lab exam 1
When the body is upright and facing forward, the arms are at the side, and the palms are forward, this is called what position?
Anatomical position
Avascular
without blood vessels.
Loose connective tissues (3)
1. Areolar tissue 2. Adipose tissue 3. Reticular tissue
Dense connective tissues
1. Dense regular connective tissue 2. Dense irregular connective tissue 3. Elastic connective tissue
Muscle tissue consists of cells known as...
MUSCLE FIBERS
1. Cartilage has a ________matrix with firmly bound collagen fibers and some elastic fibers that five it the strength and flexibility to withstand _________ and ________ . 2. What characteristic of cartilage allows it to rebound after being compressed and aids in nutrient diffusion?
1. a.rigid b. tension & compression 2. ample fluid allows it to rebound
1. Bone tissue and cartilage are special connective tissues that help form the_____________ system. 2. Bone and cartilage have a similar matrix, but bone is_________ and more ____________ -because it has more collagen fibers as well as _________
1. skeletal 2.harder & rigid 3. calcium salts
1. Dense connective tissue is characterized by tightly arranged . 2. How does the structure of dense connective tissue affect its function?
1.fibers 2.flexible and resistant to tension
How many different types of cells are there?
200
Cytoplasm
: includes the cytosol, organelles, and other structures inside the cell.
The centrosome contains ________and________ that are essential for________
A. CENTRIOLES & PERICENTRIOLAR B. CELL DIVISION
The cell's nucleus contains its _____________encoded in molecules of ___________.
A. GENETIC INFORMATION B. DNA
Proteins in and around the lipid bilayer perform many functions, such as: a. Form ________ channels. b. Carry substances ____________ . c. Act as______ or______________ .
A. ION B. THROUGH THE MEMBRANE 3. MARKERS AND RECEPTORS
The cytoskeleton consists of proteins called______ and_________ that_______ the cell.
A. MICROFILAMENTS& MICROTUBLES B. SUPPORT
The _______________________________ cavity consists of the abdominal and pelvic cavities.
ABDOMINOPELVIC
Neurons
ARE THE MAIN CELLS OF NERVOUS TISSUE & TRANSMITS SIGNAL
The plasma membrane consists of a lipid bilayer - two layers of phospholipid molecules arranged
BACK TO BACK
Blood and lymph are atypical connective tissues (also called fluid connective tissues) that circulate throughout the _______ and ________ vessels of the body.
BLOOD & LYMPHATIC
______________________ contain and protect delicate internal organs.
BODY CAVITIES
Examples of cell types
BONE, NERVOUS, BLOOD, MALE & FEMALE
Anatomical position
Body is vertical and facing forward. Arms are straight and at the sides of the body with palms facing forward.
supine position
Body is horizontal and laying on the back.
Prone position
Body is horizontal and laying on the stomach.
DNA is arranged in bundles called
CHROMOSOMES
Transverse planes produce images referred to as ___________________________
CROSS SECTIONS
Which organ system is responsible for transporting blood throughout the body?
Cardiovascular
The tails of phospholipid molecules are repelled by water, so they face
EACH OTHER
ATP is the molecule that cells use as fuel for
ENERGY
_________________________ tissues consist of sheets of cells that cover body structures and glands that produce secretions.
EPITHELIAL
Organelles within the cell perform...
ESSENTIAL CELLULAR FUNCTIONS
All somatic cells arise from the zygote formed by two sex cells during
FERTILIZATION
What type of plane divides the body into front and rear portions?
FRONTAL PLANE
The genetic information inside each cell acts as an instruction manual telling a cell how to ______and_________
FUNCTION & REPLICATE
The urinary bladder__________ is to the uterus.
INFERIOR
The lungs are ..... to the heart
LATERAL
. Lysosomes and peroxisomes are both spherical capsules involved in clean up and recycling in the cell
Lysosomes and peroxisomes are both spherical capsules involved in clean up and recycling in the cell
The nose is _____________________ and _____________________ to the eyebrows
MEDIAL,SUPERIOR
Some substances are transported to and from the plasma membrane in ____________ called transport vesicles.
MEMBRANOUS
Make sure you can label all diagrams in this lab from memory.
Make sure you can label all diagrams in this lab from memory.
Which organ system is made entirely of nervous tissue?
NERVOUS SYSTEM
The nucleus is separated from the cytosol by a membrane called the
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
The heads of phospholipid molecules are attracted to water, so they face
OUTWARD
. Mitochondria (singular mitochondrion) use _________taken in by the cell to produce ATP.
OXYGEN
A __________________ is an imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes through the body
PLANE
The sole of the foot would be called the _________________ region.
PLANTAR
Substances move between the extracellular fluid and cytoplasm through what structure?
PLASMA MEMBRANE
The kidneys ______________are to the small intestine.
