KNH 188 Exam 1 & 2
Calculate the resting cardiac output (in absolute terms) for an individual who weighs 150 lbs. This person's resting heart rate is 60 beats/min, resting stroke volume is 60 ml blood/beat and resting a-v O2 Difference is 68 ml O2/L blood.
- 3600 ml blood/min - 3.6 L blood.min
Determinants of Health include several Social Determinants of Health; these Social Determinants of Health include (but are not limited to) which of the following:
- Economic stability - Health status - Neighborhood & built environment - Education - Health care accessibility
Identify which of the following are considered to be CHD Risk Factors.
- Hypertension (high blood pressure) - Dyslipidemia - physical inactivity - Family History - Insulin Resistance/ Pre- Diabetes - Obesity - Age - Sex - Stress - Systemic Inflammation
JoAnn is 25 yrs old; she walks/jogs for 30-40 min/day, 3 days/week, she takes Zumba class (2 times/week), and she does full body resistance exercise training 3 days/week. She comes to your Health & Fitness Center for a body composition analysis with the BodPod. Her body weight is 166 lbs; her BMI is 27.9, and her body Volume is 71.8 L. JoAnn's % body fat is 23%. Choose the statement(s) that best describe JoAnn's body composition and BMI.
- JoAnn has an appropriate, health-related percentage of body fatness but a relatively high BMI - JoAnn's BMI falls in the Overweight category - JoAnn has a large amount of lean mass, given her BMI and % body fatness
Based on the epidemiological research/literature, which of the following values would meet the threshold criteria for dyslipidemia?
- Total Cholesterol of 222 mg · dl-1 - LDL-C of 143 mg · dl-1 - HDL-C of 36 mg · dl-1
Based on the epidemiological research/literature, from which the AHA blood pressure guidelines for hypertension were recently published, which of the following individuals would meet the threshold criteria for the risk factor of hypertension?
- a college student whose last two blood pressure (BP) readings were 122/84 mmHg and 125/88 mmHg - a grandmother whose last two BP readings were 142/84 mmHg and 138/86 mmHg - a young father whose last two BP readings were 138/86 mmHg and 140/90 mmHg
Which of the following are criteria used to determine if a person has actually reached their capacity to use O2 to make energy (ATP) for muscle contractions and movement.
- a plateau in VO2 with an increase in the workrate - an RER of > 1.1 - a plateau in HR or reaching +/- 10 beats/min of age predicted maximal HR - an RPE of > 8 on a scale of 1 - 10
Another synonymous term for cardiorespiratory fitness is:
- aerobic capacity - cardiopulmonary fitness - maximal aerobic power - metabolic capacity - VO2max
Healthy Life Expectancy (HLE) is significantly affected by:
- age - race/ethnicity - sex - state of residence
Which factor(s) gives epidemiological research findings greater strength (i.e., greater ability to discern the strength of relationships or associations)?
- biological plausibility - a dose response relationship - consistency across research studies - correlational strength
By far, the most important or the most prevalent underlying causes of death in the U.S. are:
- poor diet and physical inactivity - smoking
Which factor(s) gives epidemiological research strength and relevance (i.e., more ability to infer causation)? (check all that apply)
-biological plausibility -dose response -consistency -strength of association -temporal sequence
There are several important (health-related) points that can be taken from these graphs. Please identify 2 main (health-related) points that can be interpreted from this Figure! (Consider that in this figure men & women respond similarly - so, don't identify/use the same point for females and then males!).
1. The higher the fitness category the lower number of deaths meaning the more physically active a person is the less they are at risk for getting any of these diseases for both male and female 2. The drop between High to moderate groups isn't that much of a change but there is a significant difference between the moderate fitness group and the low fitness group. This is because the moderate fitness group is still being active and meeting the recommended goal while the low fitness group probably isn't meeting the recommended amount of physical activity.
Identify 2 main points that can be interpreted from this Figure.
1. The relative risk decreases as the percentage of physical activity and physical fitness increases showing the are directly correlated 2. Physical fitness has a much higher drop than physical activity and has a lower number of relative risk this could be because physical activity is just any movement a person does where physical fitness are attributes people do to maintain/ improve their physical health leading to reduced risk
JoAnn is 25 yrs old; she walks/jogs for 30-40 min/day, 3 days/week, she takes Zumba class (2 times/week), and she does full body resistance exercise training 3 days/week. She comes to your Health & Fitness Center for a body composition analysis with the BodPod. Her body weight is 166 lbs; her BMI is 27.9, and her body Volume is 71.8 L. What is JoAnn's body density?
