lab exam 2 (lab 6)
features of the sacrum anterior surface
- concave transverse lines , anterior sacral foramina
lumbar vertebrae characteristics
-5 large heavy body spinous process is square and thick and projects nearly straight posteriorly other projections are short and thick -looks like a moose
why do cervical vertebrae have transverse foramina in their transverse process
blood vessel
the intervertebral disk rests on which part of the vertebrae
body
axial skeleton
bones that form central axis in addition to skull bones also vertebral column, hyoid, and bones of the thoracic cage
thorax
bony cage formed by sternum , costal cartilage, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae the thorax protects the organs of the thoracic cavity
lateral (axillary) border of scapula
border near armpit
medial (vertebral) border of scapula
border near vertebral column
feature of scapula
borders : superior border, medial vertebral border, lateral axillary border spine acromion process coracoid process glenoid process
the hyloid is commonly
broken during strangulation deaths
secondary curves
develop in the cervical region when the infant holds up its head and in the lumbar region when the child stands and walks lumbar and cervical
acromion process of scapula
enlarged process at lateral end of spine
Kyphosis (hunchback)
exaggerated concave curve of thoracic region
Lordosis (swayback)
exaggerated convex curvature or the lumbar region
why is fibrocartilage classified as a connective tissue
few cells, lots of ground substance
posterior sacral foramina of sacrum
four pairs of foramina that communicate with anterior sacral foramina
anterior sacral foramina of sacrum
four pairs of foramina that communicate with posterior sacral foramina
characteristics of thoracic vertebrae
generally larger in size than cervical vertebrae -12 spinous process is long and pointed and projects downward costal facets - superior and inferior transverse costal facets -can be said to look like a giraffe
Glenoid cavity of scapula
large depression below acromion (arm socket)
sacrum
large triangular bone formed by the fusion of 5 vertebrae it articulated superiorly with L5 inferiority with the conccyx and laterally with the two hip bones the sacrums anterior surface is concave and posterior surface is convex
scoliosis
lateral deviation of the vertebral column usually affecting the thoracic region
Pedicles of the vertebral arch
lateral process forming arch
auricular surface of sacrum
lateral region that joins with ilium or hip bone
intervertebral discs
located between each vertebrae and function to form strong joints, permit movement; and absorb vertical shock composed of an outer ring of fibrocartilage and an inner soft elastic core
body of sternum
long middle portion
spine of scapula
long slender ridge
features of sternum
manubrium, body, xiphoid process
features of sacrum posterior surface
medial sacral crest , posterior sacral foramina , sacral canal
what is the function of the hyoid
muscle attachment
neck of rib
narrow portion behind head
degree of movement possible between two adjacent vertebrae
no movement or very little
what sutures of the skull articulate (join or connect) with the superior articular facets of the atlas
occipital condyles
superior surface of sacrum
sacral promontory
what bone does the clavicle articulate with laterally
scapula
processes of vertebrae
seven projections arise from the vertebrae arch special features :transverse process, superior articular processes , inferior articular process spinous process
body of rib
shaft, flat; main part of rib
spinous articular process of vertebrae
single medial projection , most posterior portion
Xiphoid process of sternum
small inferior portion
tubercle of rib
small knob just below neck ; articulates with transverse process of thoracic vertebrae
characteristics of cervical vertebrae
small, spinous process of c2-c6 is bifid (split) transverse foramen present in the transverse process
what sutures lies in the vertebral foramen
spinal cord
articulations of the clavicle
sternal (medial) end acromial lateral end
what bone does the clavicle articulate with medially
sternum
costal cartilages
stripe or hyaline cartilage that attach the first 7 pairs or ribs to the sternum
the hyoid bone does not articulate with any other bone . it is suspended from ligaments attached to a pointy projection on the inferior surface of the temporal bone- what is its name
styloid process
sacral promontory of sacrum
superior border on anterior surface(obstetrical) landmark for measurements of pelvis
Manubrium of sternum
superior portion
coccyx
tailbone small triangular bone formed by the fusion of three to five small vertebrae it has no function and is thought to be a remnant or a tail it articulated with the sacrum
vertebrosternal ribs
true ribs 1-7 articulate anteriorly with costal cartilage of sternum articulate posteriorly with thoracic vertebrae
superior border of scapula
upper border
curvature of vertebral column
when viewed from the side, four curves can be seen in the adult from the anterior view these are alternately convex and concave
vertebral/floating ribs
11,12 (also false ribs) not attached anteriorly articulated posteriorly by thoracic vertebrae
inferior articular processes of vertebrae
2 inferior projections
transverse processes of vertebrae
2 lateral projections
superior articular process of vertebrae
2 superior projections
atlas cervical vertebrae
C1 highly specialized consists of a circle of bone with two lateral inferior articular facets for articulation with the second cervical vertebrae. the atlas does not have a body or spinous process. it does have transverse process containing transverse foramina
axis cervical vertebrae
C2 it has a peg like process called the dens or odontoid process which projects up through the ring or the atlas on the anterior side
vertebrochondral ribs
Ribs 8-10 (false ribs) articulate anteriorly with costal cartilage of rib 7 articulate posteriorly with thoracic vertebrae
degree of movement in the whole vertebral
a lot of movement
medial sacral crest of sacrum
a ridge formed by the spinous process of the fused vertabrae
what process on the scapula articulates with the clavicle?
