lab exam 1

When the body is upright and facing forward, the arms are at the side, and the palms are forward, this is called what position?

Anatomical position

Avascular

without blood vessels.

Loose connective tissues (3)

1. Areolar tissue 2. Adipose tissue 3. Reticular tissue

Dense connective tissues

1. Dense regular connective tissue 2. Dense irregular connective tissue 3. Elastic connective tissue

Muscle tissue consists of cells known as...

MUSCLE FIBERS

1. Cartilage has a ________matrix with firmly bound collagen fibers and some elastic fibers that five it the strength and flexibility to withstand _________ and ________ . 2. What characteristic of cartilage allows it to rebound after being compressed and aids in nutrient diffusion?

1. a.rigid b. tension & compression 2. ample fluid allows it to rebound

1. Bone tissue and cartilage are special connective tissues that help form the_____________ system. 2. Bone and cartilage have a similar matrix, but bone is_________ and more ____________ -because it has more collagen fibers as well as _________

1. skeletal 2.harder & rigid 3. calcium salts

1. Dense connective tissue is characterized by tightly arranged . 2. How does the structure of dense connective tissue affect its function?

1.fibers 2.flexible and resistant to tension

How many different types of cells are there?

200

Cytoplasm

: includes the cytosol, organelles, and other structures inside the cell.

The centrosome contains ________and________ that are essential for________

A. CENTRIOLES & PERICENTRIOLAR B. CELL DIVISION

The cell's nucleus contains its _____________encoded in molecules of ___________.

A. GENETIC INFORMATION B. DNA

Proteins in and around the lipid bilayer perform many functions, such as: a. Form ________ channels. b. Carry substances ____________ . c. Act as______ or______________ .

A. ION B. THROUGH THE MEMBRANE 3. MARKERS AND RECEPTORS

The cytoskeleton consists of proteins called______ and_________ that_______ the cell.

A. MICROFILAMENTS& MICROTUBLES B. SUPPORT

The _______________________________ cavity consists of the abdominal and pelvic cavities.

ABDOMINOPELVIC

Neurons

ARE THE MAIN CELLS OF NERVOUS TISSUE & TRANSMITS SIGNAL

The plasma membrane consists of a lipid bilayer - two layers of phospholipid molecules arranged

BACK TO BACK

Blood and lymph are atypical connective tissues (also called fluid connective tissues) that circulate throughout the _______ and ________ vessels of the body.

BLOOD & LYMPHATIC

______________________ contain and protect delicate internal organs.

BODY CAVITIES

Examples of cell types

BONE, NERVOUS, BLOOD, MALE & FEMALE

Anatomical position

Body is vertical and facing forward. Arms are straight and at the sides of the body with palms facing forward.

supine position

Body is horizontal and laying on the back.

Prone position

Body is horizontal and laying on the stomach.

DNA is arranged in bundles called

CHROMOSOMES

Transverse planes produce images referred to as ___________________________

CROSS SECTIONS

Which organ system is responsible for transporting blood throughout the body?

Cardiovascular

The tails of phospholipid molecules are repelled by water, so they face

EACH OTHER

ATP is the molecule that cells use as fuel for

ENERGY

_________________________ tissues consist of sheets of cells that cover body structures and glands that produce secretions.

EPITHELIAL

Organelles within the cell perform...

ESSENTIAL CELLULAR FUNCTIONS

All somatic cells arise from the zygote formed by two sex cells during

FERTILIZATION

What type of plane divides the body into front and rear portions?

FRONTAL PLANE

The genetic information inside each cell acts as an instruction manual telling a cell how to ______and_________

FUNCTION & REPLICATE

The urinary bladder__________ is to the uterus.

INFERIOR

The lungs are ..... to the heart

LATERAL

. Lysosomes and peroxisomes are both spherical capsules involved in clean up and recycling in the cell

Lysosomes and peroxisomes are both spherical capsules involved in clean up and recycling in the cell

The nose is _____________________ and _____________________ to the eyebrows

MEDIAL,SUPERIOR

Some substances are transported to and from the plasma membrane in ____________ called transport vesicles.

MEMBRANOUS

Make sure you can label all diagrams in this lab from memory.

Make sure you can label all diagrams in this lab from memory.

Which organ system is made entirely of nervous tissue?

NERVOUS SYSTEM

The nucleus is separated from the cytosol by a membrane called the

NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

The heads of phospholipid molecules are attracted to water, so they face

OUTWARD

. Mitochondria (singular mitochondrion) use _________taken in by the cell to produce ATP.

OXYGEN

A __________________ is an imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes through the body

PLANE

The sole of the foot would be called the _________________ region.

PLANTAR

Substances move between the extracellular fluid and cytoplasm through what structure?

PLASMA MEMBRANE

The kidneys ______________are to the small intestine.

