Lab Practical Unit 19

describe eosinophils

1. Bi-lobed, horseshoe shaped nucleus (also highly variable in shape) 2. Coarse, reddish granules in cytoplasm 3. Fairly low in abundance (4% or less of WBCs, normally)

describe monocytes

1. Largest WBC (two to three times larger than RBCs) 2. Nuclear shape varies: spherical, kidney, oval or lobed shaped 3. Name changes to macrophage when active (migrates from blood stream into tissues when needed) 4. Usually makes up between 3% to 8% of WBCs, normally

describe neutrophiles

1. Multi-lobed nucleus, but may not be lobed (highly variable) 2. Fine light-purple to pink granules in cytoplasm (may be difficult to see) 3. Most abundant WBC (60% to 70% of WBCs, normally)

describe basophills

1. Nucleus shaped like eosinophils, but cannot usually see it due to granule coloration 2. Granules are bluish-black in color (very dark, which makes it hard to see the nucleus) 3. Quite low in abundance (less than 1% of WBCs, normally)

Describe lymphocytes

1. Smallest WBC (just a bit bigger than RBCs), usually 2. Contain large, round nucleus (sometimes so large that cytoplasm is difficult to see) 3. Fairly abundant (20% to 25% of WBCs, normally)

list the leukocytes in order, from most abundant to least abundant, as seen in a normal blood smear

1. neutrophil 2. lymphocyte 3. monocyte 4. eosinophil 5. basophil

what is considered a normal count of platelets/thrombocytes

130,000 to 360,000 platelets/cubic millimeter

what are the four main blood types

A, B, AB, O

Blood type A- Antigens present on surface of RBC Antibodies present in plasma can receive blood from blood type(s) Can donate blood to blood type(s)

Antigens present on surface of RBC: A Antibodies present in plasma: Anti-B can receive blood from blood type(s): A- and O- Can donate blood to blood type(s): A+ and A-

Blood type AB- Antigens present on surface of RBC Antibodies present in plasma can receive blood from blood type(s) Can donate blood to blood type(s)

Antigens present on surface of RBC: A, B Antibodies present in plasma: none can receive blood from blood type(s): A-, B-, AB-, O Can donate blood to blood type(s): AB-, AB+

Blood type B+ Antigens present on surface of RBC Antibodies present in plasma can receive blood from blood type(s) Can donate blood to blood type(s)

Antigens present on surface of RBC: B, Rh Antibodies present in plasma: Anti-A can receive blood from blood type(s):B+, O+,B-, O- Can donate blood to blood type(s): B+, AB+

Blood type O+ Antigens present on surface of RBC Antibodies present in plasma can receive blood from blood type(s) Can donate blood to blood type(s)

Antigens present on surface of RBC: Rh Antibodies present in plasma: Anti-A and Anti-B can receive blood from blood type(s): O+ and O- Can donate blood to blood type(s): A+, AB+, B+, and O+

an individual with type B blood has ___ on the plasma membranes of the red blood cells and ___ in the plasma

B antigens Anti-A antibodies

which formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and/or platelets are packed with hemoglobin

Erythrocytes

what is the function of neutrophiles

Kill bacterial cells; enhance inflammation; attract more neutrophils and other white blood cells to infection or injury site; phagocytize bacterial cells

what is the function of eosinophiles

Kill parasitic worms; mediate allergic reactions (enhancing inflammation); phagocytize foreign molecules that are coated in proteins associated with the immune system (phagocytic function is fairly weak, though)

what is the function of monocytes

Phagocytize bacteria, dead/dying cells, debris; activate immune response by displaying processed foreign molecules to other leukocytes (specifically T cells and B cells)

what is the function of basophils

Release histamine (which causes inflammation) and heparin (an anticoagulant)

Humans are either ___ (have the Rh factor) or ___ (do not have Rh factor). Unlike the Type A and Type B antigens/spontaneous antibody production, the immune system of __ ___ individuals will not spontaneously begin producing antibodies against the Rh factor until after an initial ___ to it.

