Kinesiology ~ chapters 1 and 2 study guide

Synarthrodial

- Immovable joints - sutures in the skull - gomphosis - teeth fitting into mandible or maxilla

Sesamoid bone

- Small bones embedded within tendon of a musculotendinous unit that provide protection and improve mechanical advantage of musculotendinous units - patella

Roll

A series of points on one articular surface contracts with a series of points on another articular surface

Spin

A single point on one surface rotates about a single point on another articular surface

Glide

A specific point on one articulating surface comes in contact with a series of points on another surface

Osteokinematics

Motion of the bones relative to the three cardinal planes, resulting from physiological movements

Arthrokinematics

Motions between the actual articular surfaces of the bones of a joint

Which of the following is the basic functional unit if the nervous system responsible for generating and transmitting nervous impulses?

Neuron

True synergist

Neutralizer/ fixator muscle is one that ONLY neutralizes an undesired joint action

Helping synergist

Neutralizes an undesired action but also assists with the desired action

Amphiarthrodial

Slightly movable joints

Three specific types of accessory motions

Spin, roll, and glide

Irregular bones

Spine, ischium, pubis, maxilla

Which of the following is the correct definition of kinesiology?

Study of anatomy(active and passive structures), physiology, and mechanics in relation to human movement.

Which of the following best describes the anatomical location of the head with respect to the left arm?

Superior and medial

Kinesiology

The science of movement, which includes anatomical (structural) and biomechanical (mechanical) aspects of movement

Kinetics

The study of forces associated with the motion of a body

Biomechanics

The study of mechanics as it relates to the functional and anatomical analysis of biological systems, especially humans

The pennate type of muscle fiber arrangement may be classified by the following terms except?

Tripennate

T or F: Diagonal abduction is movement by a limb through a diagonal plane away from the midline of the body.

True

T or F: all muscle contractions are classified as either isometric or isotonic (which includes idokinetic, concentric, and eccentric).

True

T or F: biomechanics is the study of mechanics related to the functional and anatomical analysis of biological systems.

True

T or F: diarthrodial joints are also known as synovial joints.

True

T or F: joint movement may occur without any muscle contraction.

True

T or F: longitudinal bone growth continues as long as epiphyseal plates are open.

True

T or F: the axillary is synonymous with armpit.

True

T or F: the term "action" refers to a specific movement of a joint that occurs ad a result from a concentric muscle contraction

True

T or F: the term "intrinsic" usually pertains to muscles within or belonging solely to the body part upon which they act.

True

True or false: both size and shape of bones can limit or allow movements.

True

Syndesmosis

Two bones joined together by a strong ligament or an interosseus membrane that allows minimal movement between the bones

Synchondrosis

Type of joint separated by hyaline cartilage that allows very slight movement between the bones

Flexion/ extension is an example of movement in a frontal plane about an a anteroposterior axis.

False

T or F: antagonist muscle are known as primary or prime movers or muscles most involved in a joint action.

False

T or F: contractility is the ability of a muscle to contract and develop tension or internal force in the same direction as a resistive force when stimulated.

False

T or F: during the process of bone remodeling osteoblasts resorb existing bone and osteoclasts form new bone.

False

T or F: fusiform muscle fiber arrangement results in a circular pattern.

False

T or F: in normal walking, there is an ipsilateral arm swing.

False

T or F: isokinetic muscle contractions involve a dynamic movement wherein the speed of movement is variable.

False

T or F: it is not possible for a muscle to cause more than one action in an associated joint.

False

T or F: it is not possible for a muscle too cause more than one action in an associated joint. Skeletal muscles are responsible for movement of the body as a whole and movement within each of the joints of the body.

False

T or F: one of the functions of articular cartilage is to separate the diaphysis and epiphysis.

False

T or F: the scapula is an example of an irregular bone.

False

T or F: the skin is anterior to the heart only.

False

T or F: the synergist muscle of an activity is considered to be a primary mover.

False

T or F: there are approximately 452 muscles in the human body.

False

Endosteum

Fibrous membrane that lines the inside of the cortex

Kinematics is the description of motion and includes consideration of each of the following except?

Forces

The frontal plane divides the body into ______.

Front and back halves

Which of the following is a proprioceptor associated with muscle tissue?