1.0509 Kg/L
Identify the appropriate health criterion-related range for body composition for men.
10% - 22%
If a person is exercising at 6 METs and weighs 190 lbs; how many Kcals/week would this individual expend if the exercise was done 5 times per week for 30 minutes per workout?
1357.5 Kcal/wk
Jayda is a 39-yr-old female who weighs 164 lb (74 kg). She recently had a skinfold analysis done, which revealed a body composition of 30% body fatness. She would like to be at 25%. Based on this information, her target or goal body weight is approximately 132.5 lb
153 lb
Youth obesity trends in the United States in 2015 were reported to be greater than _____%.
18
According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the normal, 'healthy' range of BMI values for adults is:
18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2
Calculate a goal body weight (using body composition) for a male who is 50 yrs old, weighs 210 lbs, and is 25% fat. Use the midpoint of the health criterion-referenced range for men.
187.5 lbs
How many minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity (minimum) should adults (ages 18 to 64) attain per week, according to the 2008/2018 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans?
2 hours 30 minutes (150)
How many minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity (minimum) should older adults (aged 65 and older) attain per week, according to the 2008/2018 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans?
2 hours 30 minutes (150); if possible. If not, as many minutes as possible given an individual's physical status
Identify the appropriate health criterion-related range for body composition for women.
20% - 32%
If a person is exercising at 6 METs and weighs 190 lbs; how many Kcals/workout would this individual expend if the exercise was done 5 times per week for 30 minutes per workout?
271.5 Kcal/workout session
Identify how many and which CHD risk factors a 27 yr-old male who is a current smoker, who is currently sedentary/physically inactive, has a resting blood pressure of 126/92., his total cholesterol is 182 mg/dl, LDL-C is 122 mg/dl and HDL-C is 49 mg/dl, his height is 72 in., his weight is 191 lbs., his waist circumference is 35 in., his fasting blood glucose is 92 mg/dl and he reports no family history of cardiovascular disease.
3 Risk Factors; Smoking, Physical inactivity, Hypertension
The minimal amount of fat needed for normal body function in males is
3% to 5%
Calculate the resting VO2 (in relative terms) for an individual who weighs 150 lbs. This person's resting heart rate is 60 beats/min, resting stroke volume is 60 ml blood/beat and resting a-v O2 Difference is 68 ml O2/L blood.
3.6 ml O2/kg/min
One of your clients is 6 ft 3 in. (190.5 cm) tall and weighs 240 lb (109 kg). According to these height and weight values, his BMI is
30.3 kg · m-2
Based on the Institute of Medicine report on body weight control (regulation), how many minutes (minimum) of physical activity or exercise per week are necessary to control weight regain after weight loss or to significantly decrease abdominal fat in adults?
300
To lose 1 pound of fat, theoretically, you would need to restrict or maintain energy intake while expending more kcals in physical activity and exercise to the equivalent of ____________ Kcals.
3500
If a person is 6 ft tall and weighs 275 lbs. What is this person's BMI and BMI classification?
37.3; class II obesity
Calculate VO2max (in relative terms) for an individual who weighs 150 lbs. This person's resting maximal heart rate is 199 beats/min, maximal stroke volume is 125 ml blood/beat, the arterial O2 content is 195 ml O2/L blood and the venous O2 content is 55 ml O2/L blood.
51.1 ml O2/kg/min
How many minutes of physical activity should children and adolescents (ages 6 to 17) attain, according to the 2008/2018 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans?
60 minutes or more daily of moderate and vigorous activity, some in the form of play, every day of the week
If a person, who weighs 150 lbs, sits quietly (resting metabolic rate) and watches TV for 1 hour - how many kcals will this person expend?
71.7 Kcal/Hr
If a person, who weighs 150 lbs, sits quietly and watches TV for 1 hour - how many kcals will this person expend?
