L&B FINAL CH. 5
1. Who among the following behaviorists proposed the stimulus-substitution theory of classical conditioning? a. Ivan Pavlov b. Rosalie Rayner c. John Watson d. Joseph Wolpe
A
10. Pavlov's stimulus-substitution theory is an example of a(n) . a. S-S model b. S-R model c. compensatory-response model d. preparatory response model
A
100. A treatment method that involves prolonged exposure to a feared stimulus is _____. a. flooding b. systematic desensitization c. in vivo desensitization d. reality therapy
A
102. The basic principle involved in flooding is . a. extinction b. counterconditioning c. incubation d. dishabituation
A
110. The procedure of _____ is also called contact desensitization. a. participant modeling b. nonparticipatory modeling c. counterconditioning d. covert conditioning
A
23. According to the compensatory-response model of conditioning (and assuming that it applies to situations such as these), a couple who have been married for many years would be most aroused if they made love a. in a familiar motel room. b. in a strange hotel room. c. in their bedroom. d. following a hangover from alcohol.
B
28. In keeping with the _________ model of conditioning, many drug fatalities occur when a person injects a normal dosage of the drug in a(n) ________ environment. a. S-S; familiar b. compensatory-response; unfamiliar c. compensatory-response; familiar d. S-R; unfamiliar
B
114. Sam, an alcohol addict, approaches a therapist for treatment. During his therapy sessions, Sam is asked to drink alcohol while he is administered a drug that causes agitation. Which of the following treatment procedures does this scenario illustrate? a. Aversion therapy b. Covert sensitization c. Flooding d. Implosive therapy
A
122. Developing an aversion to lettuce and tomato sandwiches after imagining finding a spider in such a sandwich illustrates the treatment procedure known as _____. a. covert sensitization b. imaginal desensitization c. imaginal flooding d. covert flooding
A
130. Which of the following statements is true of the placebo effect? a. It is more likely to occur following a period of treatment with an active drug. b. It is achieved by administering an emetic to a patient. c. It demonstrates how different CSs in a compound stimuli receive different associative values. d. It illustrates the functioning of operant conditioning.
A
131. In drug research, a(n) _____ is an inert substance that appears to be a drug but in reality has no pharmacological value. a. placebo b. emetic c. enema d. anesthetic
A
116. Aversion therapy for alcoholism often involves a. the use of an emetic. b. pairing alcohol ingestion with nausea. c. pairing alcohol ingestion with relaxation. d. Both a and b are correct.
D
118. Aversion therapy has been used to treat _____. a. sex offenders b. smokers c. alcoholics d. All of these are correct.
D
120. Harry attempts to eliminate his attraction to his former partner by imagining her covered in vomit. This exercise is an example of _____. a. counterconditioning b. in vivo flooding c. systematic sensitization d. covert sensitization
D
18. In a conditioning trial with drugs, drug administration is paired with cues. According to the compensatory-response model of drug tolerance, the US is _____ and the UR is _____. a. the primary effect of the drug on the body; the compensatory response to the primary effect b. the sight of the drug; the physiological reaction to the drug c. the b-process; the a-process d. the compensatory response to the drug; the primary drug effect
A
19. If the primary effect of a drug is an increase in heart rate, the UR in a drug conditioning trial is a(n) a. decrease in heart rate. b. increase in heart rate. c. stable heart rate. d. fluctuation in heart rate.
A
24. According to the compensatory-response model of conditioning, if a certain drug has a tendency to increase blood pressure, then just being in an environment associated with taking the drug may a. decrease blood pressure. b. stabilize blood pressure. c. further increase blood pressure. d. cause wide fluctuations in blood pressure.
A
27. In contradiction to the compensatory-response model of conditioning, the CS for some drugs elicit reactions that a. mimic the effect of the drug. b. reduce the effect of the drug. c. are the opposite of the effect of the drug. d. Both b and c are correct.
A
3. According to the stimulus-substitution model of conditioning, the a. CS acts as a substitute for the US. b. CR becomes associated with the US. c. UR acts as a substitute for the NS. d. UR becomes associated with the US.