POSTERIOR
The gallbladder is on the_________ surface of the liver
POSTERIOR, INFERIOR
Proteins produced in the ER are ______in a set of membrane sacs known as the Golgi complex.
PROCESSED
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a folded membrane network that synthesizes ______ and other substances (like carbohydrates and lipids).
PROTEINS
Which organ system includes the lungs
Respiratory
The central body of the nucleus, called the nucleolus, produces
RIBOSOMES
What is the difference between smooth endoplasmic reticulum and rough endoplasmic reticulum?
ROUGH ER HAS RIBOSOMES SMOOTH DOES NOT
What is the difference between smooth and rough ER?
ROUGH ER HAS RIBOSOSMES SMOOTH DOES NOT
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
SEPARATE INNER CONTENT FROM THE ENVIRONMENT AROUND THE CELL
As cells divide and multiply in the embryo, they change in_____and______depending on which parts of their genetic code are . This process is known as ____________
SHAPE & STRUCTURE
What is the difference between a somatic cell and a sex cell
SOMATIC ARE ALL CELLS EXCEPT SEX CELLS
The pancreas is ---- to the stomach
SUPERIOR
The shoulder is ______________________ to the elbow.
SUPERIOR
Which body cavity is enclosed by the ribs?
THORACIC CAVITY
Areolar tissue has...
a gel like matrix b. loosely arranged collagen, elastic, and reticulat fibers. c. scattered fibroblasts - cells that secrete collagen to create the supportive framework of tissues. d. and macrophages - large cells that consume bacteria and debris. e. blood vessels and fluid-filled space.
Adipose tissue has...
a sparse matrix (not very much matrix) . b. Closely packed adipocytes - cells that store fat. c. Also fibroblasts, macrophages, and other cells.
articular cartilage,
a thin layer of cartilage that reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber.
Dense regular connective tissue has...
a. A matrix with collagen and elastic fibers b. Little ground substance c. And few cells Its closely packed bundles of collagen fibers run parallel which allows the tendons ligaments, aponeuroses, and fascia it forms to withstand unidirectional tension
Dense irregular connective tissue has...
a. A matrix with collagen and elastic fibers b. Little ground substance c. And few cells 2. Its thick bundles of collagen fibers run in multiple planes which allows the structures it supports to withstand multidirectional tension.
Hyaline cartilage has...
a. An amorphous and rigid EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX b. With firmly bound COLLAGEN fibers and some ELASTIC fibers c. Tissue FLUID d. And small groups of chondrocytes in LACUNAE
Fibrocartilage has...
a. Thick fibers in its matrix, which is less than the hyaline cartilage matrix.
- Reticular tissue has a matrix of______________ And contains many cells, mostly______________
a. reticular fibers b. fibroblast
Epithelial tissue consists of ________. of cells that cover body structures and________ that produce secretions.
a. sheets b. glands
Connective tissue consists of cells in a matrix of amorphous ground substance and fibers. It supports the________and binds________and ________
a.body b.tissues c.organs
Connective tissue is composed of _________ in an extracellular matrix of amorphous_________ and collagen, elastic, or reticular ___________
a.cells b.ground substance c. fibers
Loose connective tissue is characterized by its loosely arranged_____ and abundant _______
a.fibers b.ground
Bone is_________ and cartilage is_________
a.vascular b.avascular
Right and Left
always refer to the subject's perspective, not your own!
Aponeuroses
are flat sheets or ribbons of tendon-like material that anchor muscles to bones.
Fascia
are the sheaths of fibrous tissue that enclose muscles and organs.
Ligaments
attach bones to other bones or cartilages or hold together a joint
Tendons
attach muscles to bones
Transitional
can stretch and relax, which changes the shape of the cell.
Elastic fibers
can stretch and return to original length.
CELLS IN THE BLOOD
carry oxygen and help the immune system.
Epithelial sheets are classified by their number of ____and cell _____
cell layers, shape
Neuroglia
cells that support neurons
The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard
compact bone
Cuboidal:
cube-shaped
Superior (or cranial)
describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper. The eyes are superior to the mouth.
Inferior (or caudal)
describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column). The pelvis is inferior to the abdomen.
Superficial
describes a position closer to the surface of the body. The skin is superficial to the bones.
Deep
describes a position farther from the surface of the body. The brain is deep to the skull
Distal
describes a position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body. The ankle is distal to the thigh.
Proximal
describes a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body. The elbow is proximal to the forearm
Posterior (or dorsal)
describes the back or direction toward the back of the body. The gluteal region is posterior to the umbilical region.
Anterior (or ventral)
describes the front or direction toward the front of the body. The toes are anterior to the heel.
Medial
describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body. The genitals are medial to the hips.
Lateral
describes the side or direction toward the side of the body. The thumb is lateral to the digits.
