Kinesiology

What are the 2 types of skeletons?

1. Axial Skeleton: Forms the upright part of body and has approx 80 bones of the head, thorax and trunk to include vertebrae and ribs. 2. Appendicular Skeleton: Attaches to the axial skeleton and contains 126 bones of the extremities. Think "appendages" - arms and legs. Page 13

What is the composition of bones?

1. Compact bone: Hard, dense outer shell. 2. Cancellous bone: This is the porous and spongy inside portion called the trabeculaie. Trabeculae tends to be filled with marrow and make bone lighter. Cancellous also makes up most of the articular ends of bones. Page 14

What are the 3 Fibrous Joints?

1. Synarthrosis, or suture joint 2. Syndesmosis, or ligamentous joint. 3. Gomphosis

How much organic (living) and inorganic (nonliving) material makes up the bone?

1/3 organic 2/3 inorganic. Page 14

Inferior

A body part is below another or refers to the lower surface of an organ or a structure. In other words, Caudal. Page 5 and Skeletal systems handout

Osteoporosis

A condition characterized by loss of normal bone density, or bone mass. Can weaken the bones to the point it will fracture.

Endosteum

A membrane that lines the medullary canal. It contains osteoclasts, which destroys bones and are mainly responsible for bone resorption. Page 15

Supine

A person lying straight, with face or anterior surface pointed upward.

Caudal

A position or structure closer to the feet.

Synarthrosis/suture joint

A thin layer of fibrous periosteum between the two bones as in the sutures of the skull. This joint allows no motion between the bones and the purpose is to provide shape and strength.

What is a Amphiarthrodial Joint?

Allows a small amt of motion, such as bending or twisting & some compression, yet provides great stability. Example: Ribs join sternum via costal cartilage.

Angular motion

Also known as rotary motion, it's a movement of an object around a fixed point. Most movement WITHIN the body is angular where movement OUTSIDE the body tends to be linear , for the most part. Example of Angular motion: When we were in groups and one person was the "pivot" and the remaining students walked around the "pivot".

Linear motion

Also known as the translatory motion, occurs more or less a straight line from one location another, all the parts of the object, i.e., the whole body, move the same distance,, in the same direction, and at the same time. Ex: Walking in a straight line.

Uniaxial Joint

Angular motion occurring in ONE plane around ONE axis. Shape: Hinge or pivot Jt Motion is flexion/extension and rotation. Examples: Elbow/knee & radius/ulna

How many bones are in the body?

Approx 206

Flat bones

Broad surface but are not very thick. Tend to have a curved surface rather than a flat one. Example: Ilium and scapula.

What is a Synovial Joint?

Cavity, within a capsule, filled w synovial fluid. Outer layer of capsule is fibrous tissue that holds jt together. Most "prevalent type of joint in the body." Page 22

Superficial or deep

Depending on its depth. EX: Superficial, you can palpitate. Page 5

Palmar flexion

Flexion at the wrist. Think of standing in the anatomical position and bringing your wrists toward you. Page 9

Plantar flexion

Flexion of the ankle. Think of pushing your foot down to plant something in the ground.

Kinetic

Forces causing movement.

Irregular bones

Have a variety of mixed shapes as their name implies. Example: Vertebrae and sacrum.

Supination

In an anatomical position on the forearm is in supination. This faces the plam of the hand forward , or anteriorly.Page 9

Arm

Is the bone, HUMERUS, between the shoulder and elbow joint.

Kinesiology

It combines the fields of anatomy, physiology, physics and geometry and relates them to human movement. Page 3.

What is OsteoKINMATICS?

It deals with the relationship of the movement of bones around a joint axes

The hip bone is the most ________ of the lower extremity joints?

It is the most PROXIMAL. Pages 262-263

Extension

It is the straightening movement of one bone away from another, causing an increase in the joint angle.

Kinematics

It is the time, space and mass aspects of a moving system. There are 4 principles of understanding individual muscle function and the effecting muscles: 1. What motions a particular muscle allows. EX: Hinge joint 2. That a muscle must span a particular joint surface to cause a certain motion. EX: Elbow needs muscle to allow it to flex. 3. What the muscles line of pull is. In other words, its pulley system 4. To know the particular action(s) of a specific muscle

Fundamental position

It's the same as the Anatomical position except the PALMS FACE THE SIDE OF THE BODY. Ex: It's a natural stance with wrist in neutral position. Page 4

Movement occurs around what?