A
31. According to the _____ theory, a given US can support only so much conditioning. a. Rescorla-Wagner b. opponent process c. preparatory-response d. compensatory-response
A
36. Consider a US that supports a maximum associative value of 10. According to the Rescorla-Wagner theory, if one CS in a compound stimulus has acquired 7 units of associative value, the other CS will at most have acquired _____ units of associative value. a. 3 b. 7 c. 10 d. 17
A
38. A compound stimulus consists of a buzzer and a light flash, each of which has 0 units of associative value. This compound stimulus is then repeatedly paired with a sweet drink that can support a maximum associative value of 15 units. Following these pairings, the buzzer has acquired 14 units of associative value. This means that the light flash has at most ________ of associative value which is a demonstration of _____. a. 1 unit; overshadowing b. 1 unit; blocking c. 15 units; simple conditioning d. 14 units; the overexpectation effect
A
49. In the Watson and Rayner experiment with Little Albert, the CS was a _________ . a. rat b. loud noise c. steel bar d. Santa Claus mask
A
56. During the Second World War, the vast majority of people exposed to air raids developed a. temporary fear reactions that quickly disappeared. b. intense fear reactions that took several years to disappear. c. repressed fear reactions that never disappeared. d. repressed fear reactions that grew worse as years passed.
A
57. During the Second World War, a major predictor of whether children developed an intense fear of air raids was whether their mothers a. were fearful. b. paid attention to them for being fearful. c. failed to comfort them when they were fearful. d. were divorced.
A
65. Valentine (1930) failed when he tried to produce a phobia in his young daughter by blowing a loud whistle when she touched certain objects. He speculated that this was because a. the objects were ones that people are not naturally inclined to fear. b. the whistle was not loud enough. c. it is difficult to condition a fear response using an auditory stimulus. d.his daughter was too young to be conditioned.
A
66. Researchers have found that monkeys can develop fear reactions through observational learning when the feared object is a _____ event. a. fear-relevant b. fear-irrelevant c. Both a and b are correct. d. None of the above are correct.
A
73. Arlo was once attacked by a crow in a marketplace. After that incident, he develops a fear of crows and runs away each time he encounters one. According to the concept of _____, Arlo's withdrawal may result in a(n) _____ in his fear response. a. incubation; increase b. incubation; decrease c. US revaluation; increase d. US revaluation; decrease
A
75. Heather was mildly nervous about skiing after she slightly twisted her ankle during a skiing session. Later, she suffered a serious and painful leg injury in a boating accident. After full recovery, she is now fearful of both boating and skiing. Heather's behavior illustrates the process of _____. a. US revaluation b. incubation c. selective sensitization d. preparedness
A
77. Although Jolene was always mildly nervous while driving, she became extremely frightened of driving after witnessing a terrible car accident. Jolene's behavior is best described as an example of . a. US revaluation b. incubation c. selective sensitization d. preparedness
A
8. According to Pavlov's stimulus-substitution theory, the dog salivates to the sound of a metronome because a. the metronome acts as a substitute for the food. b. the food acts as a substitute for the metronome. c. the dog has an innate tendency to respond to certain sounds. d. the salivation helps the dog prepare for the presentation of food.
A
81. In the context of phobic development, selective sensitization differs from US revaluation in that the event which intensifies an individual's fear response is a. unrelated to the original fear conditioning. b. somehow involved in the original fear conditioning. c. less salient than the original CS. d. more salient than the original CS.
A
88. Wolpe's treatment of experimentally-induced phobias in cats was similar to Mary Cover Jones's treatment of Peter's fear of rabbits in that both used _____ to counter the fear response. a. food b. relaxation c. drugs d. intense exercise
A
95. The method of ___________ involves pairing relaxation with a succession of stimuli that elicit increasing levels of fear. a. systematic desensitization b. exposure and response prevention c. flooding d. implosive therapy
A
99. Which of the following statements is true of systematic desensitization? a. It employs deep muscle relaxation to combat the effects of anxiety. b. It involves the administration of an emetic to a patient. c. It tends to be very effective with patients who suffer from social phobias. d. It results in an extreme increase in heart rate.
