posteriorly under the gastrocnemius muscle on the medial and lateral sides of the lower leg.

soleus

The __ process can be palpated on the posterior surface of the spine when it is flexed.

spinous

The __ has the following attachments - origin: spinous processes of the third through sixth thoracic vertebrae; insertion: transverse processes of the first three cervical vertebrae.

splenius cervicis

The __ are horizontal indentations that transect the rectus abdominis at three or more locations.

tendinous inscriptions

Muscles that flex the knee include all of the following except?

tensor fascia latae

The trunk is composed of the

thoracic spine, rib cage, and pelvic girdle

The popliteus has the following insertion: upper posterior medial surface of the ____.

tibia

The semitendinosus has the following insertion: upper anterior medial surface of the ___ just below the condyle.

tibia

The rectus femoris has the following insertion: superior aspect of the patella and patella tendon to the __ tuberosity.

tibial

The vastus medialis has the following insertion: medial half of the upper border of the patella and patellar tendon to the ___ tuberosity.

tibial

As the ___ muscle contracts concentrically, it dorsiflexes the ankle and is used as an antagonist to the plantar flexors of the ankle.

tibialis anterior

The flexor hallucis longus muscle may be specifically strengthened by performing

towel grabs against resistance

The vastus lateralis has the following origin: intertrochanteric line, anterior and inferior borders of the greater ___, gluteal tuberosity, upper half of the linea aspera, and entire lateral intermuscular septum.

trochanter

All three of the vasti muscles of quadriceps originate on proximal femur and insert on patella superior pole.

true

Each thoracic vertebrae has one pair of ribs that attaches to it laterally.

true

Extensor hallucis longus can perform weak inversion of the foot.

true

Extensor hallucis longus perform weak inversion of the foot.

true

Motions of the toe metacarpophalangeal joints include flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

true

Pronation is a combination of ankle dorsiflexionn, subtalar eversion, and forefoot abduction.

true

T/F: The peroneus brevis muscle, apart from being a primary evertor of the foot, assists in plantar flexion.

true

The ankle and foot joints are composed of 26 bones in each foot.

true

The biceps femoris inserts primarily on the head of the fibula.

true

The distal malleoli of the tibia and fibula serve as pulleys for the posterior tendons to increase the mechanical advantage of the respective muscles in performing inversion and eversion actions.

true

The fibula is not part of the ginglymus articulation of the knee joint.

true

The knee joint is the largest joint in the body.

true

The lateral fibula serves as the attachment for knee joint structures but does not articulate with the femur or patella.

true

The location of the erector spinae muscles enables them to extend spine and assist in rotation and lateral flexion.

true

The most common type of ankle sprain results from excessive inversion that causes damage to lateral structures.

true

The only muscle involved in extending all of the metacarpopphalangeal and interphalangeal joints of the four lesser toes is the extensor digitorum longus.

true

The patella serves as a pulley by improving the angle of pull with the result being a greater mechanical advantage for the quadriceps during knee extension.

true

The patella serves as a pulley by improving the angle of pull with the result being a greater mechanical advantage for the quadriceps during knee extension?

true

The pubofemoral ligament is located anteromedially and inferiorly and limits excessive extension and abduction.

true

The right and left pelvis are joined together by the sacrum at the right and left sacroiliac joints.

true

The sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus all insert just below the medial condyle on upper anteromedial tibial surface.

true

The biceps femoris long head has the following origin: ischial ____.

tuberosity

inversion

turning the ankle and foot inward

eversion

turning the ankle and foot outward

What is the point of origin of the vastus intermedius muscle?

upper two-thirds of the anterior surface of the femur

Which of the following exercises use the adductor magnus muscle?

using breaststroke kick in swimming and in horseback riding

Identify the muscles in the quadriceps group.

vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, rectus femoris, and vastus intermedius

Identify the best exercise for the peroneus longus muscle.

walking barefoot or in stocking feet on the inside of the foot

Identify an accurate statement about muscle action at the hip joint.

muscles involved in hip and girdle motions depend on position of the body in relation to earth and direction of movement

external rotation

rotary movement of the lower leg laterally away from the midline

Most of the rotation within the cervical region occurs in the joint between

C1 and C2

The primary movements of the gluteus medius at the hip joint include ___, as well as internal and external rotation.

abduction

Which of the following is not an action of the pectineus muscle?

abduction of the hip

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the diaphragm muscle?

all are true

Identify an action performed by the transversus abdominis muscle.

forced expiration by pulling the abdominal wall inward

The __ has the following attachments - origin: upper half of the inguinal ligament, anterior two-thirds of the crest of the ilium, and lumbar fascia; insertion: costal cartilage of the 8-10 ribs and linea alba.

internal oblique abdominal

The __ muscles run diagonally in the direction opposite that of the external obliques.