acromion process
clavicle of pectoral girdle
anterior bone collarbone slender, S shaped bone
vertebral arch of vertebrae
arch which encloses a vertebral foramen special feature: pedicles and laminae
acromial (lateral) end of clavicle
articulates with the acromion process of scapula
sternal (medial) end of clavicle
articulates with the manubrium of the sternum
which joint would permit you to nod your head to say yes i love a&p
atlas occipital
which joint would permit you to shake your head from side to side to say no i hope a&p never ends
atlas- axis
bones of the pectoral(shoulder) girdle
attaches the arms to the axial skeleton clavicle scapula
lateral surface of sacrum
auricular surface
which bones of the pectoral girdle articulate with the axial skeleton
clavicle
sacral curve
concave
thoracic curve
concave
vertebral column
consists of 26 vertebrae that are joined to provide a flexible, curved structure the column encloses and protects the spinal cord, supports the head; and serves as a point of attachment for the tube and muscles of the back
fibrocartilage
consists of chondrocytes scattered amount bundles or collagen fibers
cervical curve
convex
lumbar curve
convex
concave
curve away from the viewer
convex
curve toward the viewer
Fetus Vertebral Column
has a single concave curvature
features of the rib
head, neck, tubercle, body
what organs are located in the thoracic cavity
heart, lungs, thymus, esophagus , trachea, larynx; epiglottis
what are the functions of the curves of the vertebral column
helps distribute w body weight
why is the first cervical vertebrae called the atlas
holds head up
coracoid process of scapula
hook like process on lateral end of superior border
hyoid
horseshoe shaped bone located beneath the mandible the hyoid does not articulate with other bones it hangs from ligaments attached to the styloid process of temporal bone it supports the tongue and provides an attachment site for muscles of the tongue, voice box, and neck
bones of arm
humerus - upper extremity or arm - long bone of upper arm ulna and radius - forearm carpals - wrist bones metacarpals - palm bones phalanges - finger bones
sacral canal of sacrum
inferior extension of vertebral canal
transverse costal facet of thoracic vertebrae
on the transverse processes of T1-T10 articulate with the tubercles of the ribs T11 and T12 lack transverse costal facets on their transverse processes
transverse lines of sacrum
point where bodies or adjacent vertebrae have fused
scapula of pectoral girdle
posterior bone shoulder blade
laminae of vertebral arch
posterior part of arch
head of rib
posterior projection, articulates with the demi-facets on the bodies or thoracic vertebrae
costal facets of thoracic vertebrae
present on the bodies to articulate with the heads of ribs. T1-T8 each articulate with two ribs so the bodies of these vertebrae have two costal facets on each side a superior and inferior costal facet
which curves of the vertebral column can be classified as primary and secondary curves
primary - thoracic , sacral secondary- cervical, lumbar
body of vertebrae
round , weight bearing portion, most anterior portion
sternum
the sternum or breastbone is flat; narrow bone located in the median line of the anterior thoracic wall
cervical vertebrae
there are 7 cervical vertebrae in the neck region
Why are the lumbar vertebrae so large?
they hold the weight of the body
primary curves
thoracic and sacral
what are the function of vertebrae processes
thoracic vertebrae - ribs for adjacent vertebrae to articulate