A
106. Which of the following statements is true of in vivo flooding? a. It is ideal for treating a fear of house fires. b. It is independent of a client's visualization ability. c. It is based on the principle of counterconditioning. d. It is now considered the treatment choice for phobic disorders.
B
108. Öst's single-session treatment procedure for phobias is similar to systematic desensitization in that it adopts a _____. a. prolonged exposure b. gradual approach c. sudden approach d. brief exposure
B
111. Sigmund Freud overcame his fear of heights using a process similar to ________ a. systematic desensitization b. flooding c. covert sensitization d. counterconditioning
B
112. Sigmund Freud believed that the first step in the treatment of a phobia should involve a(n) a. uncovering of traumatic memories. b. direct exposure to what a person is afraid of. c. brief, indirect exposure to what a person is afraid of. d. Both a and c are correct.
B
117. In the context of aversion therapy, for both smoking and alcoholism, _________ treatments are more effective than _________ treatments. a. shock-based; nausea-based b. nausea-based; shock-based c. flooding; covert sensitization d. desensitization; sensitization
B
12. Pavlov believed that the process of pairing an NS with a US resulted in the formation of a neural connection between a. different reflex arcs within the spinal cord. b. different areas in the cortex that are activated by each type of stimulus. c. the cortex and the thalamus. d. sensory and motor regions of the cortex.
B
121. In order to overcome her addiction to hamburgers, Sheila imagines that the meat contains ground cockroaches. Which of the following therapeutic techniques does Sheila employ? a. Flooding b. Covert sensitization c. Desensitization d. Contact desensitization
B
125. Research revealed that patients who received chemotherapy in a hospital setting subsequently experienced a(n) _____ immune response when they visited the hospital again but did not receive chemotherapy. In this case, the _____ would be classified as the CS. a. enhanced; hospital b. suppressed; hospital c. enhanced; chemotherapy d. suppressed; chemotherapy
B
129. In drug research, a(n) _____ is achieved by pairing the appearance of a drug with the active ingredients of the drug. a. overshadowing effect b. placebo effect c. blocking effect d. overexpectation effect
B
13. The major difficulty with Pavlov's stimulus-substitution theory is that the ________ are sometimes quite ____________ . a. CR and UR; similar b. CR and UR; different c. CS and US; similar d. CS and US; different
B
14. According to the preparatory-response theory of conditioning, the purpose of the _____ is to enable an organism to get ready for the _____. a. NS; US b. CR; US c. UR; US d. CR; CS
B
32. According to the Rescorla-Wagner theory, a given US a. compensates for the effect of the CS. b. can support only so much conditioning. c. often has unpredictable effects. d. can support unlimited levels of conditioning.
B
42. A click and a scent are each separately paired with a shock and conditioned to a maximum associative value. The click and scent are then combined into a compound stimulus and subjected to further pairings with the same shock. A likely result is that the associative value of one CS will _______ and the associative value of the other CS will _________. a. decrease; increase b. decrease; also decrease c. remain unchanged; remain unchanged d. increase; also increase
B
43. Don was equally attracted to Sasha and Dominique, whom he dated separately. Over time, he learned to become very aroused by Sasha's style of dress and by Dominique's perfume. Later, he struck up a relationship with Marnie, who dressed like Sasha and wore the same perfume as Dominique. According to the Rescorla-Wagner theory, the amount of arousal Don experiences from the perfume alone will most likely __________. a. increase b. decrease c. remain the same d. fluctuate
B
44. A click and a scent are separately paired with a shock and each conditioned to the maximum associative value. The click and the scent are then combined into a compound stimulus and subjected to further pairings with the shock. This is most likely an experiment on the ____________ effect. a. blocking b. overexpectation c. overshadowing d. sensory preconditioning
B
46. Selby receives invitations to attend two events taking place on the same day. While one invitation is from a distant cousin, the other one is from a close friend. Though she wants to attend both, she decides to attend the function hosted by her close friend. Selby's behavior illustrates the _____ theory of classical conditioning. a. stimulus-substitution b. Rescorla-Wagner c. compensatory-response d. stimulus-response
B
48. In the Watson and Rayner experiment with Little Albert, the US was a ________: . a. rat b. loud noise c. shock d. Santa Claus mask
B
5. Suzie once encountered a snake in the woods near her town and, as a result, developed a strong fear of those woods. In this scenario, Suzie's fear of the woods is based on a(n) _____ association. a. S-R b. S-S c. R-S d. R-R
B
50. In the "Little Albert" experiment, the loud noise is to the white rat as a _________ is to a _____________ . a. CS; NS b. US; CS c. CS; US d. UR; CS
B
51. In the Watson and Rayner experiment with Little Albert, the rat was a. initially the CS. b. initially an NS. c. a US. d. a UR.
