Kinesiology ~ chapters 1 and 2 study guide
Synarthrodial
- Immovable joints - sutures in the skull - gomphosis - teeth fitting into mandible or maxilla
Sesamoid bone
- Small bones embedded within tendon of a musculotendinous unit that provide protection and improve mechanical advantage of musculotendinous units - patella
Roll
A series of points on one articular surface contracts with a series of points on another articular surface
Spin
A single point on one surface rotates about a single point on another articular surface
Glide
A specific point on one articulating surface comes in contact with a series of points on another surface
Osteokinematics
Motion of the bones relative to the three cardinal planes, resulting from physiological movements
Arthrokinematics
Motions between the actual articular surfaces of the bones of a joint
Which of the following is the basic functional unit if the nervous system responsible for generating and transmitting nervous impulses?
Neuron
True synergist
Neutralizer/ fixator muscle is one that ONLY neutralizes an undesired joint action
Helping synergist
Neutralizes an undesired action but also assists with the desired action
Amphiarthrodial
Slightly movable joints
Three specific types of accessory motions
Spin, roll, and glide
Irregular bones
Spine, ischium, pubis, maxilla
Which of the following is the correct definition of kinesiology?
Study of anatomy(active and passive structures), physiology, and mechanics in relation to human movement.
Which of the following best describes the anatomical location of the head with respect to the left arm?
Superior and medial
Kinesiology
The science of movement, which includes anatomical (structural) and biomechanical (mechanical) aspects of movement
Kinetics
The study of forces associated with the motion of a body
Biomechanics
The study of mechanics as it relates to the functional and anatomical analysis of biological systems, especially humans
The pennate type of muscle fiber arrangement may be classified by the following terms except?
Tripennate
T or F: Diagonal abduction is movement by a limb through a diagonal plane away from the midline of the body.
True
T or F: all muscle contractions are classified as either isometric or isotonic (which includes idokinetic, concentric, and eccentric).
True
T or F: biomechanics is the study of mechanics related to the functional and anatomical analysis of biological systems.
True
T or F: diarthrodial joints are also known as synovial joints.
True
T or F: joint movement may occur without any muscle contraction.
True
T or F: longitudinal bone growth continues as long as epiphyseal plates are open.
True
T or F: the axillary is synonymous with armpit.
True
T or F: the term "action" refers to a specific movement of a joint that occurs ad a result from a concentric muscle contraction
True
T or F: the term "intrinsic" usually pertains to muscles within or belonging solely to the body part upon which they act.
True
True or false: both size and shape of bones can limit or allow movements.
True
Syndesmosis
Two bones joined together by a strong ligament or an interosseus membrane that allows minimal movement between the bones
Synchondrosis
Type of joint separated by hyaline cartilage that allows very slight movement between the bones
Flexion/ extension is an example of movement in a frontal plane about an a anteroposterior axis.
False
T or F: antagonist muscle are known as primary or prime movers or muscles most involved in a joint action.
False
T or F: contractility is the ability of a muscle to contract and develop tension or internal force in the same direction as a resistive force when stimulated.
False
T or F: during the process of bone remodeling osteoblasts resorb existing bone and osteoclasts form new bone.
False
T or F: fusiform muscle fiber arrangement results in a circular pattern.
False
T or F: in normal walking, there is an ipsilateral arm swing.
False
T or F: isokinetic muscle contractions involve a dynamic movement wherein the speed of movement is variable.
False
T or F: it is not possible for a muscle to cause more than one action in an associated joint.
False
T or F: it is not possible for a muscle too cause more than one action in an associated joint. Skeletal muscles are responsible for movement of the body as a whole and movement within each of the joints of the body.
False
T or F: one of the functions of articular cartilage is to separate the diaphysis and epiphysis.
False
T or F: the scapula is an example of an irregular bone.
False
T or F: the skin is anterior to the heart only.
False
T or F: the synergist muscle of an activity is considered to be a primary mover.
False
T or F: there are approximately 452 muscles in the human body.
False
Endosteum
Fibrous membrane that lines the inside of the cortex
Kinematics is the description of motion and includes consideration of each of the following except?
Forces
The frontal plane divides the body into ______.
Front and back halves
Which of the following is a proprioceptor associated with muscle tissue?
