Lab Exercise 26 Blood Components and Blood Tests

Formed elements constitute what percentage of blood volume?

45%

Plasma composes what percentage of blood volume?

55%

Antigen

A substance or part of a substance (living or nonliving) that is recognized as foreign by the immune system, activates the immune system, and reacts with immune cells or their products.

Most commonly used blood typing systems

ABO and Rh systems

Leukopenia

Abnormally low white blood cell count

Serum

Amber-colored fluid that exudes from clotted blood as the clot shrinks; plasma without clotting factors.

Polycythemia

An abnormally high number of erythrocytes (RBC's)

Leukocytosis

An increase in the number of leukocytes (White Blood Cells); usually the result of a microbiological attack on the body.

A hematocrit with RBC's below the normal level indicates a type of

Anemia

White blood cell whose granules stain purplish-black and nucleus purple with basic dye

Basophil; large blue-purple droplets, nucleus is obscured by granules

Agranular leukocytes have granules but they

Cannot be observed with the light microscope

What does blood transport away from body tissues?

Carbon dioxide, heat, and metabolic wastes

Platelets

Cell fragment found in blood; involved in clotting.

Formed Elements

Cellular portion of blood which include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Granular leukocytes have

Discernible vesicles or granules in the cytoplasm that can be seen after staining.

Granular white blood cell whose granules readily take up the red stain called eosin

Eosinophil; small red granules, bi-lobed nucleus

Red Blood Cells are also called

Erythrocytes

There are approximately how many white blood cells per microliter of blood?

Five thousand to ten thousand

There are approximately how many red blood cells per microliter of blood?

Four and a half to five million

Two main categories of White Blood Cells (leukocytes)

Granular leukocytes and Agranular leukocytes

Determines the percentage of total blood volume occupied by erythrocytes. Described as a percentage of RBC's in a whole blood sample

Hematocrit

Hematocrit Red Blood Cell % Formula

Length of RBC's in millimeters, divided by length of the whole column in millimeters, multiplied by 100.

White Blood Cells are also called

Leukocytes

Second most numerous white blood cell that arises from bone marrow and becomes functionally mature in the lymphoid organs of the body.

Lymphocyte; smallest white blood cell, very large nucleus

Agranular leukocytes include

Lymphocytes and monocytes

Platelets are formed in red bone marrow from large, multinuclear cells called

Megakaryocytes

Largest white blood cell

Monocyte; horseshoe shaped nucleus, light blue cytoplasm

Most numerous white blood cell

Neutrophil; multi-lobed nucleus, neutral to pink granules

What does blood transport to body tissues?

Oxygen, nutrients, and hormones

Blood is dark red when?

Oxygen-poor

Blood is bright red when?

Oxygen-rich

Hemoglobin

Oxygen-transporting protein of erythrocytes.

When centrifuged, blood in a heparinized tube separates visually into two main components:

Plasma and formed elements

An abnormally high hematocrit (65% or above) is indicative of

Polycythemia

Coagulation

Process in which blood is transformed from a liquid to a gel; blood clotting.

Blood provides

Protection from blood loss through clotting and against disease through phagocytic white blood cells and antibodies

Anemia

Reduced oxygen-carrying ability of blood resulting from too few erythrocytes (RBC's) or abnormal hemoglobin.

Rh system

Rh blood group system, system for classifying blood groups according to the presence or absence of the Rh antigen, often called the Rh factor, on the cell membranes of the red blood cells (erythrocytes). The designation Rh is derived from the use of the blood of rhesus monkeys in the basic test for determining the presence of the Rh antigen in human blood.

Blood typing is based on

Th Antigenic molecules that are on the surface of the RBC membranes

ABO system

The classification of human blood based on the inherited properties of red blood cells (erythrocytes) as determined by the presence or absence of the antigens A and B, which are carried on the surface of the red cells. Persons may thus have type A, type B, type O, or type AB blood.

Plasma

The nonliving fluid component of blood within which formed elements and various solutes are suspended and circulated.

Platelets are also called

Thrombocytes

A deficiency in the number of circulating platelets is called

Thrombocytopenia

Universal Blood Recipient Type

Type AB

Universal Blood Donor Type

Type O

The cardiovascular system contains approximately how much blood?

five and a half liters or one and a half gallons

Granular leukocytes include

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Platelets do not have

nuclei and are not considered to be cells

What does blood regulate in the body?

pH, body temperature, and cell water content

Antibodies

plasma proteins that combine with a specific antigen to inhibit or destroy it

Complete Blood Count (CBC) tests include

total RBC count, total WBC count, platelet count, differential WBC count, hematocrit, and hemoglobin concentration.

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

a vital diagnostic tool that screens for abnormalities in the number or structure of formed elements. It is used along with a battery of blood chemistry tests to put together a comprehensive profile of a person's general level of health based on blood values