B
54. Which of the following factors suggests that Little Albert did not grow up to have a phobia of furry objects? a. Little Albert had been exposed to only one pairing of the rat and the loud noise. b. Little Albert did not have the kind of temperament often associated with phobias. c. Rats are not an appropriate stimulus for phobic conditioning. d. Little Albert already hated rats.
B
58. If we inherit a tendency to learn fears by observation, then the display of fear by others serves as a(n) _____ for a fear response in ourselves. a. NS b. US c. UR d. CS
B
59. If we have an innate tendency to acquire conditioned fears through the observation of fearful reactions in others, then the look of fear in others must be functioning as a(n) _____. a. conditioned stimulus b. unconditioned stimulus c. discriminative stimulus d. neutral stimulus
B
6. Karen was once attacked by a robber in her bedroom. After that incident, she feels very afraid to go into her bedroom. In this scenario, Karen's fear is based on a(n) _____ association. a. S-U b. S-S c. S-R d. Both a and b are correct.
B
60. Temperament is an individual's a. level of emotional intuitiveness. b. level of emotional reactivity. c. level of cognitive capacity. d. Both a and b are correct.
B
61. Aaron is more reactive to loud noises and sudden events than Kevin is. Using the terminology provided in the text, we would say that there seems to be a difference in _________ between Aaron and Kevin. This difference is to a large extent ___________. a. preparedness; learned b. temperament; genetically determined c. preparedness; inherited d. temperament; learned
B
67. In an experiment, subjects were exposed to subliminally presented pictures paired with an electric shock. Researchers found that the subjects subsequently displayed signs of conditioned anxiety when the pictures were of a. flowers and mushrooms. b. snakes and spiders. c. Both a and b are correct. d. Neither a nor b is correct.
B
68. Which of the following scenarios illustrates the influence of temperament on the development of phobias? a. Paula is more afraid of insects than she is afraid of lizards. b. Burton is more afraid of heights than Benny is. c. Rachel starts fearing snakes after she learns that her best friend is afraid of snakes. d. Vivian is more afraid of ghosts than he is afraid of thieves.
B
7. According to Pavlov's stimulus-substitution theory, the _____ acts as a substitute for the _____. a. CS; NS b. CS; US c. US; CS d. NS; US
B
72. Shawna is terrified of cats as she was bitten by a cat in her childhood. She consciously avoids encountering cats and leaves places quickly if she happens to see one. As explained by the process of _____, these brief encounters may _____ Shawna's fear of cats. a. incubation; reduce b. incubation; enhance c. selective sensitization; enhance d. selective sensitization; reduce
B
78. During a counseling session, Stan is told that he has been permanently damaged by the abuse he suffered as a child. After the session, he starts experiencing symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. In this scenario, Stan's behavior illustrates the process of _____. a. incubation b. US revaluation c. selective sensitization d. stimulus generalization
B
83. Dilbert has a mild fear of darkness. During exam days, he finds that he becomes particularly fearful of going out for walks at night. Dilbert's behavior is best described as an example of . a. US revaluation b. selective sensitization c. incubation d. preparedness
B
85. A mild fear can grow into a major phobia as a result of ... . a. blocking b. selective sensitization c. sensory preconditioning d. Both a and b are correct.