POSTERIOR

The gallbladder is on the_________ surface of the liver

POSTERIOR, INFERIOR

Proteins produced in the ER are ______in a set of membrane sacs known as the Golgi complex.

PROCESSED

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a folded membrane network that synthesizes ______ and other substances (like carbohydrates and lipids).

PROTEINS

Which organ system includes the lungs

Respiratory

The central body of the nucleus, called the nucleolus, produces

RIBOSOMES

What is the difference between smooth endoplasmic reticulum and rough endoplasmic reticulum?

ROUGH ER HAS RIBOSOMES SMOOTH DOES NOT

What is the difference between smooth and rough ER?

ROUGH ER HAS RIBOSOSMES SMOOTH DOES NOT

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

SEPARATE INNER CONTENT FROM THE ENVIRONMENT AROUND THE CELL

As cells divide and multiply in the embryo, they change in_____and______depending on which parts of their genetic code are . This process is known as ____________

SHAPE & STRUCTURE

What is the difference between a somatic cell and a sex cell

SOMATIC ARE ALL CELLS EXCEPT SEX CELLS

The pancreas is ---- to the stomach

SUPERIOR

The shoulder is ______________________ to the elbow.

SUPERIOR

Which body cavity is enclosed by the ribs?

THORACIC CAVITY

Areolar tissue has...

a gel like matrix b. loosely arranged collagen, elastic, and reticulat fibers. c. scattered fibroblasts - cells that secrete collagen to create the supportive framework of tissues. d. and macrophages - large cells that consume bacteria and debris. e. blood vessels and fluid-filled space.

Adipose tissue has...

a sparse matrix (not very much matrix) . b. Closely packed adipocytes - cells that store fat. c. Also fibroblasts, macrophages, and other cells.

articular cartilage,

a thin layer of cartilage that reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber.

Dense regular connective tissue has...

a. A matrix with collagen and elastic fibers b. Little ground substance c. And few cells Its closely packed bundles of collagen fibers run parallel which allows the tendons ligaments, aponeuroses, and fascia it forms to withstand unidirectional tension

Dense irregular connective tissue has...

a. A matrix with collagen and elastic fibers b. Little ground substance c. And few cells 2. Its thick bundles of collagen fibers run in multiple planes which allows the structures it supports to withstand multidirectional tension.

Hyaline cartilage has...

a. An amorphous and rigid EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX b. With firmly bound COLLAGEN fibers and some ELASTIC fibers c. Tissue FLUID d. And small groups of chondrocytes in LACUNAE

Fibrocartilage has...

a. Thick fibers in its matrix, which is less than the hyaline cartilage matrix.

- Reticular tissue has a matrix of______________ And contains many cells, mostly______________

a. reticular fibers b. fibroblast

Epithelial tissue consists of ________. of cells that cover body structures and________ that produce secretions.

a. sheets b. glands

Connective tissue consists of cells in a matrix of amorphous ground substance and fibers. It supports the________and binds________and ________

a.body b.tissues c.organs

Connective tissue is composed of _________ in an extracellular matrix of amorphous_________ and collagen, elastic, or reticular ___________

a.cells b.ground substance c. fibers

Loose connective tissue is characterized by its loosely arranged_____ and abundant _______

a.fibers b.ground

Bone is_________ and cartilage is_________

a.vascular b.avascular

Right and Left

always refer to the subject's perspective, not your own!

Aponeuroses

are flat sheets or ribbons of tendon-like material that anchor muscles to bones.

Fascia

are the sheaths of fibrous tissue that enclose muscles and organs.

Ligaments

attach bones to other bones or cartilages or hold together a joint

Tendons

attach muscles to bones

Transitional

can stretch and relax, which changes the shape of the cell.

Elastic fibers

can stretch and return to original length.

CELLS IN THE BLOOD

carry oxygen and help the immune system.

Epithelial sheets are classified by their number of ____and cell _____

cell layers, shape

Neuroglia

cells that support neurons

The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard

compact bone

Cuboidal:

cube-shaped

Superior (or cranial)

describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper. The eyes are superior to the mouth.

Inferior (or caudal)

describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column). The pelvis is inferior to the abdomen.

Superficial

describes a position closer to the surface of the body. The skin is superficial to the bones.

Deep

describes a position farther from the surface of the body. The brain is deep to the skull

Distal

describes a position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body. The ankle is distal to the thigh.

Proximal

describes a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body. The elbow is proximal to the forearm

Posterior (or dorsal)

describes the back or direction toward the back of the body. The gluteal region is posterior to the umbilical region.

Anterior (or ventral)

describes the front or direction toward the front of the body. The toes are anterior to the heel.

Medial

describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body. The genitals are medial to the hips.

Lateral

describes the side or direction toward the side of the body. The thumb is lateral to the digits.

