Lab Quiz 8, 9, 11 Exam 3
palpebra
Another name for the eyelid is the __________.
CN III, IV, VI
Damage to which cranial nerve(s) might produce the inability to move the eyes in any direction?
CN XII
Damage to which cranial nerve(s) might produce the inability to move the tongue?
CN XI
Damage to which cranial nerve(s) might produce the inability to shrug the shoulders?
The two structures are connected by the pharyngotympanic tube, and pathogens can easily travel between the two locations.
Explain why infectious otitis media (inflammation of the middle ear) may result in a simultaneous pharyngitis (inflammation of the throat).
Nicotinic receptor
Identify the term that does NOT belong in the group
norepinephrine
Identify the term that does NOT belong in the group
Parasympathetic tone
Identify the term that does NOT belong in the group.
endoneurtium
Individual axons are wrapped in ___________.
MS affects pigs more than humans
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease, in which the patient's immune system attacks and destroys the cells that form the myelin sheath in the central nervous system. Which of the answer options below is out of place?
Cortex
Surface covered with gray matter __________.
filiform, fungiform, and foliate papillae
Taste buds are located on the
depolarization of the ventricles
The QRS complex on an ECG represents:
canthus
The angular point where the eyelids meet is known as the ______________.
optic disc
The area of the retina that lacks photoreceptors is known as the _________.
True
The cause of Raynaud's disease is thought to be an intense vasoconstriction in response to exposure to cold or emotional stress.
neuron
The cell type that sends and receives messages in the nervous system is the __________.
conjunctival sac
The connective tissue sheet that supports the eyelid internally is known as the ____________.
False
The cortical area involved in audition is found in the occipital lobe.
epineurium
The outer covering is called ___________.
aorta, internal thoracic arteries
The posterior intercostal arteries branch from the ______________, whereas the anterior intercostal arteries branch from the _______________.
foramen magnum, 1st/2nd lumbar, conus medullaris, cauda equina
The spinal cord extends from the _________ of the occipital bone to the _________ vertebra. It terminates as the ____________ and gives off a bundle of nerve roots called the ____________.
hearing; equilibrium
The structures of the cochlea are responsible for _____, whereas the structures of the vestibule and semicircular canals are responsible for _____.
sclera
The white, opaque portion of the fibrous layer is known as the ____________.
elastic arteries
Vasoconstriction and vasodilation have the least effect on _____________.
vision
What is the main function of CN II?
Motor to one-sixth of the extraocular muscles (superior oblique muscle)
What is the main function of CN IV?
B and C
Where might a gray matter nucleus be located?
Medulla oblongata
Which area of the brain contains the autonomic centers that regulate blood pressure and respiratory rhythm, such as coughing and sneezing centers?
Thalamus
Which area of the brain is known as the relay station for afferent fibers traveling to the sensory cortex for interpretation of the impulse signal?
Cardiac muscle
Which of the following cells has the most mitochondria per cell?
B and D
Which of the following condition(s) pertain to the eye's dark adaptations?
Blood type
Which of the following is not a factor that determines blood pressure?
A, B, and C
Which of the following regulatory reactions pertain to dark adaptations?
it is a normal heart condition which is rarely serious
Which of the following statements about Left Ventricular Hypertrophy is not correct?
The second heart sound, caused by the closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves at the beginning of ventricular diastole
Which of the following statements accurat3ely defines S2?
Large artery in the body; carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle into systemic circulation
Which of the following statements accurately defines aorta?
The senses of smell and taste
Which of the following statements accurately defines chemosenses?
Cerebral white matter that connects the right and left cerebral hemisphere
Which of the following statements accurately defines corpus callosum?
The pressure in the arteries during ventricular diastole
Which of the following statements accurately defines diastolic pressure?
The outermost of the three meninges covering the brain
Which of the following statements accurately defines dura mater?
Endothelium that lines the chambers and valves of the heart
Which of the following statements accurately defines endocardium?
Large vein that carries blood from the lower half of the body to the right atrium
Which of the following statements accurately defines inferior vena cava?
Visible pigmented portion of the eye, most anterior portion of the uvea
Which of the following statements accurately defines iris?
Flexible structure that focuses light onto the retina
Which of the following statements accurately defines lens?
Small patch of tissue in the roof of the nasal cavity containing olfactory receptor cells
Which of the following statements accurately defines olfactory epithelium?
Point on the body where an artery can be palpated with the fingertips to determine the rate, rhythm, and regularity of the heart
Which of the following statements accurately defines pulse point?
Opening in the center of the iris that controls the amount of light entering the eye
Which of the following statements accurately defines pupil?
The ventral rami of L4-S4 that serve the pelvis and lower limb
Which of the following statements accurately defines sacral plexus?
Bony cavities in the inner ear that house the semicircular ducts and the ampulla and function with other organs of the inner ear to maintain equilibrium
Which of the following statements accurately defines semicircular canals?
Peripheral nerves that originate from the spinal cord
Which of the following statements accurately defines spinal nerve?
Thin membrane that vibrates when struck by sound waves
Which of the following statements accurately defines tympanic membrane?
Inhibition of impulse trANSmission
Which of the following would be a direct result of destruction of a neuron's neurofilaments?