71.7 Kcal/Hr 1 MET( resting rate)= 3.5 150/2.2=68.18 68.18 X 3.5= 238.64 /1000= 0.23864 X 5 Kcal=1.1932 1.1932x60 min = 71.6
A person with a 10 MET capacity exercises at 5 METS for 30 minutes per day, 5 times a week. How many MET-minutes per week would this person accumulate?
750 MET-minutes
The volume of physical activity attained by an individual on a weekly basis, who exercises at a level of 7 METs for 35 min · day-1, 4 days · wk-1 is equal to __________________.
980 MET-min/Week
If a person is exercising at 6 METs and weighs 190 lbs; how many Kcals/min would this individual expend if the exercise was done 5 times per week for 30 minutes per workout?
About 9Kcal/min
What is a person's VO2 (O2 cost of the physical activity) if he/she is exercising at 6 METs and weighs 190 lbs?
All of the above - About 21 mlO2/kg/min - About 1814 mlO2/min - About 1.8 LO2/min
Children and adolescents are considered to be overweight according to which of the following criteria?
BMI between the 85th and 95th percentiles for age and sex
A majority of chronic disease development is genetically pre-determined
False
A physical activity/exercise intensity greater than 60% of a person's capacity (or max), is considered to be in the Moderate intensity range.
False
Based on public health statistics over the past 25-30 years, 3 of the top 5 leading causes of death in the U.S. are related to a variety of infectious diseases.
False
Dr. Ralph S. Paffenbarger Jr. was the first to more precisely identify the amounts and types of physical fitnesses that are associated with CHD risk and death by studying high school/college dropouts, steel workers and bus drivers/conductors.
False
Health/Wellness is generally considered to be static and thus unchangeable based on lifestyle behaviors.
False
Non-Hispanic Caucasians are at higher risk for developing Type II diabetes than Asian/pacific islanders or Hispanics.
False
O2 consumption (VO2) and Kcal expenditure are independent (i.e., not associated) of the intensity of exercise
False
Resting metabolic rate is equivalent to 1 MET and 1 MET is equivalent to 5 Kcal/LO2.
False
The 'Dose response' relationship between physical activity and premature CHD morbidity and mortality is negative and linear! In other words, "the more physical activity, the lower the risk of developing or dying from CHD".
False
The 20th century witnessed the gradual replacement of chronic diseases with the more difficult to treat infectious diseases.
False
With respect to epidemiological research, the incidence and the prevalence of a disease (or risk factor) is essentially the same.
False
If a 21 yr-old female (132 lbs.) has a 15 MET capacity & she is planning to do a 8 MET activity for 45 min. What Intensity classification is this exercise/physical activity considered to be?
Moderate
The discipline of Kinesiology includes the fields or sub-disciplines of:
Motor control & learning, exercise/ sport psychology, exercise science, biomechanics, athletic training, sports medicine, exercise physiology, clinical exercise physiology
If a person who has a metabolic capacity of 60 ml/kg/min and weighs 144 lbs, exercises at a level of 7 METs for 35 min · day-1, 3 days · wk-1, would this be a great enough volume of exercise to meet the minimum threshold for CHD risk reduction, based on the epidemiological research by Paffenbarger and colleagues?
No
If a person who has an aerobic capacity of 60 ml/kg/min and weighs 144 lbs, exercises at a level of 5 METs for 35 min · day-1, 4 days · wk-1, would this be a great enough volume of exercise to meet the minimum threshold for CHD risk reduction, based on the 2008/2018 federal guidelines for physical activity/exercise for U.S. adults?
No
Which of the following is not one of the five pillars of public health?
None - All of the Above are considered to be Pillars of Public Health
The health-related components of physical fitness include: (multiple correct answers may be possible)
None of the Above
What do the following CHD risk factors have in common? Physical Inactivity, smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity and insulin resistance.
These CHD risk factors have the strongest association with CHD morbidity and are behaviorally, all modifiable
Adults with chronic disease/conditions should engage in regular physical activity because doing so can improve their quality of life and reduce the risk of developing new conditions.
True
Among other factors, strength of association, dose-response and biological plausibility provide strength to the inference of causality from epidemiological observational research
True
An individual can be both physically active and physically inactive on a daily basis and this type of behavior pattern has been shown to result in an increased risk for chronic disease morbidity.
True
Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is the strongest predictor of premature all-cause mortality. It is even a stronger predictor than physical activity.
