Lab Quiz 8, 9, 11 Exam 3

palpebra

Another name for the eyelid is the __________.

CN III, IV, VI

Damage to which cranial nerve(s) might produce the inability to move the eyes in any direction?

CN XII

Damage to which cranial nerve(s) might produce the inability to move the tongue?

CN XI

Damage to which cranial nerve(s) might produce the inability to shrug the shoulders?

The two structures are connected by the pharyngotympanic tube, and pathogens can easily travel between the two locations.

Explain why infectious otitis media (inflammation of the middle ear) may result in a simultaneous pharyngitis (inflammation of the throat).

Nicotinic receptor

Identify the term that does NOT belong in the group

norepinephrine

Identify the term that does NOT belong in the group

Parasympathetic tone

Identify the term that does NOT belong in the group.

endoneurtium

Individual axons are wrapped in ___________.

MS affects pigs more than humans

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease, in which the patient's immune system attacks and destroys the cells that form the myelin sheath in the central nervous system. Which of the answer options below is out of place?

Cortex

Surface covered with gray matter __________.

filiform, fungiform, and foliate papillae

Taste buds are located on the

depolarization of the ventricles

The QRS complex on an ECG represents:

canthus

The angular point where the eyelids meet is known as the ______________.

optic disc

The area of the retina that lacks photoreceptors is known as the _________.

True

The cause of Raynaud's disease is thought to be an intense vasoconstriction in response to exposure to cold or emotional stress.

neuron

The cell type that sends and receives messages in the nervous system is the __________.

conjunctival sac

The connective tissue sheet that supports the eyelid internally is known as the ____________.

False

The cortical area involved in audition is found in the occipital lobe.

epineurium

The outer covering is called ___________.

aorta, internal thoracic arteries

The posterior intercostal arteries branch from the ______________, whereas the anterior intercostal arteries branch from the _______________.

foramen magnum, 1st/2nd lumbar, conus medullaris, cauda equina

The spinal cord extends from the _________ of the occipital bone to the _________ vertebra. It terminates as the ____________ and gives off a bundle of nerve roots called the ____________.

hearing; equilibrium

The structures of the cochlea are responsible for _____, whereas the structures of the vestibule and semicircular canals are responsible for _____.

sclera

The white, opaque portion of the fibrous layer is known as the ____________.

elastic arteries

Vasoconstriction and vasodilation have the least effect on _____________.

vision

What is the main function of CN II?

Motor to one-sixth of the extraocular muscles (superior oblique muscle)

What is the main function of CN IV?

B and C

Where might a gray matter nucleus be located?

Medulla oblongata

Which area of the brain contains the autonomic centers that regulate blood pressure and respiratory rhythm, such as coughing and sneezing centers?

Thalamus

Which area of the brain is known as the relay station for afferent fibers traveling to the sensory cortex for interpretation of the impulse signal?

Cardiac muscle

Which of the following cells has the most mitochondria per cell?

B and D

Which of the following condition(s) pertain to the eye's dark adaptations?

Blood type

Which of the following is not a factor that determines blood pressure?

A, B, and C

Which of the following regulatory reactions pertain to dark adaptations?

it is a normal heart condition which is rarely serious

Which of the following statements about Left Ventricular Hypertrophy is not correct?

The second heart sound, caused by the closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves at the beginning of ventricular diastole

Which of the following statements accurat3ely defines S2?

Large artery in the body; carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle into systemic circulation

Which of the following statements accurately defines aorta?

The senses of smell and taste

Which of the following statements accurately defines chemosenses?

Cerebral white matter that connects the right and left cerebral hemisphere

Which of the following statements accurately defines corpus callosum?

The pressure in the arteries during ventricular diastole

Which of the following statements accurately defines diastolic pressure?

The outermost of the three meninges covering the brain

Which of the following statements accurately defines dura mater?

Endothelium that lines the chambers and valves of the heart

Which of the following statements accurately defines endocardium?

Large vein that carries blood from the lower half of the body to the right atrium

Which of the following statements accurately defines inferior vena cava?

Visible pigmented portion of the eye, most anterior portion of the uvea

Which of the following statements accurately defines iris?

Flexible structure that focuses light onto the retina

Which of the following statements accurately defines lens?

Small patch of tissue in the roof of the nasal cavity containing olfactory receptor cells

Which of the following statements accurately defines olfactory epithelium?

Point on the body where an artery can be palpated with the fingertips to determine the rate, rhythm, and regularity of the heart

Which of the following statements accurately defines pulse point?

Opening in the center of the iris that controls the amount of light entering the eye

Which of the following statements accurately defines pupil?

The ventral rami of L4-S4 that serve the pelvis and lower limb

Which of the following statements accurately defines sacral plexus?

Bony cavities in the inner ear that house the semicircular ducts and the ampulla and function with other organs of the inner ear to maintain equilibrium

Which of the following statements accurately defines semicircular canals?

Peripheral nerves that originate from the spinal cord

Which of the following statements accurately defines spinal nerve?

Thin membrane that vibrates when struck by sound waves

Which of the following statements accurately defines tympanic membrane?

Inhibition of impulse trANSmission

Which of the following would be a direct result of destruction of a neuron's neurofilaments?