Hepatic artery
Which of these arteries is unpaired?
All of the above
Which of these blood pressure regulatory chemicals target the kidney?
The heart lies obliquely in the mediastinum
Which of these descriptions of the heart's location is correct?
Ciliary muscle
Which part of the eye secures the lens to the ciliary body?
Form the myelin sheath in the CNS
Which statement below most accurately describes the function of oligodendrocytes?
Cochlea
Which structure contain the organ of Corti?
Vestibule
Which structure is the receptor site for the sense of equilibrium?
Oval window
Which structure trANSfers vibrations from the stirrup to the fluid in the inner ear?
fingertip
You would expect the error of localization and the two-point discrimination threshold to be lowest on the
CN VII
________ is the facial nerve. Muscle of facial expression. Paralysis of _________ is called Bell's Palsy and leads to loss of ability to close the eyes, and impairment of taste and salivation.
Anteriorly: Cornea
_________ is clear and colorless.
CN II
_________ is the optic nerve (sense of sight).
Pupil
__________ is the hole for passage of light.
CN X
__________ is the vagus nerve ("the wanderer"), which carries most of the parasympathetic motor efferents to the organs of the thorax and abdomen.
Posteriorly: Sclera
__________ is the white part of the eye.
Ciliary processes
__________ secrete aqueous humor.
Ciliary muscles
___________ changes lens shape for focusing.
CN I
___________ is the olfactory nerve (sense of smell).
Iris
___________ is the pigment part of the eye (blue, brown, green).
CN V
___________ is the trigeminal nerve (the major sensory nerve of the face) ophthalmic, maxillary, mandible.
CN VIII
___________ is the vestibulocochlear nerve. From the inner ear, the vestibular component carries information on balance, while the cochlear component enables hearing. Damage to _________ causes vertigo, ringing in the ears, and/or deafness.
Sympathetic
___________ is when the pupil dilates as radial muscles of iris contract with dim light.
CN IX
_____________ is the glossopharyngeal nerve. This nerve carries some taste sensations as well as ANS impulses to salivary glands and the mechanoreceptors of the carotid body and carotid sinus (senses change in BP).
eyelids
_____________ is used for protection and lubrication (blinking).
Parasympathetic
_______________ is when the pupil constricts as circular muscles of iris contract with bright light.
protection
eyebrows and eyelashes are for ___________.
Subarachnoid space
- CSF circulates in this space
Spinal nerves
- Designation; C1-8, T1-12, L1-5, S1-5 (Co1) - Number; 31 pairs - Origin; Spinal Cord - Number of roots; (2) dorsal and ventral root - Contents; Mixed - Target; Limbs/Trunk
Cranial nerves
- Designation; Roman Numerals (I-XII) - Number; 12 pairs - Origin; Brain - Number of roots; 1 single root - Contents; Most mixed, some sensory only - Target; All in the Head/Neck (vagus nerve leaves)
Cerebrum
- Largest part of the brain (superior)
Choroid
- Lines most of internal surface of eye, contains blood vessels that nourish the eye.
white matter
- Whitish nervous tissue of the CNS consisting of neurons and their myelin sheaths. - Deep to cortex is cerebral ________________.
Mechanoreceptors
- cell deformation: stretching and bending - touch, pressure, vibration
brain stem
- continuous with spinal cord - Midbrain, Pons, Medulla oblongata
Thermoreceptors
- detect /changes in temperature
Osmoreceptors
- detect the osmotic pressure of body fluids
Cranial Meninges
- dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
extrinsic muscles
- move eyeball - superior rectus, inferior rectus, lateral rectus, medial rectus, superior oblique, inferior oblique.
Nociceptors
- pain receptors
Cerebellum
- posterior and inferior - Means "little brain"
lacrimal apparatus
- produces tears
Arachnoid mater
- resembles spider's web - Extends into subarachnoid space
Photoreceptors
- rods and cones - respond to light
Diencephalon
- superior to brain stem - Thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland
Chemoreceptors
- taste and smell
Pia mater
- thin, delicate layer - Adheres to surface spinal cord (and brain) - Contains blood vessels
dura mater
- tough, dense connective tissue - Extends to vertebra S2 (well beyond spinal cord) - Consists of 2 layers (Periosteal and Meningeal)
perineurium
Axons grouped in fascicles are wrapped in _______________.
B and C
Collateral circulation occurs in the ____________.
visual impairment; disruption in breathing, heart rhythm, blood pressure; loss of autonomic reflexes and control
Predict the effects of injuries to the brainstem.
problems coordinating ongoing movement, difficulty learning new motor skills, problems with fine motor control
Predict the effects of injuries to the cerebellum
carbuncle
The fleshy elevation at the medial canthus is known as the ____________.
perilymph
The fluid in the bony labyrinth and surrounding the membranous labyrinth is known as the __________.
aqueous fluid
The fluid that fills the anterior segment of the eye and provides nutrients to the lens and cornea is known as the __________.
taste receptors
The gustatory and olfactory senses rely on the _________ for a signal to taste.
Superolateral orbit; tears
The lacrimal gland is located in the __________ and produces ____________.
Subdural space
between dura mater and arachnoid mater
epidural space
between vertebrae and dura mater