B
89. In _____, a CS that elicits one type of response is associated with another event that elicits a(n) _____ response. a. counterconditioning; similar b. counterconditioning; incompatible c. selective sensitization; similar d. selective sensitization; opposite
B
9. According to the ___________ theory, the CR should be quite similar to the UR. a. stimulus-stimulus b. stimulus-substitution c. Rescorla-Wagner d. preparatory response
B
92. Ned found that if he ate cookies while thinking about his recurrent nightmare, the frequency and severity of those nightmares decreased. Ned's behavior illustrates the principle of... . a. extinction b. reciprocal inhibition c. covert conditioning d. systematic desensitization
B
97. With the method of ___________, there are no worries about whether the treatment effect will generalize to the real world. a. flooding b. in vivo desensitization c. imaginary desensitization d. covert sensitization
B
98. Systematic desensitization is most likely to be effective with a person who is afraid of . a. crowds b. spiders c. meeting new people d. All of these are correct.
B
101. Gradual is to intense as _____ is to _____. a. flooding; systematic desensitization b. in vivo flooding; imaginal flooding c. systematic desensitization; flooding d. in vivo desensitization; imaginal desensitization
C
103. For flooding to be effective, the period of exposure to the feared stimulus must be . a. gradually increased b. gradually decreased c. sufficiently long d. quite short
C
104. Which of the following is a disadvantage of the method of flooding? a. The patient under treatment may become so stressed that medical complications ensue. b. The treatment might sometimes worsen a phobia. c. Both a and b are correct. d. Neither a nor b is correct.
C
11. Dean believes that his black suit is a bad omen because he had an accident the last time he wore it. In this scenario, Dean's belief illustrates the _____ theory of conditioning. a. compensatory response b. preparatory response c. stimulus-substitution d. compensatory-substitution
C
113. The treatment method known as _____ involves reducing the attractiveness of a desired event by associating it with an unpleasant stimulus. a. systematic desensitization b. flooding c. aversion therapy d. appetitive therapy
C
115. Which of the following statements is true of the method of rapid smoking? a. It is a form of aversion therapy. b. It involves taking a puff every 6-10 seconds. c. Both a and b are correct. d. Neither a nor b is correct.
C
119. Covert sensitization involves the use of a. an emetic. b. a fear hierarchy. c. imaginal stimuli. d. All of these are correct.
C
123. If a person displays an allergic reaction to the mere sight of an artificial flower, the allergic reaction is most likely a . a. CS b. US c. CR d. UR
C
126. In an experiment, the scent of lilacs is repeatedly paired with shots of adrenaline which facilitates immune system activity. As a result, the scent of lilacs is likely to elicit a(n)... a. stress response. b. suppression of the immune system. c. enhanced functioning of the immune system. d. occasion setting.
C
127. While applying a placebo effect for treatment, a little white pill functions as the ________ while the original drug functions as the _____. a. US; CS b. UR; CR c. CS; US d. CR; UR
C
15. In an experiment, a rat that receives a foot shock (the US) jumps (the UR). However, when it sees a light (CS) that has been paired with a foot shock, it freezes (the CR). The fact that a rat's fear response to an aversive CS is likely to be quite___________ its response to the aversive US is best explained by the _____. a. similar to; opponent process theory b. different from; S-R theory c. different from, preparatory-response theory d. similar to; stimulus-substitution theory
C
2. Which of the following statements is true of the stimulus-substitution theory? a. It explains why the UR and the CR are substantially different in many instances of conditioning. b. It explains how a CS elicits a compensatory response after a primary response. c. It suggests how classical conditioning illustrates the neurological processes in the brain. d. It describes the effect of each conditioning trial on the strength of a CS in its relationship to a US.