Which organ system is responsible for processing and getting nutrients from food?
digestive
The medullary cavity has a delicate membranous lining called the
endosteum
The wider section at the proximal and distal end of the bone is called the e
epiphysis -which is filled with spongy bone
There are four major types of tissue in the human body
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
What are the four major types of tissues?
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
appendicular skeleton
facilitates movement and supports weight, and consists of the arms, legs, and their attachment points (girdles).
. Red bone marrow
fills the spaces in the spongy bone.
Squamous:
flat, "squashed" cell shape
BONE CELLS
form and regenerate bones.
Endocrine
glands produce hormones and secrete them directly into the bloodstream.
exocrine
glands produce substances like sweat, oil, saliva, earwax, and digestive enzymes and secrete them into ducts. These ducts open onto the skin or into the lumen (internal space) of a hollow organ.
Vascular:
has blood vessels.
Pseudostratified
has the appearance of multiple layers, but has only one layer.
Lysosome
i. Break down substances consumed by the cell. ii. Recycle waste
PEROXISOME
i. Process and neutralize toxins. ii. Metabolize long-chain fatty acids (large molecules from fats that we eat) iii. Contribute to energy production.
The foot is ________________________ to the head
inferior
the liver is --- to the lungs
inferior
What is an organ system?
is a group of organs performing similar functions.
Elastic cartilage
is similar in structure to hyaline cartilage, but it has more ELASTIC fibers in its matrix.
frontal plane
is the plane that divides the body or an organ into an anterior (front) portion and a posterior (rear) portion. The frontal plane is often referred to as a coronal plane. ("Corona" is Latin for "crown.")
sagittal plane
is the plane that divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides. If this vertical plane runs directly down the middle of the body
transverse plane
is the plane that divides the body or organ horizontally into upper and lower portions. Transverse planes produce images referred to as cross sections.
diaphysis
is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone.
Special Connective Tissue i. Bone 1. Spongy bone 2. Compact bone ii. Cartilage 1. Hyaline cartilage 2. Elastic cartilage 3. Fibrocartilage c. Atypical Connective Tissues i. Blood ii. Lymph
know this
Mature bone and cartilage cells are located in spaces known as_________
lacunae
Cells are the basic living units of
life
Cells are the basic living units of __
life
Columnar:
long and tall, like a column
Striated
means having a vertical striped appearance due to the internal arrangement of muscle fibers.
The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the
medullary cavity, which is filled with yellow bone marrow.
Which organelle uses oxygen taken in by the cell to produce ATP?
mitochondria
muscle cells
move the body.
Stratified epithelium has __________cell layers. What does this allow?
multiple, allows it to protect underlying tissues from abrasion
.Nervous tissue consists of neurons and neuroglia that conduct_________ from one part of the body to another
neurons and neuroglia
Where is DNA located?
nucleus
Simple epithelium has _________cell layer. What does this facilitate?
one, facilitates absorption & filtration
Mature bone cells are called . Mature cartilage cells are called
osteocytes
The outer surface of the bone is covered with a fibrous membrane called the
periosteum-The periosteum contains blood vessels and nerves that nourish compact bone and connect it to the nervous system.
A person laying on their stomach would be in a ______________________ position.
prone
skin cells
protect organs.
axial skeleton
protects internal organs and is found along the middle axis of the body.
Ribosomes synthesize
proteins
ATTACHED
ribosomes are attached to cellular structures.
FREE
ribosomes float freely in the cytosol.
What type of plane divides the body into right and left portions?
sagittal plane
NERVOUS SYSTEM CELLS
send messages within the brain and body to produce actions.
plasma membrane
separates the inner contents from the environment around the cell.
What type of bone is the patella?
sesamoid
Somatic cells are all body cells except...
sex cells
Epithelial_____________ that act as coverings for body structures
sheets
Which bone type is found in the wrist?
short bones
Reticular fibers
similar to collagen, but form 3D mesh-like networks to reinforce soft tissues.
The three types of muscle tissue are:
skeletal, smooth, cardiac
Fibers
strands of protein filaments that reinforce connective tissue.
. Collagen fibers
strong, straight, reinforcing fibers.
The Stomach is ...... to the Small intestine.
superior
A person laying on their back would be in a _____________ position.
supine
glands
that produce secretions.
Matrix:
the environment in which something exists. The cells of connective tissue exist in a matrix called ground substance
Cytosol
the fluid inside the cell.
Nucleus
the largest organelle; contains the cell's genetic information encoded in DNA.
What does the structure of loose connective tissue allow it to do?
to cushion and protect body organs
Synthesize
to make, create or produce, especially on the chemical level.
The human body is composed of about how many cells?
trillions
MALE AND FEMALE
unite to produce offspring.
Which body cavity contains the spinal cord?
vertebral cavity
Amorphous:
without a clearly defined shape or form. Connective tissues usually have a fluid or gel-like ground substance