True
From an epidemiological perspective, a population can be defined by specific eligibility criteria and can be either static or dynamic.
True
From an individual's perspective (at the Dr's office), BMI is not an acceptable gauge of an individual's level of overweight and/or obesity.
True
Healthy Life Expectancy accounts for both the quantity and quality of life.
True
Insulin resistance is strongly associated with physical inactivity and obesity.
True
It is critical that public health research be translated to action for disease prevention and health promotion.
True
It is critical that public health research be translated to action for disease prevention, health promotion, and the development of appropriate public health-related policies.
True
Metabolic Syndrome is a variety or clustering of clinical characteristics that have been defined differently by several organizations but include abnormal lipid levels, abnormal blood pressure, excess abdominal obesity, and abnormal glucose and/or insulin levels.
True
O2 consumption (VO2) and energy expenditure (Kcal) are linearly, positively, and directly related.
True
Observational epidemiological research is defined as - where an independent variable is the result of natural history (i.e., following a population over time).
True
Resting energy expenditure while sitting at rest is equal to about 1 MET and 1 MET is equal to 3.5 ml O2/kg/min.
True
Scientific evidence from the Diabetes Prevention Program Study indicated that adults who were overweight and had prediabetes could significantly reduce their risk for developing diabetes by over 50% if they lost about 7% of their body weight and maintained a program of regular physical activity/exercise over the course of the first year of the study.
True
The Fick Equation is defined as: VO2max = (maximal Heart Rate X maximal Stroke Volume) X maximal Arterial-Venous O2 Difference
True
The Framingham Heart Study, was originated as an epidemiological study of an entire community designed to determine which factors were (are) associated with the development of coronary heart disease(CHD).
True
The USDHHS 'Healthy People' initiative (starting with Healthy People 1990 thru Healthy People 2030) is a public health framework and strategic plan that identifies and prioritizes national public health objectives by decade and includes objectives for physical activity.
True
The academic discipline of Kinesiology addresses the interrelationship of the physiological processes and the anatomy of the human body with respect to movement.
True
The attributes associated with physiological fitness includes non-performance components of physical fitness that relate to biological systems influenced by one's level of habitual physical activity.
True
The first-ever Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans is based on a summary of scientific literature that details recommendations for the weekly amount of physical activity necessary to prevent and manage disease and to promote positive health outcomes.
True
The leading causes of death in the U.S. today are largely lifestyle-related.
True
The science of epidemiology concentrates on populations.
True
The science of objectively monitoring physical activity levels with step counting or accelerometry is now considered to be the most accurate and the methods of choice to assess daily levels of physical activity.
True
_________________________, accounting for about 5%-10% of all cases of diabetes, is characterized by a deficiency of insulin often attributable to an autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas.
Type 1 diabetes
_________________________ is a disease condition associated with low insulin secretion, a limited ability of insulin to act on target tissues (i.e., muscle) to maintain glucose homeostasis, or both of these conditions.
Type 2 Diabetes
_______________________ is a metabolic disease related to overweight and obesity (i.e., lifestyle) and insulin resistance.
Type 2 diabetes
If a 39 yr old male has a VO2max of 15.5 ml O2/kg/min, how would you interpret this value.
VO2max is in a range where there is a substantial increased risk for premature all-cause mortality
If a person is exercising at 6 METs and has a 9 MET capacity and weighs 190 lbs; What is the appropriate Intensity category for this bout of exercise?
Vigorous
What is the difference between weight loss and weight maintenance, as defined by USDHHS and the CDC in the 2008/2018 Physical Activity Guidelines for All Americans?
Weight loss is a loss of at least 5% of body weight; weight maintenance is a weight change of less than 3%.
According to the AHA, the CDC and the ACSM and, most importantly from the epidemiological literature:
a regular program of physical activity should burn a minimum of 1,000 Kcals per week to obtain health benefits and 2,000 kcals per week for optimal weight management benefits.