Rh+ Rh- Rh negative exposure

where does Rh come from

Rhesus monkeys

Function/types of lymphocytes

T lymphocytes (T cells): directly attack foreign cells; aid B cells; finish maturation in thymus gland B lymphocytes (B cells): produce antibodies against foreign cells and foreign proteins; finish maturation in bone marrow

An A- woman's first child is O+. explain why this is usually not a problem for the developing baby if the woman has a second child who is A+, the developing baby can develop erythroblastosis fetalis. Explain why the second child is in danger

a baby's red blood cells do not pass across the placenta. therefore, the mothers blood is not exposed to Rh antigens during the birth of the first baby, the mothers blood is exposed to the Rh antigens on the baby's red blood cells. as a result, her blood makes antibodies against Rh because antibodies are able to cross the placenta, they will agglutinate with the second baby's red blood cells

describe red blood cells (erythrocytes)

a. Biconcave disks b. Contain hemoglobin, which binds oxygen and carbon dioxide c. Function: transportation of gases (O2 and CO2) throughout the body d. Mature RBCs have no nuclei e. Mature RBCs lack mitochondria f. Become less and less active over time (live about 120 days)

which leukocyte type migrates from the blood into the tissue and becomes a mast cell? a. basophil b. eosinophil c. lymphocyte d. monocyte e. neutrophil

a. basophil

Mixing Rh+ and Rh- blood *can* produce similar _____ responses described above (if the Rh- person has had a subsequent exposure to the Rh factor).

agglutination

antibodies react with foreign proteins to cause ____, or the clumping of cells

agglutination

which formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and/or platelets) arise from bone marrow

all: erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

distinguish between an antigen and an antibody

an antigen is a protein found on the cell membrane of a red blood cell an antibody is a protein found in blood plasma

generic name for cell surface protein or other component that may induce an immune response

antigen

proteins located on the plasma membrane of red blood cells are called

antigens

which of the following types of formed elements is produced when a megokaryocyte fragments? a. erythrocyte b. platelet c. neutrophil d. basophil e. all of these answers are correct

b. platelet

name two possible reasons for elevated white blood cell numbers

bacterial infection and parasitic infection

U shaped or S shaped nucleus often resembling that of eosinophils; nucleus is usually hard to see; cytoplasmic granules stain dark purple

basophils

function similar to mast cells after undergoing diapedesis, but mast cells normally found in connective tissues do not arise from bone marrow stem cells; ___ do not transport into mast cells, but they function like them

basophils

which leukocytes become mast cells when they migrate into the tissues

basophils

what is liquid connective tissue

blood

what are platelets/thrombocytes involved in

blood clotting mechanism

distinguish between eosinophils and basophils

both eosinophils and basophils are classified as granulocytes; basophils have cytoplasmic granules that stain purplish black and eosinophils have cytoplasmic granules that stain red

which of the following statements concerning blood tissue is true a. white blood cells outnumber red blood cells b. red blood cells function in immunity c. all formed elements are produced in red bone marrow d. lymphocytes are the most numerous type of white blood cell e. platelets transport oxygen

c. all formed elements are produced in red bone marrow

Red blood cells have various markers on __ ___; some are important for determining ___ ___.

cell surface blood type

what is agglutination describe what happens

clumping of RBCs due to interaction of antigens and antibodies Onset can occur very quickly; red blood cells burst, free hemoglobin released and can cause kidney failure and even death (usually referred to as a "transfusion reaction")

explain how a basophil (formed element) is structurally adapted to its function

contains histamine: containing cytoplasmic granules

which of the following substances is found in plasma a. insulin b. oxygen. c. glucose. d. sodium ions e. all of these substances are found in plasma

e. all of these substances are found in plasma

biolobed, u shaped or S shaped nucleus, cytoplasmic granules stain red

eosinophil

which leukocytes increase in number during parasitic infections

eosinophils

which leukocytes contain a bilobed nucleus

eosinophils (and occasionally neutrophils and basophils)

which formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and/or platelets) contain spectrin

eryhrocytes

makes up 44% of blood volume

erythrocytes

what is the functional unit of blood

erythrocytes

what transports oxygen

erythrocytes

what is blood composed of

formed elements (blood cells and cell fragments) and a liquid extracellular matrix (plasma)

