Lab Practical 2: Axial Skeleton
Head
Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
Nasal Bone
Bridge of nose
Meatus
Canal-like passageway
Short bones
Carpals and tarsals
Zygomatic Bone
Cheek bones
Orbicularis Oris
Closes Lips (kissing muscle)
Orbicularis Oculi
Closes eyes
Temporalis
Closes jaw
Inguinal Ligament
Connective Tissue which runs from the anterior superior iliac spine to the inguinal canal
Linea alba
Connective tissue band from the xiphoid to pubic bone
Diaphragm
Contracts on inspiration, relaxes on expiration
Flat Bones
Cranial bones (scapular, sternum, and ribs)
Combination
Flexor hallucis longus (action, location, and length)
Function
Flexor, extensor
Location
Frontalis, temporalis
Groove
Furrow
Decalcified Bone
Has organic matter, removed calcium ions
Long bones
Have a longitudinal axis (leg bones, or bones of fingers)
What kind of cartilage is found in the larynx?
Hyaline Cartilage
What kind of cartilage is at the ends of long bones?
Hyaline cartilage
What kind of cartilage is between the ribs and sternum?
Hyaline cartilage
What kind of cartilage is found between the pubic bones?
Hyaline cartilage
Notch
Indentation at the edge of a structure
Spongy Bone
- Also called cancellous or trabecular bone - It is found in the long bones and it is surrounded by compact bone
Compact bone
- Also called cortical bone - Surrounds spongy bone - Heave, tough, and compact in nature
Intervertebral Discs
- Annulus fibrosus (outside ring - hyaline cartilage) - Nucleus Pulposus (inside circle)
Atlas C1
- Anterior tubercle - Posterior tubercle - Transverse foramen for vertebral arteries to pass through - Superior articular facet, articulates with condyles of skull - Allows flexion and extension of head and neck
Number of Origins
- Biceps = 2 - Triceps = 3 - Quadriceps = 4
External Intercostals
- Contract on inspiration - Relax on expiration - Origin is rib above, insertion is rib below - Fibers run downward and medially - Located laterally and more superficially then the internal intercostals
Internal Intercostals
- Contract with forced expiration - Origin is the rib below, insertion is the rib above - Fiber run upward and medially - Located medially and deep to external intercostals
Axis C2
- Dens (odontoid process) - Allows rotation of head and neck
Parts of a Long Bone
- Diaphysis - Epiphysis - Epiphyseal line or plate - Spongy bone - Compact bone - Medullary cavity - Articular cartilage - Periosteum (Contains blood vessels and nerves)
Temporal Bone
- External auditory meatus - Internal auditory meatus - Mastoid process - Zygomatic process - Styloid process - Mandibular fossa-TMJ Joint - Stylomastoid Foramen - Jugular Foramen - Carotid Canal
Vertebrochondral
- False ribs - Indirectly attached to sternum (8,10)
Skeletal Muscle Organ
- Fibers - Nuclei - Endomysium - perimysium - epimysium
Sternocleidomastoid
- Flexes the head - Unilateral contraction rotates the head toward the opposite shoulder
Vertebral
- Floating ribs - No sternal attachment (11,12)
Paranasal Sinuses
- Frontal - Ethmoid - Sphenoid - Maxillary
Epicranius Muscles
- Frontalis muscle - aponeurotic - Occipitalis muscle
Sphenoid Bone
- Greater wings - Lesser wings - Pterygoid processes - Sella turcica - Sphenoid sinus - Optic foramen (passageway for optic nerve) - Foramen Rotunda (passageway for Trigeminal nerve) - Foramen Ovale (passageway for trigeminal nerve)
Blood Supply to Compact Bone
- Haversion canal - Volkman's canal
Ethmoid Bone
- Horizontal plate (cribriform plate) - Perpendicular plate - Lateral masses (superior and inferior concha) - Crista Galli where dura mater attaches
Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12)
- Identify articular surface for the ribs (transverse coastal facet) - Generally downward pointing spinous processes
Tendinous Inscriptions
- In rectus abdominus - makes abs
Infrahyoids
- Inferior to hyoid bone - Depresses hyoid bone
Erector Spinal Complex
- Intercostalis - Longissimus - Spinalis - Extension of spine
Bone Shapes
- Long - Short - Flat - Irregular - Sesamoid - Wormian
Sternum
- Manubrium - body - xiphoid process - Jugular notch - sternal angle - xiphisternal joint
Muscles for chewing
- Masseter - Temporalis - Pterygoids
Mandible
- Mentum (mandibular symphysis) - Body - Ramus - Angle - Inferior Alveolar margin - Mandibular foramen (tooth sensation nerve) - Mental foramen (blood vessels and nerves) - Condyloid process - Coronoid process
Occipital Bone
- Occipital crest/protuberance - Nuchal lines - Formen magnum - Occipital Condyles - Hypoglossal canal (Passage for hypoglossal cranial nerve)
What movements are possible for the mandible?
