Kine 2050 Chapter 3

According to the findings of Peter Donnelly and Kevin Young, becoming an athlete in a particular sport culture occurs through a four-phase process. Rank the four steps in the correct order, starting with the first step.

1) Acquiring knowledge about the sport. 2) Interacting with people involved in the sport. 3) Learning how participation occurs and what people in the sport expect from each other as athletes. 4) Becoming recognized and fully accepted as an athlete in the sport culture.

Maria is a college basketball player. She aspires to play in the WNBA and participates in the NCAA basketball division to develop her career. What kind of family culture can help Maria stay involved in sports?

A family culture that supports and encourages her participation

Identify a faulty assumption that researchers have used in trying to establish a connection between sport and character development.

All athletes have the same or similar experiences in all organized competitive sports.

In the context of physical literacy, which of the following is a true statement?

Attractive and engaging forms of new media restrict the frequency and range of physical activities for children.

Based on the research done during the latter half of the twentieth century, identify the true statements about changing and ending sport participation. (Check all that apply.)

Dropping out of sports is usually connected with developmental changes and transitions in a person's life. Dropping out of sports is not always the result of negative experiences.

True or false: The influence of sports on people's lives can be captured in a single statement about building character, bringing people together, creating responsible citizens, promoting conformity, or fostering warfare.

False

True or false: The popularity of sports in a society automatically inspires people to exercise in ways that reduce obesity.

False

According to Sharon Wheeler, it is important to study _____ as the immediate contexts in which sport participation is initiated and nurtured.

Families

According to sociologist Ivan Waddington, which of the following is true of the connection between sports and health?

Health benefits decline when there is a shift from self-controlled exercise to competitive sports.

Identify a true statement about hegemony.

Hegemony can be maintained in a social world.

Structural factors

Include the availability of sport facilities, equipment, financial support, coaching, and competition opportunities

Cultural factors

Include the importance given to particular sports and to the ways that one's age, gender, race, ethnicity, sexuality, and ability influence the meaning of being an athlete

Anita White and Jay Coakley studied why most young people did not participate in a highly publicized, state-sponsored sport program. Which of the following factors did the young people take into account as they made decisions about sport participation? (Check all that apply.)

Memories of past experiences with physical activities and sports Their ideas about the connection between sport participation and their own growth and development Their desires to develop and display competence so they could gain recognition and respect from others

Identify an accurate statement about sport experiences.

Powerful and memorable experiences can occur in connection with sports.

According to the study by Peter Donnelly and Kevin Young, what are the factors that often influence becoming and staying involved in a sport? (Check all that apply.)

Receiving social support for the formation of an athlete identity. Establishing social connections. Being accepted in a sport culture.

_____________ is a process of learning and social development that occurs as we interact with one another and become familiar with the various social worlds in which we live.

Socialization

Identify an accurate statement about the connection between sport and obesity.

Some competitive sports emphasize weight gain for some or all participants.

According to research on socialization, which of the following is true of sport participation?

Sport participation is connected to multiple processes that make up people's lives.

Which of the following is a point that researchers overlook when studying sports and socialization?

Sports are organized to select people who possess traits valued by coaches and compatible with highly organized, competitive, physical activities.

In the context of research on socialization, which of the following is a factor that is related to sport participation?

The availability of opportunities to play sports in ways that are personally satisfying for an individual

Identify a true statement on the findings of the study by Anita White and Jay Coakley on the participation of young people in a highly publicized, state-sponsored sport program.

The young people in the study made their decisions by determining if sport participation would add something positive to their lives.

True or false: Socialization is simply a one-way process of being molded and shaped by one's social environment.

This is false. Socialization is not simply a one-way process of being molded and shaped by one's social environment. Instead, it is an interactive process through which people make decisions about their relationships, their interpretation of information that comes to them through interaction, and what they will say and do.

According to Jay Coakley, when is sport participation most likely to have positive socialization consequences on its athletes? (Check all that apply.)

When it provides athletes with opportunities to explore and develop identities apart from playing sports When it provides athletes with knowledge-building experiences that go beyond the locker room and playing field

Which of the following are true about changing and ending sport participation? (Check all that apply.)

When people drop out of a particular sport, they do not drop out of all sports forever. Many people play different and less competitive sports as they become older.