internal oblique abdominal

Medial rotary movement of the femur in the transverse plane around its longitudinal axis toward the midline is termed hip

internal rotation

The primary movements of the semimembranosus on the knee joint include flexion, and ___.

internal rotation

The primary movements of the semimembranosus on the knee joint include flexion, and _____.

internal rotation

The vastus lateralis has the following insertion: ___ border of the patella and patellar tendon to the tibial tuberosity.

lateral

Which of the following is not considered to be a large abdominal muscle?

lateral abdominus

scoliosis description

lateral curvatures or sideward deviations of the spine

The movements of the internal oblique abdominal on the spine include lumbar flexion, __, and rotation.

lateral flexion

obliquus capitis superior function

lateral flexion of the head

When performing the up portion of the sit-up with rotation to the left, which of the following muscles are utilized the most?

left internal oblique abdominal and right external oblique abdominal

The right quadratus lumborum is stretched by

left lumbar lateral flexion while in lumbar flexion

The __ binds the laminae of adjacent vertebrae together.

ligamentum flavum

Which of the following does not contribute to the relative stability of the acetabular femoral joint?

rich nervous innervation

Identify an exercise that strengthens the quadriceps muscles.

step-ups

The __ has the following attachments - origin: manubrium of the sternum, anterior superior surface of the medial clavicle; insertion: mastoid process.

sternocleidomastoid

extension

straightening or increasing the angle between the femur and the lower leg

Identify the accurate statements about the popliteus muscle.

- It assists the medial hamstrings in internal rotation of the lower leg at the knee. - It is crucial in internally rotating the knee to unlock it form the full extension position.

Identify the actions performed by the gastrocnemius, a biarticular muscle.

- plantar flexion of the foot if the knee is held in extension - knee flexion if the ankle is dorsiflexed

Which of the following is not true regarding the rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis?

All are superficial and palpable except vastus medialis.

The action of the tibialis posterior on the ankle joint is

NOT dorsiflexion

The primary actions of the flexor digitorum longus at the ankle joint are toe flexion, plantar flexion, and __.

NOT inversion of foot

Movement of the femur in the frontal plane medially toward the midline is termed

adduction

Movement of the femur in the frontal plane medially toward the midline is termed hip

adduction

The ____ has the following attachments - origin: front of the inferior pubic ramus; insertion: lower two-thirds of the pectineal line of the femur and the upper half of the medial lip of the linea aspera.

adductor brevis

Agonist muscles during hip flexion include all of the following except?

adductor magnus

The insertion of the tensor fascia latae muscle is one-fourth of the way down the thigh into the iliotibial tract, which inserts into Gerdy's tubercle of the ___ tibial condyle.

anterolateral

The pes anserinus attaches to the

anteromedial aspect of the proximal tibia below the level of the tibial tuberosity

Identify the origin of the gracilis muscle.

anteromedial edge of descending ramus of pubis

Identify an activity that strengthens the soleus muscle.

any plantar flexion exercise against resistance, particularly if the knee is flexed slightly

Besides the atlantoaxial joint, the remainder of the vertebral articulations are classified as __ joints.

arthrodial

The atlas sits on the axis to form the __ joint. Except for this joint, there is not a great deal of movement possible between any two vertebrae.

atlantoaxial

The hip joint is classified as a _____ joint that consists of the head of the femur connecting with the acetabulum of the pelvic girdle.

ball and socket

flexion

bending or decreasing the angle between the femur and the lower leg

Which of the following muscles externally rotates the knee?

biceps femoris

Identify the muscles in the hamstring muscle group.

biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus

midstance

characterized by pronation and internal rotation of the foot and leg, respectively

toe-off

characterized by the foot returning to supination and the leg returning to external rotation

The origin of the gluteus maximus muscle is the posterior one-fourth of the crest of the ilium, posterior surface of the sacrum and _____ near the ilium, and fascia of the lumbar area.

coccyx

pronation

combination of ankle dorsiflexion, subtalar eversion, and forefoot abduction

supination

combination of ankle plantar flexion, subtalar inversion, and forefoot adduction

Which of the following is not true regarding the quadriceps muscle group?

covered by the vastus fascia

Identify the bones that make up the ankle joint.

distal fibula, distal tibia, and talus

What is the point of origin of the peroneus tertius muscle?

distal third of the anterior fibula

Movement of the top of the ankle and foot toward the anterior tibia is termed ___.

dorsiflexion

The actions of the peroneus longus on the ankle joint are subtalar ___ and plantar flexion.

eversion

Posterior movement of the spine in the sagittal plane; where the head moves away from the chest, and the thorax moves away from the pelvis is termed spinal __.

extension

Straightening or increasing the angle between the femur and the lower leg is termed ___.