Joint axes and through joint planes. Page 7

What is the Articular System?

Joint system in Chapter 3, page 21.

Joints Movement

Known as Osteokinematics, or bone movement. Page 7

Nonaxial Joint/Plane Joint

Linear movement vs angular. Shape: Plane, i.e, irreg. Jt Motion: Gliding Example: Intercarpals

Pressure epiphysis

Located at the ends of LONG bones where they receive pressure from the opposing bone making up that joint. This is where the growth of the long bones occur. Page 15 & 16.

Traction epiphysis

Located where tendons attach to bones and are subjected to a pulling or traction force.

Superior

Location of a body part this is above another or to refer to the upper surface of an organ or structure. Another way to think of it, Cephalic. Page 5 and Skeletal systems handout.

Tube shaped with a shaft, i.e., diaphysis and 2 bulbous ends, i.e, epiphysis.

Long bones.

Biomechanics

Mechanical principles that relate directly to the human body page 3

Curvillnear motion

Motion in a curved path that is not necessarily circular such as a skier down a slope. Ex: Zig zag, snake pattern. Page 6

Rectillinear motion

Movement that occurs in a straight line such as the motion of a child sledding down a hill.

Dynamic

Moving systems associated with various activities. Ex: Bending, twisting, reaching, regardless if standing or sitting. Page 3

Inversion

Moving the sole of the foot INWARD at the ankle. It would look like you are standing on the outside of your feet. Page 10

Everson

Moving the sole of the foot OUTWARD. it would look like you are standing on the inside of your feet. (Notice how inversion and eversion are opposite of what you would think).

Long Bones

Named for their length that is greater than their width. They're the largest bones in the body and make up most of the APPENDICULAR, extremities, skeleton. Page 16

Static

Nonmoving systems associated with various activities. Ex: Standing still. Page 3

The hip bone, known as the OS COXAE, is irregularly shaped and actually consists of 3 bones. What are they?

Pelvis, Ilium, Ischium. By adulthood, these bones fuse together. Page 262.

Forearm

RADIUS & ULNA is between the elbow and the wrist. Page 5 & 6

Lateral

Refers to a location or position farther from the midline. Page 4

Medial

Refers to a location or position toward the midline. Imagine the midline is a line going down the length of the body...the medial is "towards" that midline.

Cranial - Cephaled/cephal meaning head

Refers to a position or structure close to the head.

Posterior, aka Dorsal

Refers to the back of the body or to a postilion more toward the back. Dorsal means the same thing.

Anterior, aka ventral

Refers to the front of the body or to a position closer to the front. Ventral means the same thing.

Contralateral

Refers to the opposite side. Think "contradicting".

Triaxial, multiaxial

Shape-Ball and socket. Motion- Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, rotation. Example: shoulder, hip

Biaxial

Shape-Condyloid; ellipsoidal Motion: Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction. Example: Wrist, MPs

Biaxial

Shape: Saddle. Motion: flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, rotation (accessory) Example: thumb CMC

Have a great deal of ARTICULAR surface and, unlike long bones, usually articulate with more than one bone.

Short bones. Page 16

Anatomical position

The human body standing in an upright position, eyes facing forward, feet parallel and close together, arms at the side of the body with the PALMS FACING FORWARD. Page 4

Abdomen

The lower trunk and is made up of the pelvis, stomach and mostly lumbar vertebrae. Page 6

Neck and Head

The neck, the cervical vertebrae and the head, or, skull, are separate segments. Page 6.

Prone

The position is horizontal with the face or anterior surface,pointed downward.

Ipsilateral

The same side of the body.

Syndesmosis/ligamentous joint

There is a great deal of fibrous tissue, such as ligaments and interosseous membranes holding the joint together,. This allows for a slight amount of movement. Example: Radioulnar

Horizontal ABduction & Horizontal ADduction

These are motions that cannot occur from anatomical position and must be proceeded by either flexion or abduction of the shoulder joint so the arm is at shoulder level. From this position, shoulder movement backwards is horizontal ABduction and movement forward is horizontal ADduction. Think of "Staying Alive". Page 3 of the Cartoon Handout.

Sesamoid bones

These resemble the shape of sesame seeds. Small bones located where tendons cross the ends of long bones on the extremities. They develop within tendons and protect it from excessive wear. Similar to ball bearings. Found in the PATELLA.

Short bones

These tend to have more equal dimensions of height, length, and width, giving them a cube shape. Example: Carpals in the wrist.