Jayda is a 39-yr-old female who weighs 164 lb (74 kg). She recently had a skinfold analysis done, which revealed a body composition of 30%. She would like to get to a body composition of 25% fatness. How many weeks (range) should it take for Jayda to get to her ideal body weight (at 25% body fatness), based on appropriate, health-related guidelines for weight loss and to minimize lean mass loss?
about 11 to 22 weeks
The minimal amount of body fat needed for normal body function in females is
about 12% - 15%
If a person's body composition is 21% body fatness and this person weighs 161 lbs; how much lean mass does this person have?
about 127 lbs
If a person is exercising at 6 METs and weighs 190 lbs; how many Kcals/workout would this individual expend if the exercise was done 5 times per week for 30 minutes per workout?
about 270 Kcal/workout session
If a person's body composition is 21% body fatness and this person weighs 161 lbs; how much fat mass does this person have?
about 34 lbs
Health gains such as lower blood pressure and improvements in the lipid profile are often realized with only a ___________ reduction in body weight in those who are currently obese or overweight.
about 5 - 10%
If a 21 yr-old female (132 lbs.) has a 15 MET capacity & she is planning to do a 8 MET activity for 45 min. What % of her metabolic or aerobic capacity will she exercise at?
about 53% of capacity
How has the epidemiological research shown that regular physical activity influences the leading cause of death? Regular physical activity reduces the risk of CHD by:
all of the above
The volume of energy expended per week in physical activity/exercise is the product of which of the following factors?
all of the above
What is a person's VO2 (O2 consumption/O2 cost of the physical activity/exercise) if this person exercises at 6 METs and weighs 190 lbs? About 21 mlO2/kg/min
all of the above
Which of the following body composition measures would have the highest rate of error?
bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) at varying hydration levels
The quantitative branch of public health is composed of:
biostatistics
The attributes of physiological fitness include all of the following except:
cardiovascular fitness
What is the term that describes conditions and illnesses that occur or develop over a relatively long period (months to years), are prolonged, may be preventable, but are rarely completely cured?
chronic diseases
Although integral to the field of public health, the main difference between clinical medicine and public health is that
clinical medicine has traditionally focused on treatment of individuals
A glucose level of >126 mg/dl measured via a fasting plasma glucose test is considered
consistent with having diabetes
What is the basic science "pillar" of public health?
epidemiology
The discipline of Kinesiology includes the fields or sub-disciplines of:
exercise physiology, movement sciences,exercise/sport psychology, exercise science, physical activity public health
In people who engage in regular moderate-to-vigorous exercise, Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR) may account for a larger proportion of daily caloric need.
false
Only about 33% of chronic disease development is lifestyle related
false
Participation in a regular exercise/physical activity program that does not result in weight loss does little to protect an obese person against premature mortality.
false
Physical activity/exercise, alone, is as effective for weight loss and weight maintenance as combined, physical activity/exercise and diet interventions.
false
Regular participation in physical activity/exercise, alone is the optimal method for weight loss in those who are overweight/obese.
false
The Siri equation and other population-specific equations we use to calculate an individual's % body fatness are based on the positive, linear relationship between body density and body fatness.
false
The commercially available Bod Pod is a popular and current (yet expensive) method of measuring body composition by using water displacement or hydrostatic weighing (i.e., body mass under the water compared to body mass in air).
false
The epidemiological literature suggests that participation in a combination of aerobic and resistance exercise training program results in less favorable changes in HbA1c than aerobic exercise training only.
false
The measurement of body composition with DEXA, underwater weighing, BodPod, bioelectrical impedance, or skinfolds are exact methods (i.e, there is very little variation or error in these measurement techniques).
false
Shawn has fasting plasma glucose values of 105 mg · dl-1 (5.8 mmol · L-1) and 110 mg · dl-1 (6.1 mmol · L-1). According to these plasma glucose values for his fasting state, you would conclude that
he meets the criteria for prediabetes
All but which of the following are risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome?
high levels of HDL cholesterol
Which of the following is not one of the five pillars of public health illustrated your study materials?
kinesiology
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in the U.S. (and most developed countries) and involve the chronic disease processes of the heart and vascular system.
measuring and stratifying the levels of aerobic fitness
Even though earlier, large epidemiological studies about the relationship between physical activity and CHD risk and mortality of bus drivers and conductors, the college-alumni and the longshoremen epidemiological studies had been published, a later epidemiological study of the relationship between physical fitness (aerobic fitness) and all-cause mortality added to the research literature and improved our understanding of these relationships by:
measuring and stratifying the levels of aerobic fitness
Based on surveys done by the CDC, identify the correct order, from greatest to least, of the prevalence of obesity in adults for the following ethnic groups?