C
20. One of the primary effects of the induction of amphetamine is an increase in heart rate. According to the compensatory-response model, in a drug conditioning trial with amphetamine, the US would be a(n) ___________ and the UR would be a(n) ___________ a. decrease in heart rate; increase in heart rate b. increase in heart rate; increase in heart rate c. increase in heart rate; decrease in heart rate d. decrease in heart rate; decrease in heart rate
C
26. According to the compensatory-response model of conditioning (and assuming that it is relevant to relationships), it would be easier to go through a marriage break-up a. if you are married for a long time. b. if you get into the habit of drinking. c. if you move to a different apartment from where you had lived with your former partner. d. if you stay in the same apartment that you had lived in with your partner.
C
30. In keeping with the compensatory-response model of conditioning, many drug fatalities occur when an addict injects a(n) dosage of a drug in a setting that is _____ to drug use. a. normal; strongly related b. unusually large; unrelated c. normal; unrelated d. unusually large; strongly related
C
33. According to Freud's notions of psychic energy, the investment of more energy in the id (the instinctual component of personality) means that less energy is available for the ego (the rational component of personality). This model is analogous to the _____ theory of classical conditioning. a. preparatory-response b. stimulus-substitution c. Rescorla-Wagner d. Rescorla-Epling
C
34. According to the Rescorla-Wagner theory, the amount of conditioning that occurs: a. is unlimited. b. is unaffected by the number of CSs. c. is limited and must be distributed among the various CSs available. d. Both a and b are correct
C
4. According to the stimulus-substitution model of conditioning, the CS should elicit a. a response that is different from the UR. b. a response that is identical to the US. c. a response that is highly similar to the UR. d. a response that is somehow related to the NS.
C
45. An aversive blast of air has a maximum associative value of 15 units. A compound stimulus consisting of a click and a scent is repeatedly paired with the puff of air, until the maximum conditioning has been reached. The scent acquires 13 units of associative value. This means that the click must have acquired ___________ units of associative value which is an example of __________ . a. 13; overshadowing b. 2; blocking c. 2; overshadowing d. 13; blocking
C
47. In general, phobias represent a process of _____. a. discrimination b. dishabituation c. overgeneralization d. reciprocal inhibition
C
52. In the Watson and Rayner experiment with Little Albert, Albert's fear of the ________ was regarded as evidence of stimulus generalization. a. rat b. loud noise c. Santa Claus mask d. steel bar
C
63. The concept of _____ refers to an innate disposition to learn certain types of behaviors or certain types of associations more easily than others. a. temperament b. incubation c. preparedness d. selective sensitization
C
70. The process of _____ is the strengthening of a conditioned fear response as a result of brief exposures to an aversive CS. a. preparedness b. selective sensitization c. incubation d. US revaluation
C
74. Antonio is stung by a bee during a trip. After that incident, he develops a fear of bees and hides whenever he sees one. These brief encounters with bees may result in a(n) _____ in Antonio's fear response, which illustrates the process known as _____. a. decrease; incubation b. increase; selective sensitization c. increase; incubation d. decrease; selective sensitization
C
79. Through the process of _____________, a person's reactivity to a potentially fearful stimulus could increase following exposure to an unrelated stressful event. a. US revaluation b. incubation c. selective sensitization d. preparedness
C
82. Tammy used to love horror movies. One night, while watching her favorite horror movie, she became unusually fearful. Since then, she has found that whenever she is feeling stressed at work, she has nightmares of being chased by dead people. Which of the following processes explains Tammy's behavior? a. US revaluation b. Flooding c. Selective sensitization d. Semantic recovery
C
86. Which of the following strategies was used in Mary Cover Jones's experiment to eliminate the fear of rabbits in Peter, a two-year- old boy? a. The rabbit was gradually moved closer to the boy. b. The presentation of the rabbit was paired with the supply of cookies. c. Both a and b are correct. d. Neither a nor b is correct.