Golgi tendon organ
Each of the following joints allows a slight amount of motion to occur except?
Gomphosis
An instrument used to measure the change is joint angles is a ____.
Goniometer
Epiphyseal plate
Growth plate - thin cartilage plate separates diaphysis and epiphysis
Cortex
Hard, dense compact bone forming walks of diaphysis
Antagonist
The antagonist in a movement refers to the muscles that oppose the agonist
Kinematics
The description of motion, including consideration of time, displacement, velocity, acceleration, and space factors of a system's motion
Shaking the head "no" occurs in which plane?
Transverse
Epiphysis
Ends of long bones formed from cancellous (spongy or trabecular) bone
During an underhand softball pitch that does not involve a windmill windup, the hand holdingthe ball is moved to a posterior position with respect the torso prior to moving forward swing of the arm that releases the ball. In what order do the movements occur at the shoulder joint to make this motion possible?
Extension, flexion
Diaphysis
Long cylindrical shaft
The subconscious mechanism by which the body is able to regulate posture and movement is ____.
Proprioception
Isometic
- active tension is developed within muscle but joint angles remain constant - static contractions - significant amount of tension may be developed in muscle to maintain joint angle in relatively static or stable position - may be used to prevent a body segment from being moved by external forces - preventing motion
Long bones
- composed of a long cylindrical shaft with relatively wide protruding ends - shaft contains the medullary canal - phalanges, metatarsals, metacarpals, tibia, fibula, femur, radius, ulna, humerus
Frontal Plane
- divides the body into anterior and posterior halves - sagittal axis of rotation - movements include abduction and adducrion
Sagittal Plane
- divides the body into right and left halves - frontal axis of rotation - movements include flexion and extension
Transverse Plane
- divides the body into superior and inferior halves - vertical axis of rotation Movements include internal and external rotation
Flat bones
- have curved surface and vary from thick where tendons attach to very thin - ilium, ribs, sternum, clavicle, scapula
Isotonic
- involves muscle developing active tension to either cause or control joint movement - dynamic contractions - can either be concentric or eccentric on basis of whether shortening or lengthening occurs
Diarthrodial
- known as synovial joints - freely movable - composed of sleeve like joint capsule - secrets synovial fluid to lubricate joint cavity
Short bones
- small, cubical shaped, solid bones that usually have proportionally large articular surface in order to articulate with more than one bone - carpals and tarsals
Skeletal functions
1. Protection of vital organs 2. Support to maintain posture 3. Movement by serving as points of attachment for muscles and acting as levers 4. Mineral storage 5. Hemopoiesis - blood cell formation
Which of the following is affected by the shape (pennate vs parallel) and size of muscle?
Ability of a muscle to produce force
Which of the following professions will benefit from an understanding of human movement?
All, ex. Sports coaches, physical therapists, athletic trainers
Which of the following is the correct definition of biomechanics?
Application of mechanical physics to human motion
Motion between the articular surfaces is known as ___.
Arthrokinematics
Medullary cavity
Between walks of diaphysis, containing yellow or fatty marrow
Which of the following is true regarding concentric muscle contractions?
Contractions cause movement against gravity or resistance.
Which off the following is not a property of skeletal muscle tissue that allows for force production and movement about joints?
Costrictability
Articular (hyaline) cartilage
Covering the epiphysis to provide cushioning effect and reduce friction
Periosteum
Dense, fibrous membrane covering outer surface of diaphysis
Concentric Contractions
Involve muscle developing active tensions as it shortens; causes motion
Eccentric Contractions
Involve the muscle lengthening under active tension; controlling motion; decelerating
Which of the following is not true with respect to an isometric muscle contraction?
Is considered to be a static contraction
Symphysis
Joint separated by a fibrocartilage pad that allows very slight movement between bones
Which of the following is not an example of a movement in the saggital plane?
Lateral flexion
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the anatomical position?
Palms turned toward the body
Which of the following is not a classification of neuron type?
Peripheral
Agonist
Prime mover: the agonist in a movement is the muscle(s) that provides the major force to complete the movement
Which of the following is not a function performed by the skeletal system?
Production of heat
Which of the following is not a shape by which muscles are categorized?
Radial
The three all specific types of accessory motions are described as ____.
Roll, slide, and glide