non-Hispanic blacks, Hispanics, non-Hispanic whites, Asians/Pacific Islanders
If a 21 yr-old female (132 lbs.) has a 15 MET capacity & she is planning to do a 8 MET activity for 45 min. What is the number of Kcals she will expend during this workout?
none of the above
Which of the following is not a factor associated with the role of regular and appropriate physical activity/exercise in benefitting blood glucose control and thus positively affecting the development and/or the treatment of T2D.
none of the above
Which of the following factors were first identified, through the data analyses of the Framingham Heart Study, as having an association or link with the development of CHD?
only smoking, high blood pressure, & high blood levels of total cholesterol
You calculate that a 53-yr-old male has a body mass index (BMI) of 26.2 kg · m2. This BMI would put him in the category of
overweight
The name of a new subdiscipline that bridges the gap between public health and kinesiology is
physical activity and public health
The name of a new subdiscipline that bridges the gap between public health and kinesiology is:
physical activity and public health
What is the most changeable component of total energy expenditure (TEE)?
physical activity energy expenditure
Which of the following descriptions best defines the term exercise?
physical activity that is planned and repeated for a specific purpose
Which of the modifiable CHD risk factors has been shown to have the strongest association with risk of premature CHD development?
physical inactivity
What is the ultimate reason for the development of overweight/obesity? genetics
positive caloric balance
Enhanced access to places where people can be physically active, educational mandates that promote physical activity, and transportation-related initiatives to promote physical activity are examples of which type of influences on physical activity?
public policies
Even though Dr. Morris was the first to publish research about the relationship between physical activity and CHD mortality, Dr. Paffenbarger's later studies added to the epidemiological research literature and improved our understanding of these relationships by:
quantifying the levels of physical activity
Michelle has a HbA1c value of 7.5%. According to this value, you would conclude that
she meets the criteria for diabetes
All of the following are examples of the components of health-related physical fitness except:
speed
How do we, as exercise/health professionals, quantify the Volume of physical activity/exercise?
the 1st & 2nd answers, only
Cardiorespiratory Fitness (Aerobic Capacity) is defined as . . .
the capacity of the cardiac system, the vascular system and the respiratory (pulmonary) system to deliver oxygenated blood to active muscle and the ability of the active muscle to use O2 to make energy (ATP) to produce muscular movement
The definition of Stroke Volume is . . .
the volume of blood pumped per heart beat
The most important underlying causes of death in the U.S. are:
tobacco use and poor diet/physical inactivity
An individual can be both physically active and physically inactive on a daily basis and this type of behavior may increase risk for chronic disease morbidity.
true
Arterial-Venous O2 Difference is defined as the difference between the O2 content of arterial blood and the O2 content of venous blood.
true
Body composition assessment with skinfold analysis, hydrostatic weighing, or air plethysmography (BodPod) are all based on the use of a two-compartment model in order to derive body composition.
true
Body mass index (BMI) is a measure of the ratio between an individual's height and weight.
true
Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) can be estimated without being assessed in a lab and without doing maximal testing.
true
Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is the strongest predictor of premature death.
true
Dr. Steven Blair directed the Aerobics Longitudinal Study, this study was the first to show that aerobic fitness was independently associated with lower levels of mortality from all-causes.
true
Evidence suggests that individuals who are overweight/obese actually expend more Kcals on a daily basis than persons who are of normal weight.
true
Exercise science is differentiated from kinesiology because kinesiology is considered to be more general in nature and exercise science is more specifically related to the study of the science of exercise/physical activity.
true
Four approaches for helping people achieve energy (caloric) balance are to (1) target total energy (Kcal) intake; (2) promote an intervention to increase physical activity, exercise and to make small daily changes in dietary patterns ; (3) balance nonactive and active leisure time; and (4) engage in physical activity and exercise for benefits besides the prevention of overweight and obesity.
true
From an epidemiological perspective, BMI is an acceptable gauge of population levels of overweight and obesity.
true
From an individual perspective, body mass index (BMI) is limited as a measure of body composition because it does not take into account the lean muscle mass or fat mass of an individual.
true
In general, resting metabolic rate (RMR) is equal to about 1 MET and 1 MET is equal to 3.5 ml/kg/min.