- Opening - closing - rightward jaw translation - leftward jaw translation - protrusion - retrusion
External/Internal Obliques, Transverse Abdominus
- Origin is the ribs, vertebrae, ilium, dorsolumbar fascia - Insertion is the line alba - Aponeurosis binds the muscles together
Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone
- Osteon (Haversion system) - Haversion canal or central canal - Concentric lamellae of matrix and osteocytes - Lacuna - Canaliculae - Interstitial/intermediate lamellae
Sutures
- Saggital - Lambdoidal - Squamosal - Coronal
Curvatures
- Scoliosis - kyphosis - Lordosis
Rib Structure
- Shaft - Head - neck - Tubercle
Sacrum (5 fused vertebrae)
- Smooth anterior surface - Rough posterior surface - Median crest (formed by spinous processes) - Posterior foramen - Ala - Sacral canal - Sacral hiatus
Identify the following parts of Lumbar Vertebrae
- Spinous process = can feel when palpating (posterior) - Transverse processes = in cervical vertebrae, for vertebral arteries to pass through - Vertebral foramen = spinal cord passes through - Body = thick anterior portion - Neural Arch - Pedicles = body meets transverse process - Lamina = transverse process meets pious process - Superior and inferior articular processes - Intervertebral foramen = spinal nerves go through
Suprahyoids
- Superior to hyoid bone - Elevates the hyoid bone
Frontal Bone
- Supraorbital foramen - Glabella
Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5)
- Thick and heavy body - "hatchet-like" spinous process
Rectus Abdominus
- This muscle is a trunk flexor - Origin is pubic bone, insertion is xiphoid process
Vertebrosternal
- True ribs - Directly attached to sternum (1,7)
Maxillary (Maxilla)
- Upper jaw; two fused bones - palatine process - infraorbital foramen - alveolar margin - Incisive fossa (whole in palatine process - inferior view)
Cross section through muscle organ
- endomysium - Perimysium - Epimysium - Sarcolemma - Neuromuscular junciton - Thick filament - Think filament - sarcomere - T tubule - sarcoplasmic reticulum - terminal cisternae - Longitudinal tubule
Platysma
- superficial muscle of anterior neck - Scared muscle
What three parts of vertebrae does rib articulate with?
- transverse costal facet - Superior costal facet - Pedicle
Calcified Bone
hardened by the deposits of salts
Inferior Nasal Concha
located on each side of the nasal septum, attached to the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
Vomer
nasal septum
Tuberosity
Large round projection, may be roughened
Trapezius
Located on posterior neck
What is the insertion of the chewing muscles
Mandible
Jugular Formen
Passage for Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, and Spinal accessory nerves
Stylomastoid Foramen
Passage for facial cranial nerve
Carotid Canal
Passage for internal carotid artery
Sesamoid bones
Patella, sesamoid bones are formed with tendons
Crest
Narrow ridge of bone usually prominent
Line
Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest
Fissure
Narrow, slitlike opening
What passes through openings in the cribriform plate?
Olfactory Nerve (smell)
Levator labii superioris
Opens lips
What is normally found in lacunae?
Osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Extensors
Posterior deep muscles (post vertebral)
Palatine Bone
Posterior hard palate
What is the action of the occipitals muscle?
Pulls scalp posteriorly
Epicondyle
Raised area on or above a condyle
What is the action of the frontalis?
Raises eyebrows
Direction of muscle fibers
Rectus abdominus (Rectus = straight)
Shape
Rhomboids, triangulareis, Trapezius
Foramen
Round or oval opening through the bone
Condyle
Rounded arctic alar projection, often articulates with a corresponding fossa
External Obliques
Run downward and medially
Internal Obliques
Run upward and medially
What would normal be found in the central canal?
Runs parallel to the long axis of the bone and carries blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels through the bony matrix
Bone Markings
Serve as attachments points for tendons, ligaments, muscles, and openings for blood vessels or nerve passages
Fossa
Shallow basin like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
Spine
Sharp, slender, often pointed projection
Wormian (Sutural) bones
Small bones between cranial bones (wormian bones of lambdoid suture)
Tubercle
Small rounded projection or process
Zygomaticus
Smiling muscle (Major and minor portion)
Facet
Smooth, nearly flat articular surface
What bone would be the origin of the pterygoids?
Sphenoid
Characteristics of Skeletal muscle cells
Striations (stripes) Multinucleate (more than one nucleus) Long, cylindrical shape
What join do the chewing muscles act over?
TMJ Joint
Coccyx (3-5 fused vertebrae)
Tailbone
What is the galea aponeurotic?
Tough fibrous sheet of connective tissue that extends over the cranium, forming the middle, third layer of the scalp
How to identify Cervical Vertebrae
Transverse foramen and prominent and sometimes split spinous processes
Mentalis
Wrinkles chin, protrudes lower lip
Flexors
Anterior deep muscles (pre vertebral)
Process
Any bony prominence
Ramus
Armlike bar of bone
Sinus
Bone cavity filled with Arie and lined with a mucus membrane
Organ
Doesn't move
Depressor labii inferioris
Draw lower lip inferiorly
Depressor angle oris
Draws corners of mouth downward and laterally (frowning muscle)
Transvers Abdominus
Fibers run transversely
What kind of cartilage is found between vertebrae?
Fibrocartilage
What are interstitial lamellae?
Fill the spaces between osteons
Relative size or length
Maximus, minimus, brevis, and longus
Insertion
Moves
Bones
The organs of the skeletal system (axial bones) - Bones of the skull - Ribs - Vertebrae
Irregular Bones
Vertebrae and facial bones
Trochanter
Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (the only examples are on the femur)