extension

The primary movement of the rectus femoris on the knee joint is

extension

The __ muscle can be palpated as the second muscle to the lateral side of the anterior tibial border in the upper lateral side of the tibia between the tibialis anterior medially and the fibula laterally.

extensor digitorum longus

The ___ has the following attachments - origin: lateral condyle of the tibia, head of the fibula, and upper two-third of anterior surface of the fibula; insertion: tops of the middle and distal phalanges of the four lesser toes.

extensor digitorum longus

The __ has the following attachments - origin: middle two-thirds of the medial surface of the anterior fibula; insertion: base of the distal phalanx of the great toe.

extensor hallucis longus

Which of the following muscles can perform extension of the great toe when concentrically contracting?

extensor hallucis longus

Due to the adductor brevis, adductor longus, and adductor magnus all inserting in various locations on the linea asperea, a resulting movement that is facilitated when adducting the hip is _____ _____.

external rotation

All of the erector spinae muscles run horizontally parallel to the spinal column.

false

Each toe has three interphalangeal joints except for the great toe which only has two.

false

Hip flexion is movement of the femur straight posteriorly toward the pelvis.

false

Inversion is turning the ankle and foot outward away from the midline of the body where the weight is on medial edge of foot.

false

Most of the movement that occurs in the spinal column occurs in the cervical and thoracic regions of the spine.

false

Sit-ups are an excellent exercise for strengthening the erector spinae muscles.

false

Six pairs of ribs attach directly to the sternum via a separate costal cartilage.

false

T/F: The vastus medialis has a minor role in maintaining patellofemoral stability because of the oblique attachment of its distal fibers to the superior medial patella.

false

When the semitendinosus contracts, the resultant movement to the knee joint is ___, and internal rotation.

flexion

Which of the following muscles can perform flexion of the four lesser toes when concentrically contracting?

flexor digitorum longus

deep posterior compartment muscles of lower leg

flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, popliteus, and tibialis posterior

The ___ can be palpated as the most posterior of the three tendons immediately behind the medial malleolus; between the medial soleus and the tibia.

flexor hallucis longus

Proximal interphalangeal joint motion occurs about the __ axis.

frontal

The __ has the following attachments - origin: posterior surface of the medial femoral condyle (medial head), posterior surface of the lateral femoral condyle (lateral head); insertion: posterior surface of the calcaneus through the Achilles tendon.

gastrocnemius

Which of the following muscles may be palpated on the upper one-half of the posterior aspect of the lower leg?

gastrocnemius

superficial posterior compartment muscles of lower leg

gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris

The knee joint proper, or tibiofemoral joint, is classified as a __ joint.

ginglymus

The flexor hallucis longus may be stretched by passively taking the

great toe into extreme extension while the foot is everted and dorsiflexed

The biceps femoris has the following insertion: ___ of the fibula and lateral condyle of the tibia.

head

kyphosis description

increased anterior concavity of the normal thoracic curve

lordosis description

increased posterior concavity of the lumbar and cervical curves

Located in between and adhering to the articular cartilage of the vertebral bodies are the

intervertebral disks

The semitendinosus has the following origin: ___ tuberosity.

ischial

The vastus lateralis muscle, along with the other vasti muscles, functions with the rectus femoris in

knee extension

Which of the following is an action performed by the quadratus lumborum muscle?

lateral flexion to the ipsilateral side

The gluteus medius muscle is located _____ and performs ______ of the hip joint.

laterally; abduction

spinalis origin

ligamentum nuchae, seventh cervical spinous process, thoracic 11 and 12 spinous processes, and lumbar 1 and 2 spinous processes

Running vertically form the xiphoid process through the umbilicus to the pubis is the

linea alba

The vastus medialis has the following origin: whole length of the __ and medial condyloid ridge.

linea aspera

Lateral to each rectus abdominis is the _ ___, a crescent moon-shaped, line running vertically.

linea semilunaris

An action performed by the left internal oblique abdominal muscle is

lumbar lateral flexion to the left and rotation to the left

The action performed by the right external oblique abdominal muscle is

lumbar lateral flexion to the right and rotation to the left

The transversus abdominis muslce can be stretched by

maximal inspiration held in the abdomen

The semitendinosus muscle is stretched by

maximally extending the knee while flexing the internally rotated and slightly abducted hip

The semimembranosus has the following insertion: posteriomedial surface of the ___ tibial condyle.

medial

iliocostalis origin

medial iliac crest, thoracolumbar aponeurosis from sacrum, posterior ribs 3-12

longissimus origin

medial iliac crest, thoracoumbar aponeurosis from sacrum, lumbar 1-5 transverse processes and thoracic 1-5 transverse processes

What is the point of origin of the flexor digitorum longus muscle?

middle third of the posterior surface of the tibia

Identify the point of origin of the extensor hallucis longus muscle.