Golgi tendon organ

Each of the following joints allows a slight amount of motion to occur except?

Gomphosis

An instrument used to measure the change is joint angles is a ____.

Goniometer

Epiphyseal plate

Growth plate - thin cartilage plate separates diaphysis and epiphysis

Cortex

Hard, dense compact bone forming walks of diaphysis

Antagonist

The antagonist in a movement refers to the muscles that oppose the agonist

Kinematics

The description of motion, including consideration of time, displacement, velocity, acceleration, and space factors of a system's motion

Shaking the head "no" occurs in which plane?

Transverse

Epiphysis

Ends of long bones formed from cancellous (spongy or trabecular) bone

During an underhand softball pitch that does not involve a windmill windup, the hand holdingthe ball is moved to a posterior position with respect the torso prior to moving forward swing of the arm that releases the ball. In what order do the movements occur at the shoulder joint to make this motion possible?

Extension, flexion

Diaphysis

Long cylindrical shaft

The subconscious mechanism by which the body is able to regulate posture and movement is ____.

Proprioception

Isometic

- active tension is developed within muscle but joint angles remain constant - static contractions - significant amount of tension may be developed in muscle to maintain joint angle in relatively static or stable position - may be used to prevent a body segment from being moved by external forces - preventing motion

Long bones

- composed of a long cylindrical shaft with relatively wide protruding ends - shaft contains the medullary canal - phalanges, metatarsals, metacarpals, tibia, fibula, femur, radius, ulna, humerus

Frontal Plane

- divides the body into anterior and posterior halves - sagittal axis of rotation - movements include abduction and adducrion

Sagittal Plane

- divides the body into right and left halves - frontal axis of rotation - movements include flexion and extension

Transverse Plane

- divides the body into superior and inferior halves - vertical axis of rotation Movements include internal and external rotation

Flat bones

- have curved surface and vary from thick where tendons attach to very thin - ilium, ribs, sternum, clavicle, scapula

Isotonic

- involves muscle developing active tension to either cause or control joint movement - dynamic contractions - can either be concentric or eccentric on basis of whether shortening or lengthening occurs

Diarthrodial

- known as synovial joints - freely movable - composed of sleeve like joint capsule - secrets synovial fluid to lubricate joint cavity

Short bones

- small, cubical shaped, solid bones that usually have proportionally large articular surface in order to articulate with more than one bone - carpals and tarsals

Skeletal functions

1. Protection of vital organs 2. Support to maintain posture 3. Movement by serving as points of attachment for muscles and acting as levers 4. Mineral storage 5. Hemopoiesis - blood cell formation

Which of the following is affected by the shape (pennate vs parallel) and size of muscle?

Ability of a muscle to produce force

Which of the following professions will benefit from an understanding of human movement?

All, ex. Sports coaches, physical therapists, athletic trainers

Which of the following is the correct definition of biomechanics?

Application of mechanical physics to human motion

Motion between the articular surfaces is known as ___.

Arthrokinematics

Medullary cavity

Between walks of diaphysis, containing yellow or fatty marrow

Which of the following is true regarding concentric muscle contractions?

Contractions cause movement against gravity or resistance.

Which off the following is not a property of skeletal muscle tissue that allows for force production and movement about joints?

Costrictability

Articular (hyaline) cartilage

Covering the epiphysis to provide cushioning effect and reduce friction

Periosteum

Dense, fibrous membrane covering outer surface of diaphysis

Concentric Contractions

Involve muscle developing active tensions as it shortens; causes motion

Eccentric Contractions

Involve the muscle lengthening under active tension; controlling motion; decelerating

Which of the following is not true with respect to an isometric muscle contraction?

Is considered to be a static contraction

Symphysis

Joint separated by a fibrocartilage pad that allows very slight movement between bones

Which of the following is not an example of a movement in the saggital plane?

Lateral flexion

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the anatomical position?

Palms turned toward the body

Which of the following is not a classification of neuron type?

Peripheral

Agonist

Prime mover: the agonist in a movement is the muscle(s) that provides the major force to complete the movement

Which of the following is not a function performed by the skeletal system?

Production of heat

Which of the following is not a shape by which muscles are categorized?

Radial

The three all specific types of accessory motions are described as ____.

Roll, slide, and glide