true
In the US Diabetes Prevention Program, almost half of the people in the lifestyle intervention group failed to meet the weight loss goal in the 1st year; the people who did not meet the weight loss goal but were able to maintain appropriate levels of physical activity/exercise realized a significant reduction in the development of T2D.
true
Insulin resistance has been shown to be associated with physical inactivity and obesity.
true
Insulin resistance is characterized by higher than normal levels of blood glucose because of the inability of the cells in the pancreas to produce enough insulin and/or the inability of the insulin receptors to function normally.
true
Low Cardiorespiratory Fitness is the strongest predictor of premature All-Cause mortality.
true
Meta-analyses suggest that unfit, normal weight (BMI) individuals have a greater risk for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality than fit overweight (BMI) and obese (BMI) individuals.
true
Modifiable risk factors can be altered significantly by lifestyle changes or pharmaceutical intervention, whereas nonmodifiable risk factors cannot be regulated at all.
true
Numerous epidemiological studies that have been published show that T2D is preventable with appropriate types and volumes of physical activity/exercise training.
true
Over the past 30 years, data indicate that although Americans are consuming a smaller percentage of their total daily calories from fat, the actual number of fat calories ingested has changed little because the average total energy intake has increased.
true
Physical activity/exercise has an insulin-like effect on active skeletal muscle that results in increased glucose use. That is, when skeletal muscle is activated (i.e., contracts) glucose enters the active/contracting muscle cells somewhat independent of insulin.
true
Resistance exercise training should be incorporated into a structured exercise plan for individuals with Diabetes (Type 1 or Type 2).
true
Resting energy expenditure while in a resting state is equal to about 1 MET.
true
Strong epidemiological evidence exists for an inverse, dose-response relationship between physical activity and aerobic fitness and chronic disease risk reduction and all-cause mortality.
true
The 1.5-mile Run and the 1.0-mile Walk are both field tests used to estimate VO2max.
true
The Surgeon General's Report on Physical Activity and Health is an important document for physical activity and public health professionals because it represents a summarization and consensus (by experts in these fields) of the research regarding the relationships between physical activity/exercise and premature mortality and morbidity from various chronic diseases.
true
The US Diabetes Prevention Program (individuals with Impaired glucose tolerance and overweight/obese) showed that over the course of 4 years those who maintained lifestyle modifications (i.e., diet & exercise) were much less likely to develop T2D - even more than those who took a medication.
true
The measurement of body composition with DEXA, underwater weighing, BodPod, bioelectrical impedance, or skinfolds are all indirect measurement methods.
true
Two potential primary clinical outcomes associated with metabolic syndrome are type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
true
Visceral (central) adiposity is more linked to chronic disease risk than peripheral (subcutaneous) adiposity.
true
Waist circumference is an anthropometric measurement that is related to chronic disease risk.
true
When assessing body composition with skinfold analysis hydrostatic weighing or air plethysmography (BodPod) we first have to determine body density in order to calculate body fatness.
true
When calculating an ideal body weight using body composition information, the idea is to hold lean mass constant (not lose lean mass) as part of the calculation. Use of this method suggests lean mass is healthy.
true
Adults should engage in muscle-strengthening activities at least _____ per week, according to the 2008/2018 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans.
twice
You calculate that a 22-yr-old female has a BMI of 17.5 kg · m-2. This BMI would put her in the category of
underweight
If a person is exercising at 6 METs and weighs 190 lbs and if the exercise was done 5 times per week for 30 minutes per workout; based on the epidemiological literature/evidence, is this weekly exercise plan/volume of physical activity considered appropriate (in terms of Kcal expenditure) to reduce the risk of chronic disease morbidity and mortality?
yes
If a person is exercising at 6 METs and weighs 190 lbs and if the exercise was done 5 times per week for 30 minutes per workout; based on the epidemiological literature/scientific evidence, is this weekly exercise plan/volume of physical activity/exercise considered to be appropriate/optimal (in terms of Kcal expenditure) in order to reduce chronic disease risk?
yes
Jayda, a 39-yr-old female who weighs 164 lb (74 kg) recently had a skinfold analysis done, which revealed a body composition of 30% body fatness. She would like to get to 25% body fatness. Is Jayda's goal body composition considered to be an appropriate, health-related goal for her?
yes