Based on the findings of the study conducted by Anita White and Jay Coakley on the participation of young people in a highly publicized, state-sponsored sport program, identify the true statements about the attitude of men and women toward sports. (Check all that apply.)

Young women took sports less seriously than young men. Young women chose to participate in sports less often than young men.

Graham, a young gymnast, looks to better his previous performances. His coach suggests a training schedule, but Graham starts feeling stressed and stops enjoying the sport. After some time, he quits gymnastics, stating that he has had enough, even though he is medically and physically fit. In this scenario, Graham's decision of not participating in sports is due to _____.

burnout

Researchers use a combination of cultural theories and text analysis to do studies of socialization as a _____.

community and cultural process

According to the findings of a study by Anita White and Jay Coakley, young people decided to play sports when it helped them _____.

extend control over their lives and achieve development and career goals

Sharon Wheeler's findings suggest that short-term interventions designed to increase sport participation among young people outside of the culture in which children see sport involvement as a normal part of their everyday lives are likely to fail if they ignore the _____.in

extent to which families serve as the contexts in which participation decisions are made and supported

Adam, who belongs to an affluent family, is a college-level sprinter and participates in the NCAA championships. His parents, both former athletes, encourage him to excel on the track. They hire a coach to help him with his training. This is an example of _____ promoting participation in sports.

family culture

Sharon Wheeler's research demonstrates that the process of becoming and staying involved in sports is closely tied to _____.

family dynamics and decisions

The process of maintaining leadership and control by gaining the consent and approval of other groups, including those who are being led or controlled is referred to as _____.

hegemony

The findings of Peter Donnelly and Kevin Young show that becoming an athlete in a particular sport depends on learning to "talk the talk and walk the walk" so that one is _____.

identified and accepted as an athlete by other athletes

According to Peter Donnelly and Kevin Young's study on the process through which people became accepted members of sport cultures, becoming and staying involved in sports is a(n) _____ process.

identity formation

Antonio Gramsci's analysis on socialization as a community and cultural process explains why _____.

large corporations spend billions of dollars every year to sponsor power and performance sports

The social interaction model leads researchers to assume that human beings _____.

learn values and norms and develop as individuals as they interact with others and participate in social worlds

The significance of sports in the socialization that occurs at the community and cultural level can be understood only in connection with _____.

local history, ideologies, and power relations

According to Jay Coakley, when playing sports constricts a person's opportunities, experiences, relationships, and general competence apart from sports, it is likely to have _____.

negative consequences for an person's overall development

According to the data collected by Jay Coakley, burnout occurred when young athletes felt they _____.

no longer had control over their lives and could not explore, develop, and nurture identities apart from sports

Sharon Wheeler's findings on family culture and sport participation are consistent with other research in which family culture has been found to provide a context in which children see sport involvement as a _____.

normal part of their everyday lives

Data collected through in-depth interviews by Jay Coakley indicated that burnout during adolescence was grounded in the _____.

organization and authority structure of many high-performance sports

Antonio Gramsci, who partly inspired critical research on socialization as a community and cultural process, concluded that revolutions had not occurred against exploitive forms of capitalism in Western societies because _____.

people accepted and supported ideas, actions, and beliefs promoted by their political leaders even when those actions exploited and oppressed them

Studies of socialization as a community and cultural process focus on sports as sites at which _____.

people collectively create and learn stories

Having the ability, confidence, and desire to be physically active for life is known as being ________

physically literate or physically educated

The manager of a school football team observes that many players on his team have quit the game over the past few months. He realizes that burnout is the reason behind this issue. To prevent such burnout, the manager should _____.

reorganize schedules and game programs so that the young athletes have more control over their lives

In the sociology of sport, sports are viewed as _____ for socialization experiences.

sites

Some people are in better positions than others when it comes to using socialization experiences to their advantage and extending their knowledge, experience, and developmental opportunities. This explanation of socialization is based on a _____ that is organized around a combination of cultural, interactionist, and structural theories.

social interaction model

Sharon Wheeler's research on family culture and sport participation demonstrates that the process of becoming and staying involved in sports is closely tied to family dynamics and decisions, and these are influenced by _____.

structural and cultural factors

In the context of the sport-health connection, Ivan Waddington concluded that _____.

the healthiest of all physical activities are rhythmic, noncompetitive exercises