Lamar University A&P
base
-a solute that removes hydrogen ions from a solution -proton acceptor
metabolism
-all chemical transformations within cells -helps sustain life
eicosanoids
-altered forms of a fatty acid call arachidonic acid
polar water molecules
-are attached to charged atoms or molecules -pull molecules apart -form hydration spheres around charged atom/molecules
antacids
-basic compounds that neutralize acid and form a salt -alka-seltzer, tums, rolaids, etc
decomposition reaction
-chemical bonds are broken -energy is released
characteristics of organic molecules
-contain H, C, and usually O -covalently bonded -have functional groups attached
hydrophobic
-does not interact with water -includes non-polar molecules, fats, and oils
anion
-electron acceptor -gains electron -negative charge
cation
-electron donor -loses electron -positive charge
hydrophilic
-interacts with water -includes ions and polar molecules
3 major types of chemical bonds
-ionic -covalent -hydrogen
enzymes
-lower activation energy of reactions -protein catalysts (increase rate of reaction)
lipids
-mainly hydrophobic molecules such as fats, oils, and waxes -composed of hydrogen chains
polysaccharides
-many monosaccharides condensed by dehydration synthesis
electron
-negative -low mass
neutron
-neutral -1 mass unit
acidic pH
-pH lower than 7.0 -high H+ concentration -low OH- concentration
proton
-positive charge -1 mass unit
reversible reaction
-some reactions freely move between reactants and products -may require additional energy
compounds
-two or more atoms -different elements
molecules
-two or more atoms -joined by strong bonds
disaccharides
-two simple sugars condensed by dehydration synthesis -energy transport in cells -sucrose, maltose
trans fats
-unsaturated fats that are partially hydrogenated to change structure and increase shelf life
buffers
-weak acid/salt compounds -neutralize either strong acid or strong base
suspension
a solution in which particles settle -example- whole blood
colliod
a solution of very large organic molecules -example - blood plasma
-a solute that adds hydrogen ions to a solution -proton donor
acid
leukotrienes
active in immune system
activation energy
amount of energy need to get a reaction started
solute
atoms, ions, or molecules that do the dispersing
atomic weight
average number of protons and neutrons for the entire element
-pH higher than 7.0 -low H+ concentration -high OH- concentration
basic or alkaline pH
exchange reaction
both decomposition and synthesis
hydrolysis
breaking with water
-energy -energy storage -structure
carbohydrate function
-contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 12:1 ratio
carbohydrates
gas
changes volume and shape
pH
concentration of hydrogen ions in solution
solid
constant volume and shape
liquid
constant volume but changes shape
nucleus
contains protons and electrons
strong acids and bases
disassociates completely in solution
-water balance -muscle function -pH of blood
electrolyte imbalance disturbs these vital body functions
covalent bonds
electrons share between atoms
glycogen
energy storage in animals
starch
energy storage in plants
-chains of carbon and hydrogen -carboxyl group at one end (COOH)
fatty acids
glycerides
fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule
electrolytes
inorganic ions that conduct electricity in solution
pH scale
inverse relationship between H+ concentration (lots of H+ = low pH = acidic)
-fatty acids -eicosanoids -glycerides -steroids -phospholipids and glycolipids
lipids
prostaglandins
local hormones
2 electrons
lowest shell holds
products
materials coming out a reaction
reactants
materials going into a reaction
-substance made of atoms -has mass and takes up space (light not considered matter)
matter
liquid at room temperature
medium for chemical reactions
solvent
medium in which another substance disperses
lubrication
moisten and reduce friction
organic compounds
molecules constructed around carbon
nutrients
molecules needed for survival and development
inorganic compounds
molecules not constructed around carbon
functional groups
molecules that determine reactivity and characteristic of organic molecules
metabolites
molecules used during metabolic processes
-simple sugars -3 to 7 carbon atoms -glucose, fructose, galactose
monosaccharides
-balance of H+ and OH- -pure water = 7.0
neutral pH
saturated fatty acids
no double covalent bond
neutral
no new H+ or OH- added to solution
atomic mass
number of protons
atomic number
number of protons in element
monounsaturated
one double bond
unsaturated fatty acids
one or more double covalent bonds
valence shell
outermost part of shell
chemical energy
potential energy stored in chemical bonds
energy
power to do work
pH of human blood
ranges from 7.35-7.45
electron cloud
region where electrons are likely to be found
exergonic
release energy
-roughly equal numbers of cations and anions -produced from reaction of acid and base
salts
single covalent bond
sharing one pair of electrons
triple covalent bond
sharing three pairs of electrons
double covalent bond
sharing two pair of electrons
isotopes
specific version of an element based on number of neutrons
endergonic
stores energy
chitin
structure in insects and fungi
cellulose
structure in plants
chemistry
study of composition of matter, including its structure, properties, and interactions
-chemical bonds are created -requires energy
synthesis reaction
concetration
the amount of solute in a solvent
polyunsaturated
two or more double bonds
-decomposition reaction (catabolism) -synthesis reaction (anabolism) -exchange reaction -reversible reaction
types of chemical reactions
solution
uniform mixture of two or more substances together
high heat capacity
waters ability to absorb and retain heat
solubility
waters ability to dissolve a solute
-fail to disassociate completely -help to balance the pH
weak acids and bases
expands as it cools and lines up according to the hydrogen bonds
why is ice less dense than liquid water
-water molecules have a polar charge -hydrogen bonds
why is water a good solvent
3rd shell holds
8 but can hold all 18
2nd shell holds
8 electrons
