lab practical terms

*ear* cochlea

fluid-filled part of inner ear, sends nerve impulses to brain

*spinal cord* sciatic nerve

transmits motor signals for leg movement and sensory info from lower leg and foot to CNS

*ear* middle ear cavity

transmits sound vibrations from the eardrum to inner ear

*brain mid sagittal* choroid plexus

where majority of CSF is manufactured; in each of 4 ventricles where blood vessels come into direct contact with ependymal cells.

*brain mid sagittal* fornix

white matter tract that connects the hippocampus to other limbic system structures; cognition and memory encoding

*eye* sclera

white of the eye, outer fibrous tunic of eyeball

*cross - section of spinal cord* dura mater

a tough, protective outer layer that encases the spinal cord, providing structural support

*inner ear* basilar membrane

acts as a analyzer that translates vibration frequencies within cochlear fluid pressure waves

*brain mid sagittal* intermediate mass

acts as a small bridge connecting the 2 halves of thalamus

*brain mid sagittal* optic chiasma

allows for integration of visual info from both eyes (binocular vision)

*cross - section of spinal cord* white matter

a pathway for transmitting nerve signals up and down the spinal cord

*spinal cord* spinal nerves

carry sensory and motor impulses to and from spinal cord

*ear* external auditory canal

conducts sound waves

*spinal cord* conus medullaris

cone shaped distal end of cord that sends out nerve signals to lower body

*axon* nucleus of schwann cell

controlling the cellular processes that produce the myelin sheath

*brain mid sagittal* pineal gland

produce melatonin

4th ventricle

protects human brain from trauma by cushioning it.

transverse fissure

separates cerebrum from cerebellum

*ear* pinna

The organ of hearing consisting of the external ear, middle ear, and internal ear.

*spinal cord* sympathetic chain of ganglia

a relay point for sympathetic nervous system

*spinal cord* filum terminale

composed of spinal pia mater, thin layer of pia continues through vertebral cavity to form anchor

*cross - section of spinal cord* gray commissure

connects right and left sides of the spinal cord; controls eye, body movements

*ear* auditory tube (eustachian)

connects the middle ear and the pharynx

cerebral aqueduct

connects the third and fourth ventricles and acts as a canal that passes through the midbrain

*cross - section of spinal cord* dorsal root ganglion

contains cell bodies of sensory neurons and is a relay station for sensory information

*spinal cord* medulla oblongata

controls vital involuntary functions like breathing, heart rate, etc

*ear* utricle

detects horizontal accelerations and head tilts

*ear* semicircular canals

detects rotation in all 3 body planes; contains endolymph

*ear* saccule

detects vertical acceleration and head tilts

*brain mid sagittal* cerebellum

dorsal and ventral portion of brain; functionally connected with cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, brainstem, and spinal cord; interactions between regions together coordinate movement

*brain mid sagittal* gyri

elevated ridges found between sulci; together increases surface area of brain

*cross - section of spinal cord* dorsal nerve root

entry point for sensory info, transmitting sensations like pain, touch.

*multipolar neuron* Nucleus

found in neurons cell body, contains genetic material

3rd ventricle

found in the diencephalon and produces, secretes, and conveys CSF

*brain mid sagittal* inferior colliculus

functions as a primary auditory processing center

*brain mid sagittal* superior colliculus

functions to rapidly direct the eyes and head towards a specific location in space

*axon* node of ranvier

gap between adjacent neuroglia; where myelin sheath is absent

*cross - section of spinal cord* dorsal horn

gives rise to dorsal sensory nerve roots; neuron cell bodies in this region process incoming somatic and visceral sensory info.

*cross - section of spinal cord* ventral horn

gives rise to ventral motor nerve roots; neuron cell bodies in this region are involved in somatic motor functions

*ear* malleus

hammer shaped; connected to apex of tympanic membrane

temporal lobe

hearing

lateral ventricle

houses CSF and provides the passage for its circulation

*spinal cord* rami ventralis of sacral nerves

innervates the lower limbs and bladder functions

*cross - section of spinal cord* central canal

internal cavity within spinal cord; continuous with brain's ventricles; filled with CSF

