lab practical terms
*ear* cochlea
fluid-filled part of inner ear, sends nerve impulses to brain
*spinal cord* sciatic nerve
transmits motor signals for leg movement and sensory info from lower leg and foot to CNS
*ear* middle ear cavity
transmits sound vibrations from the eardrum to inner ear
*brain mid sagittal* choroid plexus
where majority of CSF is manufactured; in each of 4 ventricles where blood vessels come into direct contact with ependymal cells.
*brain mid sagittal* fornix
white matter tract that connects the hippocampus to other limbic system structures; cognition and memory encoding
*eye* sclera
white of the eye, outer fibrous tunic of eyeball
*cross - section of spinal cord* dura mater
a tough, protective outer layer that encases the spinal cord, providing structural support
*inner ear* basilar membrane
acts as a analyzer that translates vibration frequencies within cochlear fluid pressure waves
*brain mid sagittal* intermediate mass
acts as a small bridge connecting the 2 halves of thalamus
*brain mid sagittal* optic chiasma
allows for integration of visual info from both eyes (binocular vision)
*cross - section of spinal cord* white matter
a pathway for transmitting nerve signals up and down the spinal cord
*spinal cord* spinal nerves
carry sensory and motor impulses to and from spinal cord
*ear* external auditory canal
conducts sound waves
*spinal cord* conus medullaris
cone shaped distal end of cord that sends out nerve signals to lower body
*axon* nucleus of schwann cell
controlling the cellular processes that produce the myelin sheath
*brain mid sagittal* pineal gland
produce melatonin
4th ventricle
protects human brain from trauma by cushioning it.
transverse fissure
separates cerebrum from cerebellum
*ear* pinna
The organ of hearing consisting of the external ear, middle ear, and internal ear.
*spinal cord* sympathetic chain of ganglia
a relay point for sympathetic nervous system
*spinal cord* filum terminale
composed of spinal pia mater, thin layer of pia continues through vertebral cavity to form anchor
*cross - section of spinal cord* gray commissure
connects right and left sides of the spinal cord; controls eye, body movements
*ear* auditory tube (eustachian)
connects the middle ear and the pharynx
cerebral aqueduct
connects the third and fourth ventricles and acts as a canal that passes through the midbrain
*cross - section of spinal cord* dorsal root ganglion
contains cell bodies of sensory neurons and is a relay station for sensory information
*spinal cord* medulla oblongata
controls vital involuntary functions like breathing, heart rate, etc
*ear* utricle
detects horizontal accelerations and head tilts
*ear* semicircular canals
detects rotation in all 3 body planes; contains endolymph
*ear* saccule
detects vertical acceleration and head tilts
*brain mid sagittal* cerebellum
dorsal and ventral portion of brain; functionally connected with cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, brainstem, and spinal cord; interactions between regions together coordinate movement
*brain mid sagittal* gyri
elevated ridges found between sulci; together increases surface area of brain
*cross - section of spinal cord* dorsal nerve root
entry point for sensory info, transmitting sensations like pain, touch.
*multipolar neuron* Nucleus
found in neurons cell body, contains genetic material
3rd ventricle
found in the diencephalon and produces, secretes, and conveys CSF
*brain mid sagittal* inferior colliculus
functions as a primary auditory processing center
*brain mid sagittal* superior colliculus
functions to rapidly direct the eyes and head towards a specific location in space
*axon* node of ranvier
gap between adjacent neuroglia; where myelin sheath is absent
*cross - section of spinal cord* dorsal horn
gives rise to dorsal sensory nerve roots; neuron cell bodies in this region process incoming somatic and visceral sensory info.
*cross - section of spinal cord* ventral horn
gives rise to ventral motor nerve roots; neuron cell bodies in this region are involved in somatic motor functions
*ear* malleus
hammer shaped; connected to apex of tympanic membrane
temporal lobe
hearing
lateral ventricle
houses CSF and provides the passage for its circulation
*spinal cord* rami ventralis of sacral nerves
innervates the lower limbs and bladder functions
*cross - section of spinal cord* central canal
internal cavity within spinal cord; continuous with brain's ventricles; filled with CSF
*axon* myelin sheath
layer of plasma membrane of schwann cell or oligodendrocyte in PNS/CNS
*brain mid sagittal* thalamus
located in diencephalon; acts as the brain's main relay station for sensory and motor info
longitudinal fissure
long deep groove that separates left and right cerebral hemispheres
*eye* choroid
middle vascular tunic of eyeball; dark in color, contains melanin
*cross - section of spinal cord* ventral nerve root
motor nerve root that carries motor signals away from CNS
*spinal cord* lumbar plexus
network of nerves supplying lower limb
*spinal cord* cervical plexus
network of nerves supplying structures in the neck
*spinal cord* brachial plexus
network of nerves supplying the upper limb
*multipolar neuron* presynaptic ending
neurotransmitter signaling
*axon ending* endoneurium
outer connective tissue covering of individual axons
*axon ending* neurilemma
outer membrane of schwann cell
*cross - section of spinal cord* epineurium
outermost connective tissue layer that surrounds and binds together the spinal nerve rootlets
*brain mid sagittal* cerebral peduncle
primary pathway for motor signals traveling from the cerebral cortex to spinal cord.