middle two-thirds of the medial surface of the anterior fibula

plantar flexion

movement of the ankle and foot away from the tibia

toe extension

movement of the toes away from the plantar surface of the foot

toe flexion

movement of the toes toward the plantar surface of the foot

dorsiflexion

movement of the top of the ankle and foot toward the anterior tibia

The tibialis posterior may be stretched by

passively taking the foot into extreme eversion and dorsiflexion while the knee and toes are passively flexed

The extensor digitorum longus may be stretched by

passively taking the four lesser toes into full flexion while the foot is inverted and plantarflexed

The __ is a sesamoid bone contained within the quadriceps muscle group and the patellar tendon.

patella

The vastus intermedius has the following insertion: upper border of the ____ and patellar tendon to tibial tuberosity.

patella

The ___ has the following attachments - origin: space one inch wide on the front of the pubis just above the crest; insertion: pectineal line leading from the lesser trochanter of the linea aspera.

pectineus

The ___ muscle is exercised together with the iliopsoas muscle in leg raising and lowering.

pectineus

The gluteus maximus muscle comes into action when movement between the

pelvis and femur goes beyond 15 degrees of extension

The flexor digitorum longus muscle be strengthened by

performing towel grabs against resistance

The ___ has the following attachments - origin: mid to lower two-thirds of the lateral surface of the fibula; insertion: tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal bone.

peroneus brevis

The ___ muscle can be palpated at the proximal end of the fifth metatarsal just proximal and posterior to the lateral malleolus; immediately deep anteriorly and posteriorly to the peroneus longus with active eversion.

peroneus brevis

lateral compartment muscles of lower leg

peroneus longus and peroneus brevis

The __ has the following attachments - origin: distal one-third of the anterior fibula; insertion: superior aspect of the base of the fifth metatarsal.

peroneus tertius

Which of the following muscles has its origin on the distal third of the anterior fibula?

peroneus tertius

When contracted, the flexor hallucis longus has the following actions on the ankle joint: flexion of the great toe, ___, and inversion.

plantar flexion

Just posterior to the patellar tendon is the infrapatellar fat pad, which is often an insertion point for synovial folds of tissue known as

plica

The only uniarticular knee flexor is the

popliteus

What is the point of insertion of the gluteus medius muscle?

posterior and middle surfaces of the greater trochanter of the femur

A combination of ankle dorsiflexion, subtalar eversion, and forefoot abduction is termed

pronation

internal rotation

rotary movement of the lower leg medially toward the midline

The insertion of the ____ muscle is the posteromedial surface of the medial tibial condyle.

semimembranosus

The upper anteromedial surface of the tibia just below the medial condyle serves as the insertion for the sartorius, gracilis, and ___.

semitendinosus

Which of the following muscles has its insertion on the posterior surface of the calcaneus?

soleus

Which of the following muscles only performs plantar flexion?

soleus

The insertion of the rectus femoris muscle is the ___ aspect of the patella and the patellar tendon to the tibial tuberosity.

superior

What is the point of insertion of the rectus femoris muscle?

superior aspect of the patella and patellar tendon to the tibial tuberosity

The ___ has the following attachments - origin: upper two-thirds of the lateral surface of the tibia; insertion: inner surface of the medial cuneiform and base of the first metatarsal.

tibialis anterior

The ___ has the following attachments - origin: upper two-thirds of the lateral surface of the tibia; insertion: inner surface of the medial cuneiform and the base of the first metatarsal.

tibialis anterior

The most prominent tendon crossing the ankle anteromedially and the easiest to palpate is the

tibialis anterior

Which of the following muscles can perform inversion of the foot when concentrically contracting?

tibialis anterior

The __ muscle originates in the posterior surface of the upper half of the interosseus membrane and adjacent surfaces of the tibia and fibula.

tibialis posterior

The ___ has the following attachments - origin: posterior surface of the upper half of the interosseus membrane and the adjacent surfaces of the tibia and fibula; insertion: inferior surfaces of the nacicular, cuneiform, and cuboid bones and bases of the second, third, and fourth metatarsal bones.

tibialis posterior

Reduction of the spine is defined as a return movement from lateral flexion to a neutral position.

true

Spinal flexion is defined as anterior movement of the spine where the head moves toward the chest and the thorax moves toward the pelvis.

true

The soleus can perform muscular actions only in the sagittal plane.

true

The substantial number of low back problems are caused by improper use of the back over time.

true

The tibia bears the majority of the weight as compared to the fibula.

true

Toe flexion is movement of toes toward plantar surface of the foot.

true

Vertebrae increase in size from the cervical to the lumbar region because the lower back supports more weight.

true

How can the extensor hallucis longus muscle be strengthened?

walking on the heels with the ankle flexed dorsally and toes extended

Identify an accurate statement(s) about the sartorius muscle.

weak when flexions of hip and knee take place at the same time; longest muscle in the body