*axon* myelin sheath

layer of plasma membrane of schwann cell or oligodendrocyte in PNS/CNS

*brain mid sagittal* thalamus

located in diencephalon; acts as the brain's main relay station for sensory and motor info

longitudinal fissure

long deep groove that separates left and right cerebral hemispheres

*eye* choroid

middle vascular tunic of eyeball; dark in color, contains melanin

*cross - section of spinal cord* ventral nerve root

motor nerve root that carries motor signals away from CNS

*spinal cord* lumbar plexus

network of nerves supplying lower limb

*spinal cord* cervical plexus

network of nerves supplying structures in the neck

*spinal cord* brachial plexus

network of nerves supplying the upper limb

*multipolar neuron* presynaptic ending

neurotransmitter signaling

*axon ending* endoneurium

outer connective tissue covering of individual axons

*axon ending* neurilemma

outer membrane of schwann cell

*cross - section of spinal cord* epineurium

outermost connective tissue layer that surrounds and binds together the spinal nerve rootlets

*brain mid sagittal* cerebral peduncle

primary pathway for motor signals traveling from the cerebral cortex to spinal cord.

*axon* mitochondria

produce ATP, provide energy

*brain mid sagittal* 4th ventricle

produces, circulates, and distributes CSF

*inner ear* secondary spiral lamina

projects inward from the outer wall of bony tube

*ear* temporal bone

protects ear and houses the structures critical for hearing, balance, and facial expression

*spinal cord* cauda equina

provide motor and sensory excitation to lower limbs

*spinal cord* femoral nerve

provide motor and sensory innervation

*spinal cord* obturator nerve

provides motor and sensory to inner thigh

*spinal cord* sacral plexus

provides motor control and sensory information to majority of lower leg, foot, and part of pelvis

*cross - section of spinal cord* subarachnoid space

provides protection and helps cushion the brain from sudden head movements

*spinal cord* pudendal nerve

provides sensory and motor innervation to pelvic floor muscles

*multipolar neuron* dendrites

receives input from other neurons, transmit towards cell body as electrical impulse

parietal lobe

receives sensory input for touch and body position

*brain mid sagittal* corpora quadrigemina

reflex centers for both vision and hearing

*brain mid sagittal* midbrain

relay center for processing visual and auditory info

*spinal cord* pons

relays sensory and motor information

spinal cord

responsible for both relaying and processing info

*multipolar neuron* nissl bodies (rough ER)

responsible for protein synthesis

*ear* tympanic membrane

separates outer ear from middle ear and helps with hearing by vibrating when sound waves hit it

lateral fissure

separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes

*inner ear* osseous spiral lamina

separates the cochlear canal into the scala vestibuli and scala tympani

*cross - section of spinal cord* posterior median sulcus

separates the posterior portion of the cord in half

*cross - section of spinal cord* anterior median fissure

separates the spinal cord into 2 symmetrical halves

*brain mid sagittal* sulci

shallow grooves on surface of cerebrum

*inner ear* vestibular membrane

sheet of epithelium, forms a wall between cochlear duct and scala vestibuli

*inner ear* cochlear duct

spiral shaped segment of membranous labyrinth, connected to saccule, filled with endolymph and organ of corti

*ear* stapes

stirrup-shaped; connected to oval membrane in medial chamber wall that covers oval window

*brain mid sagittal* cerebrum

structure responsible for higher mental functions like movement, memory

*spinal cord* coccygeal nerve

tailbone nerve

*cross - section of spinal cord* gray matter

the processing center for sensory information; origin of motor signals

axon

transmit electrical impulses, or action potentials away from cell body of neuron to others

*ear* vestibulocochlear nerve

transports info from organs in inner ear that help you hear and maintain sense of balance

occipital lobe

vision

*inner ear* oval window

wall between air filled middle ear and fluid filled inner ear, ossicles amplify and convert incoming sound waves in air into fluid movement

*multipolar neuron* Axon Hillock

where axon originates from cell body; controls initiation of electrical impulse and action potential

*eye* iris

colored portion of eye in front of lens; made of circular & radial muscles that change size of pupil

*cross - section of spinal cord* pia mater

fixes the spinal cord and divides the 2 spinal nerve roots from each other

*ear* incus

anvil-shaped; forms midpoint of bony bridge

frontal lobe

associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving

*brain mid sagittal* corpus callosum

bundle of nerve fibers that connect the brains left and right hemispheres, allowing them to communicate.

*brain mid sagittal* hypothalamus

central control center for maintaining homeostasis by regulating vital bodily processes like body temp, hunger, thirst.

*eye* pupil

central opening in the iris

*inner ear* scala vestibuli

chamber within cochlea, superior to cochlear duct

*inner ear* scala tympani

chamber within cochlea; inferior to cochlear duct; terminates in vestibule near round window.