Hepatic artery

Which of these arteries is unpaired?

All of the above

Which of these blood pressure regulatory chemicals target the kidney?

The heart lies obliquely in the mediastinum

Which of these descriptions of the heart's location is correct?

Ciliary muscle

Which part of the eye secures the lens to the ciliary body?

Form the myelin sheath in the CNS

Which statement below most accurately describes the function of oligodendrocytes?

Cochlea

Which structure contain the organ of Corti?

Vestibule

Which structure is the receptor site for the sense of equilibrium?

Oval window

Which structure trANSfers vibrations from the stirrup to the fluid in the inner ear?

fingertip

You would expect the error of localization and the two-point discrimination threshold to be lowest on the

CN VII

________ is the facial nerve. Muscle of facial expression. Paralysis of _________ is called Bell's Palsy and leads to loss of ability to close the eyes, and impairment of taste and salivation.

Anteriorly: Cornea

_________ is clear and colorless.

CN II

_________ is the optic nerve (sense of sight).

Pupil

__________ is the hole for passage of light.

CN X

__________ is the vagus nerve ("the wanderer"), which carries most of the parasympathetic motor efferents to the organs of the thorax and abdomen.

Posteriorly: Sclera

__________ is the white part of the eye.

Ciliary processes

__________ secrete aqueous humor.

Ciliary muscles

___________ changes lens shape for focusing.

CN I

___________ is the olfactory nerve (sense of smell).

Iris

___________ is the pigment part of the eye (blue, brown, green).

CN V

___________ is the trigeminal nerve (the major sensory nerve of the face) ophthalmic, maxillary, mandible.

CN VIII

___________ is the vestibulocochlear nerve. From the inner ear, the vestibular component carries information on balance, while the cochlear component enables hearing. Damage to _________ causes vertigo, ringing in the ears, and/or deafness.

Sympathetic

___________ is when the pupil dilates as radial muscles of iris contract with dim light.

CN IX

_____________ is the glossopharyngeal nerve. This nerve carries some taste sensations as well as ANS impulses to salivary glands and the mechanoreceptors of the carotid body and carotid sinus (senses change in BP).

eyelids

_____________ is used for protection and lubrication (blinking).

Parasympathetic

_______________ is when the pupil constricts as circular muscles of iris contract with bright light.

protection

eyebrows and eyelashes are for ___________.

Subarachnoid space

- CSF circulates in this space

Spinal nerves

- Designation; C1-8, T1-12, L1-5, S1-5 (Co1) - Number; 31 pairs - Origin; Spinal Cord - Number of roots; (2) dorsal and ventral root - Contents; Mixed - Target; Limbs/Trunk

Cranial nerves

- Designation; Roman Numerals (I-XII) - Number; 12 pairs - Origin; Brain - Number of roots; 1 single root - Contents; Most mixed, some sensory only - Target; All in the Head/Neck (vagus nerve leaves)

Cerebrum

- Largest part of the brain (superior)

Choroid

- Lines most of internal surface of eye, contains blood vessels that nourish the eye.

white matter

- Whitish nervous tissue of the CNS consisting of neurons and their myelin sheaths. - Deep to cortex is cerebral ________________.

Mechanoreceptors

- cell deformation: stretching and bending - touch, pressure, vibration

brain stem

- continuous with spinal cord - Midbrain, Pons, Medulla oblongata

Thermoreceptors

- detect /changes in temperature

Osmoreceptors

- detect the osmotic pressure of body fluids

Cranial Meninges

- dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

extrinsic muscles

- move eyeball - superior rectus, inferior rectus, lateral rectus, medial rectus, superior oblique, inferior oblique.

Nociceptors

- pain receptors

Cerebellum

- posterior and inferior - Means "little brain"

lacrimal apparatus

- produces tears

Arachnoid mater

- resembles spider's web - Extends into subarachnoid space

Photoreceptors

- rods and cones - respond to light

Diencephalon

- superior to brain stem - Thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland

Chemoreceptors

- taste and smell

Pia mater

- thin, delicate layer - Adheres to surface spinal cord (and brain) - Contains blood vessels

dura mater

- tough, dense connective tissue - Extends to vertebra S2 (well beyond spinal cord) - Consists of 2 layers (Periosteal and Meningeal)

perineurium

Axons grouped in fascicles are wrapped in _______________.

B and C

Collateral circulation occurs in the ____________.

visual impairment; disruption in breathing, heart rhythm, blood pressure; loss of autonomic reflexes and control

Predict the effects of injuries to the brainstem.

problems coordinating ongoing movement, difficulty learning new motor skills, problems with fine motor control

Predict the effects of injuries to the cerebellum

carbuncle

The fleshy elevation at the medial canthus is known as the ____________.

perilymph

The fluid in the bony labyrinth and surrounding the membranous labyrinth is known as the __________.

aqueous fluid

The fluid that fills the anterior segment of the eye and provides nutrients to the lens and cornea is known as the __________.

taste receptors

The gustatory and olfactory senses rely on the _________ for a signal to taste.

Superolateral orbit; tears

The lacrimal gland is located in the __________ and produces ____________.

Subdural space

between dura mater and arachnoid mater

epidural space

between vertebrae and dura mater