What are SYNOVIAL joints?

They are freely moveable joints where MOST joint motion occurs.

Why can bones be considered organs?

They are made up of several different types of tissue; fibrous, cartilaginous, osseous, nervous and vascular. And they function as integral parts of the skeletal system. Page 13

Medullary canal

This canal is the center of the diaphysis and it is hollow. which among other features, decreases the weight. The canal contains marrow and provides passage for nutrient arteries. Page 15.

Flexion

This is a bending movement of one bone on another, bringing the two segments together and causing an increase in the joint angle. Page 7

Circumduction

This is a motion that describes a circular cone-shaped pattern and involves a combination of 4 joint motions: 1. Flexion 2. ABduction 3. Extension 4. ADduction Page 9. Think of doing arm or leg circles when warming up to exercise.

ABduction

This is a movement AWAY from the midline of the body. Page 8. Ex: A shoulder abduction would be raising the arm; hence the shoulder.

ADduction

This is a movement TOWARDS the midline of the body. EX; A shoulder ADduction would be returning the raised arm to the side of body.

Medial (internal) rotation

This is a movement of a bone or part, around its longitudinal axis with the anterior surface rolling inward toward midline. An example would be reaching behind your back to tuck your shirt into your pants. The hand is below the shoulder, reaching back..a.medial/internal rotation. Page 9

Dorsi flexion

This is an extension of the wrist OR the ankle joints. So, for the wrist, you would flex your wrists away from you; opposite of the palmar flexion. An example of the dorsi flexion in the ankle would be putting your heel on the ground and raising your toe towards the sky.

Osteomyelitis, bone infection.

This is an infection in the bone usually caused by bacteria. An open fracture has a greater risk of infection. Page 17

Foot

This is distal to the ankle.

Hand

This is distal to the wrist.

Protraction

This is mostly a linear movement along a plane parallel to the grown and away from the midline. Ex: Think of the scapula pushing out when you are in the "up" position of a push up.

Retraction

This is mostly a linear movement in the same plane but toward the midline. Ex: Think of the scapula bringing itself back in when you are in the "down" position of a push up. Page 10.

Epiphysis

This is the area at each end of a long bone that tends to be wider than the shaft. In adult's bone, the epiphysis is osseous, i.e, it has turned to bone or ossified. In growing bone, such as a child, the epiphysis is cartilaginous material and it's called epiphyseal plate. In essence, it's a growth plate. Pages 14 & 15.

Thorax

This is the chest an is made up of ribs, sternum, and mostly thoracic vertebrae.

Hyperextension

This is the continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position. (Think of doing a reverse leg lift while standing).

Thigh

This is the femur and is between the hip and the knee joint.

Metaphysis

This is the flared part at each end of the diaphysis and is made up mostly from cancellous bone and functions to support the epiphysis. Page 15.

Diaphysis

This is the main shaft of the bone and is made up of mostly compact bone and gives it great strength.

Periosteum

This is the thin fibrous membrane covering all of the bone except the ARTICULAR SURFACES that are covered with hyaline cartilage. It provides nerve and blood vessels that provide nourishment.

Leg

This is the tibia and the fibia is between the knee and ankle joint.

Pronation

This is when the palm is facing backward, or posteriorly. When the elbow is flexed, the palm is up during supination and down during pronation.

What is a Cartilaginous Joint?

This joint has either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage between the two bones. The vertebral joints are examples of joints in which disks of fibrocartilage are directly connecting the bones. Page 22

Gomphosis joint

This occurs between a tooth and the wall of its dental socket in the mandible and maxilla, i.e, the structure is referred to as a peg in socket. No motion. Page 22 & 23.

Distal

Used to describe locations on the extremities, it means "away from the trunk". Page 5

Proximal

Used to describe locations on the extremities, it means "toward the trunk". EX: The humeral head is located on the Page 5

Lateral rotation, aka, External rotation

When the anterior surface rolls outward, away from the midline. Visualize your next rotating as you look over your right shoulder. This would be "right neck rotation". Page 9

Radial deviation

When the hand moves laterally or towards the thumb side. page 8

Ulnar deviation

When the hands move medially from the anatomical position toward the little finger side of the wrist. Page 8.

Lateral bending

When the trunk moves sideways. Right or left lateral bending. Page 8

Fracture

broken or cracked bone. Page 17

What is a Fibrous Joint?

this has a thin layer of fibrous Periosteum between the two bones, as in the sutures of the skull.