*axon* mitochondria
produce ATP, provide energy
*brain mid sagittal* 4th ventricle
produces, circulates, and distributes CSF
*inner ear* secondary spiral lamina
projects inward from the outer wall of bony tube
*ear* temporal bone
protects ear and houses the structures critical for hearing, balance, and facial expression
*spinal cord* cauda equina
provide motor and sensory excitation to lower limbs
*spinal cord* femoral nerve
provide motor and sensory innervation
*spinal cord* obturator nerve
provides motor and sensory to inner thigh
*spinal cord* sacral plexus
provides motor control and sensory information to majority of lower leg, foot, and part of pelvis
*cross - section of spinal cord* subarachnoid space
provides protection and helps cushion the brain from sudden head movements
*spinal cord* pudendal nerve
provides sensory and motor innervation to pelvic floor muscles
*multipolar neuron* dendrites
receives input from other neurons, transmit towards cell body as electrical impulse
parietal lobe
receives sensory input for touch and body position
*brain mid sagittal* corpora quadrigemina
reflex centers for both vision and hearing
*brain mid sagittal* midbrain
relay center for processing visual and auditory info
*spinal cord* pons
relays sensory and motor information
spinal cord
responsible for both relaying and processing info
*multipolar neuron* nissl bodies (rough ER)
responsible for protein synthesis
*ear* tympanic membrane
separates outer ear from middle ear and helps with hearing by vibrating when sound waves hit it
lateral fissure
separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes
*inner ear* osseous spiral lamina
separates the cochlear canal into the scala vestibuli and scala tympani
*cross - section of spinal cord* posterior median sulcus
separates the posterior portion of the cord in half
*cross - section of spinal cord* anterior median fissure
separates the spinal cord into 2 symmetrical halves
*brain mid sagittal* sulci
shallow grooves on surface of cerebrum
*inner ear* vestibular membrane
sheet of epithelium, forms a wall between cochlear duct and scala vestibuli
*inner ear* cochlear duct
spiral shaped segment of membranous labyrinth, connected to saccule, filled with endolymph and organ of corti
*ear* stapes
stirrup-shaped; connected to oval membrane in medial chamber wall that covers oval window
*brain mid sagittal* cerebrum
structure responsible for higher mental functions like movement, memory
*spinal cord* coccygeal nerve
tailbone nerve
*cross - section of spinal cord* gray matter
the processing center for sensory information; origin of motor signals
axon
transmit electrical impulses, or action potentials away from cell body of neuron to others
*ear* vestibulocochlear nerve
transports info from organs in inner ear that help you hear and maintain sense of balance
occipital lobe
vision
*inner ear* oval window
wall between air filled middle ear and fluid filled inner ear, ossicles amplify and convert incoming sound waves in air into fluid movement
*multipolar neuron* Axon Hillock
where axon originates from cell body; controls initiation of electrical impulse and action potential
*eye* iris
colored portion of eye in front of lens; made of circular & radial muscles that change size of pupil
*cross - section of spinal cord* pia mater
fixes the spinal cord and divides the 2 spinal nerve roots from each other
*ear* incus
anvil-shaped; forms midpoint of bony bridge
frontal lobe
associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving
*brain mid sagittal* corpus callosum
bundle of nerve fibers that connect the brains left and right hemispheres, allowing them to communicate.
*brain mid sagittal* hypothalamus
central control center for maintaining homeostasis by regulating vital bodily processes like body temp, hunger, thirst.
*eye* pupil
central opening in the iris
*inner ear* scala vestibuli
chamber within cochlea, superior to cochlear duct
*inner ear* scala tympani
chamber within cochlea; inferior to cochlear duct; terminates in vestibule near round window.