distinguish between granulocytes and agranulocytes

granulocytes contain visible cytoplasmic granules and agranulocytes do not

describe Type AB blood

has both A and B antigen types; no antibodies against A or B antigens produced

describe Type O blood

has neither A nor B antigen types; has anti-A and anti-B antibodies produced in blood spontaneously (by 2-8 months of age)

describe Type A blood

has type A antigen on RBC surface; has anti-B antibodies produced in blood spontaneously (by 2-8 months of age)

describe Type B blood

has type B antigen; has anti-A antibodies produced in blood spontaneously (by 2-8 months of age)

what is erythroblastosis fetalis

hemolytic condition of fetus that is Rh+ and being carried by an Rh- mother. Typically is fatal to fetus unless caught relatively early; mother is not physically affected.

what are the formed elements of blood

i. Erythrocytes (red blood cells): ii. Leukocytes (white blood cells) iii. Platelets (cell fragments)

what are the two major categories of white blood cells

i. Granulocytes: WBCs with granular cytoplasm ii. Agranulocytes: WBCs with no granules in cytoplasm

how does a granulocyte differ from an agranulocyte?

it contains obvious granuales in cytoplasm

explain how a monocyte (formed element) is structurally adapted to its function

large phagocytic cell containing lysosomes that aid in the digestion of pathogens

what provides immunity in some way

leukocyte

which formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and/or platelets contain a nucleus

leukocytes

which formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and/or platelets) function in immunity

leukocytes

what makes up about 1% of the blood volume

leukocytes and platelets

nucleus take up most of the cell, usually no visible cytoplasmic granules

lymphocyte

which leukocytes function in the production of antibodies

lymphocytes (B lymphocytes, specifically)

distinguish between lymphocytes and erythrocytes

lymphocytes are white blood cells and erythrocytes are red blood cells. they are similar in size, but lymphocytes contain a nucleus whereas erythrocytes are anucleate

what do platelets/thrombocytes arise from

megakaryocytes fragmenting

large kidney-shaped (U shaped) nucleus; no visible cytoplasmic granules

monocyte

which leukocytes become macrophages when they migrate into the tissues

monocytes

which leukocytes contain a large, U-shaped nucleus

monocytes

what are two types of agranulocytes

monocytes and lymphocytes

which leukocytes are classified as agranulocytes

monocytes and lymphocytes

which two leukocyte types are classified as agranulocytes

monocytes and lymphocytes

distinguish between monocytes and lymphocytes

monocytes and lymphocytes are both agranulytes monocytes are the largest white blood cell type and lymphocytes are the smallest white blood cell type

distinguish between monocytes and neutrophils

monocytes are agranulocytes and neutrophils are granulocytes both function in phagocytosis

multilobed nucleus; faint granules in cytoplasm

neutrophil

white blood cell types ---> - granulocytes: ___ (also called polymorphonuclear leukocyte), ____, and basophil basophil moves into tissues and becomes ____ - agranulocyte: ___ and monocytes which moves into tissues and becomes ____

neutrophil eosinophil mast cell lymphocyte macrophage

which leukocytes are known as polymorphonuclear leukocytes

neutrophiles

which three leukocyte types are classified as granulocytes

neutrophiles, basophils, eosinophils

what are the three types of granulocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

most numerous to least numerous white blood cell types which are agranulocytes?

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophil, basophil lymphocytes and monocytes

explain how a erythrocyte (formed element) is structurally adapted to its function

packed with hemoglobin, anucleate

what is a differential white blood cell count

percentage of each leukocyte type in a blood sample

what makes up about 55% of blood volume

plasma

what composes most of blood

plasma and RBC

what enables blood clotting

platelet

which formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and/or platelets) are cellular fragments

platelets

which formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and/or platelets) function in blood clotting

platelets

which formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and/or platelets) are found in the buffy coat of a centrifuged blood sample

platelets and leukocytes

explain why normal hematocrit values are higher in males than in females

testosterone produced by the male testis stimulates the production of erythropoietin (EPO), a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production

another name for platelets

thrombocytes

which blood type is considered the universal recipient

type O

which blood type is the universal donor

type O-