Lamar University A&P

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base

-a solute that removes hydrogen ions from a solution -proton acceptor

metabolism

-all chemical transformations within cells -helps sustain life

eicosanoids

-altered forms of a fatty acid call arachidonic acid

polar water molecules

-are attached to charged atoms or molecules -pull molecules apart -form hydration spheres around charged atom/molecules

antacids

-basic compounds that neutralize acid and form a salt -alka-seltzer, tums, rolaids, etc

decomposition reaction

-chemical bonds are broken -energy is released

characteristics of organic molecules

-contain H, C, and usually O -covalently bonded -have functional groups attached

hydrophobic

-does not interact with water -includes non-polar molecules, fats, and oils

anion

-electron acceptor -gains electron -negative charge

cation

-electron donor -loses electron -positive charge

hydrophilic

-interacts with water -includes ions and polar molecules

3 major types of chemical bonds

-ionic -covalent -hydrogen

enzymes

-lower activation energy of reactions -protein catalysts (increase rate of reaction)

lipids

-mainly hydrophobic molecules such as fats, oils, and waxes -composed of hydrogen chains

polysaccharides

-many monosaccharides condensed by dehydration synthesis

electron

-negative -low mass

neutron

-neutral -1 mass unit

acidic pH

-pH lower than 7.0 -high H+ concentration -low OH- concentration

proton

-positive charge -1 mass unit

reversible reaction

-some reactions freely move between reactants and products -may require additional energy

compounds

-two or more atoms -different elements

molecules

-two or more atoms -joined by strong bonds

disaccharides

-two simple sugars condensed by dehydration synthesis -energy transport in cells -sucrose, maltose

trans fats

-unsaturated fats that are partially hydrogenated to change structure and increase shelf life

buffers

-weak acid/salt compounds -neutralize either strong acid or strong base

suspension

a solution in which particles settle -example- whole blood

colliod

a solution of very large organic molecules -example - blood plasma

-a solute that adds hydrogen ions to a solution -proton donor

acid

leukotrienes

active in immune system

activation energy

amount of energy need to get a reaction started

solute

atoms, ions, or molecules that do the dispersing

atomic weight

average number of protons and neutrons for the entire element

-pH higher than 7.0 -low H+ concentration -high OH- concentration

basic or alkaline pH

exchange reaction

both decomposition and synthesis

hydrolysis

breaking with water

-energy -energy storage -structure

carbohydrate function

-contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 12:1 ratio

carbohydrates

gas

changes volume and shape

pH

concentration of hydrogen ions in solution

solid

constant volume and shape

liquid

constant volume but changes shape

nucleus

contains protons and electrons

strong acids and bases

disassociates completely in solution

-water balance -muscle function -pH of blood

electrolyte imbalance disturbs these vital body functions

covalent bonds

electrons share between atoms

glycogen

energy storage in animals

starch

energy storage in plants

-chains of carbon and hydrogen -carboxyl group at one end (COOH)

fatty acids

glycerides

fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule

electrolytes

inorganic ions that conduct electricity in solution

pH scale

inverse relationship between H+ concentration (lots of H+ = low pH = acidic)

-fatty acids -eicosanoids -glycerides -steroids -phospholipids and glycolipids

lipids

prostaglandins

local hormones

2 electrons

lowest shell holds

products

materials coming out a reaction

reactants

materials going into a reaction

-substance made of atoms -has mass and takes up space (light not considered matter)

matter

liquid at room temperature

medium for chemical reactions

solvent

medium in which another substance disperses

lubrication

moisten and reduce friction

organic compounds

molecules constructed around carbon

nutrients

molecules needed for survival and development

inorganic compounds

molecules not constructed around carbon

functional groups

molecules that determine reactivity and characteristic of organic molecules

metabolites

molecules used during metabolic processes

-simple sugars -3 to 7 carbon atoms -glucose, fructose, galactose

monosaccharides

-balance of H+ and OH- -pure water = 7.0

neutral pH

saturated fatty acids

no double covalent bond

neutral

no new H+ or OH- added to solution

atomic mass

number of protons

atomic number

number of protons in element

monounsaturated

one double bond

unsaturated fatty acids

one or more double covalent bonds

valence shell

outermost part of shell

chemical energy

potential energy stored in chemical bonds

energy

power to do work

pH of human blood

ranges from 7.35-7.45

electron cloud

region where electrons are likely to be found

exergonic

release energy

-roughly equal numbers of cations and anions -produced from reaction of acid and base

salts

single covalent bond

sharing one pair of electrons

triple covalent bond

sharing three pairs of electrons

double covalent bond

sharing two pair of electrons

isotopes

specific version of an element based on number of neutrons

endergonic

stores energy

chitin

structure in insects and fungi

cellulose

structure in plants

chemistry

study of composition of matter, including its structure, properties, and interactions

-chemical bonds are created -requires energy

synthesis reaction

concetration

the amount of solute in a solvent

polyunsaturated

two or more double bonds

-decomposition reaction (catabolism) -synthesis reaction (anabolism) -exchange reaction -reversible reaction

types of chemical reactions

solution

uniform mixture of two or more substances together

high heat capacity

waters ability to absorb and retain heat

solubility

waters ability to dissolve a solute

-fail to disassociate completely -help to balance the pH

weak acids and bases

expands as it cools and lines up according to the hydrogen bonds

why is ice less dense than liquid water

-water molecules have a polar charge -hydrogen bonds

why is water a good solvent

3rd shell holds

8 but can hold all 18

2nd shell holds

8 electrons


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