Which organ system is responsible for processing and getting nutrients from food?

digestive

The medullary cavity has a delicate membranous lining called the

endosteum

The wider section at the proximal and distal end of the bone is called the e

epiphysis -which is filled with spongy bone

There are four major types of tissue in the human body

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

What are the four major types of tissues?

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

appendicular skeleton

facilitates movement and supports weight, and consists of the arms, legs, and their attachment points (girdles).

. Red bone marrow

fills the spaces in the spongy bone.

Squamous:

flat, "squashed" cell shape

BONE CELLS

form and regenerate bones.

Endocrine

glands produce hormones and secrete them directly into the bloodstream.

exocrine

glands produce substances like sweat, oil, saliva, earwax, and digestive enzymes and secrete them into ducts. These ducts open onto the skin or into the lumen (internal space) of a hollow organ.

Vascular:

has blood vessels.

Pseudostratified

has the appearance of multiple layers, but has only one layer.

Lysosome

i. Break down substances consumed by the cell. ii. Recycle waste

PEROXISOME

i. Process and neutralize toxins. ii. Metabolize long-chain fatty acids (large molecules from fats that we eat) iii. Contribute to energy production.

The foot is ________________________ to the head

inferior

the liver is --- to the lungs

inferior

What is an organ system?

is a group of organs performing similar functions.

Elastic cartilage

is similar in structure to hyaline cartilage, but it has more ELASTIC fibers in its matrix.

frontal plane

is the plane that divides the body or an organ into an anterior (front) portion and a posterior (rear) portion. The frontal plane is often referred to as a coronal plane. ("Corona" is Latin for "crown.")

sagittal plane

is the plane that divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides. If this vertical plane runs directly down the middle of the body

transverse plane

is the plane that divides the body or organ horizontally into upper and lower portions. Transverse planes produce images referred to as cross sections.

diaphysis

is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone.

Special Connective Tissue i. Bone 1. Spongy bone 2. Compact bone ii. Cartilage 1. Hyaline cartilage 2. Elastic cartilage 3. Fibrocartilage c. Atypical Connective Tissues i. Blood ii. Lymph

know this

Mature bone and cartilage cells are located in spaces known as_________

lacunae

Cells are the basic living units of

life

Cells are the basic living units of __

life

Columnar:

long and tall, like a column

Striated

means having a vertical striped appearance due to the internal arrangement of muscle fibers.

The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the

medullary cavity, which is filled with yellow bone marrow.

Which organelle uses oxygen taken in by the cell to produce ATP?

mitochondria

muscle cells

move the body.

Stratified epithelium has __________cell layers. What does this allow?

multiple, allows it to protect underlying tissues from abrasion

.Nervous tissue consists of neurons and neuroglia that conduct_________ from one part of the body to another

neurons and neuroglia

Where is DNA located?

nucleus

Simple epithelium has _________cell layer. What does this facilitate?

one, facilitates absorption & filtration

Mature bone cells are called . Mature cartilage cells are called

osteocytes

The outer surface of the bone is covered with a fibrous membrane called the

periosteum-The periosteum contains blood vessels and nerves that nourish compact bone and connect it to the nervous system.

A person laying on their stomach would be in a ______________________ position.

prone

skin cells

protect organs.

axial skeleton

protects internal organs and is found along the middle axis of the body.

Ribosomes synthesize

proteins

ATTACHED

ribosomes are attached to cellular structures.

FREE

ribosomes float freely in the cytosol.

What type of plane divides the body into right and left portions?

sagittal plane

NERVOUS SYSTEM CELLS

send messages within the brain and body to produce actions.

plasma membrane

separates the inner contents from the environment around the cell.

What type of bone is the patella?

sesamoid

Somatic cells are all body cells except...

sex cells

Epithelial_____________ that act as coverings for body structures

sheets

Which bone type is found in the wrist?

short bones

Reticular fibers

similar to collagen, but form 3D mesh-like networks to reinforce soft tissues.

The three types of muscle tissue are:

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

Fibers

strands of protein filaments that reinforce connective tissue.

. Collagen fibers

strong, straight, reinforcing fibers.

The Stomach is ...... to the Small intestine.

superior

A person laying on their back would be in a _____________ position.

supine

glands

that produce secretions.

Matrix:

the environment in which something exists. The cells of connective tissue exist in a matrix called ground substance

Cytosol

the fluid inside the cell.

Nucleus

the largest organelle; contains the cell's genetic information encoded in DNA.

What does the structure of loose connective tissue allow it to do?

to cushion and protect body organs

Synthesize

to make, create or produce, especially on the chemical level.

The human body is composed of about how many cells?

trillions

MALE AND FEMALE

unite to produce offspring.

Which body cavity contains the spinal cord?

vertebral cavity

Amorphous:

without a clearly defined shape or form. Connective tissues usually have a fluid or gel-like ground substance