C
90. Wolpe proposed that the underlying process in counterconditioning is _____. a. selective sensitization b. sensory preconditioning c. reciprocal inhibition d. sensory preparedness
C
93. Which of the following is a step in systematic desensitization? a. The creation of a hierarchy of progressively more fearful imaginary scenes b. Training in deep muscle relaxation c. Both a and b are correct. d. Neither a nor b is correct.
C
94. Systematic desensitization involves pairing ________ with a succession of stimuli that elicit _________ levels of fear. a. relaxation; decreasing b. muscle tension; increasing c. relaxation; increasing d. muscle tension; decreasing
C
105. One must be particularly cautious about using flooding therapy with a person who suffers from _____. a. depression b. snake phobias c. dog phobias d. post-traumatic stress disorder
D
107. Öst's single-session treatment procedure for phobias involved a. an in vivo exposure to a feared stimulus. b. eliciting relatively intense levels of fear. c. encouraging a client to gradually approach the feared event. d. All of these are correct.
D
109. Which of the following is a feature of Öst's single-session treatment procedure for phobias? a. A gradual approach b. Participant modeling c. Endurance of a fairly intense level of anxiety d. All of these are correct.
D
124. Research revealed that patients who received chemotherapy in a hospital setting subsequently experienced a(n) _____ immune response when they visited the hospital again but did not receive chemotherapy. In this example, the _________ would be the US. a. enhanced; hospital b. suppressed; hospital c. enhanced; chemotherapy d. suppressed; chemotherapy
D
128. Which of the following observations suggests that classical conditioning often underlies placebo effects? a. The effects are less likely to occur following a period of treatment with the real drug. b. The repeated administration of the placebo by itself strengthens its effectiveness. c. Both a and b are correct. d. Neither a nor b is correct.
D
16. Which of the following theories of conditioning is proved by the classical conditioning of compensatory responses? a. The R-S theory b. The S-R theory c. The stimulus-substitution theory d. The preparatory-response theory
D
17. Which of the following observations validates the preparatory-response theory of conditioning? a. The CS is usually quite different from the US. b. The CS is often quite similar to the US. c. The CR and UR are often quite similar. d. The CR can sometimes be quite different from the UR.
D
21. In which of the following environments is an average person likely to get intoxicated quickly? a. In a lounge or bar b. At a loud, noisy party c. At a small, quiet party d. While taking a shower
D
22. Given that each drink contains the same amount of alcohol and that you drink each drink at the same rate, you will most likely get drunk quickly if you are drinking a(n) _________ drink. a. well-known b. recognizable c. familiar d. unfamiliar
D
25. The compensatory-response model of conditioning predicts that it will be easier for someone to quit smoking a. gradually. b. suddenly. c. in a smoking-related environment. d. in an environment not related to smoking.
D
29. There are multiple reports of drug overdoses where an individual administers a normal dose of a drug but in a novel place. As a result of the novel situation, the user's tolerance is reduced. According to the compensatory-response model, which of the following factors is missing from the conditioning scenario? a. CS b. CR c. US d. Both a and b are correct.
D
35. According to the Rescorla-Wagner theory, if a bell and a light are simultaneously associated with a shock, then the amount of fear elicited by the bell will be a. the same as that elicited by the light. b. different from that elicited by the light. c. unaffected by the amount of conditioning that occurs to the light. d. affected by the amount of conditioning that occurs to the light.
D
37. Suppose a US supports a maximum associative value of 30. According to the Rescorla-Wagner theory, if one CS in a compound stimulus has acquired 10 units of associative value, then the other CS will at most have acquired _________ units of associative value. a. 15 b. 30 c. 10 d. 20
D
39. According to the Rescorla-Wagner theory of conditioning, blocking occurs because a. the US has already taken up most of the available associative strength. b. familiar stimuli are more difficult to condition. c. the CS gathers more associative strength than the US. d. one CS has already taken up the maximum associative value.
D
40. In an experiment, a click is paired with a shock that can support a maximum associative value of 15 units. Once the click picks up 15 units of associative value, it is transformed into a compound stimulus by pairing with a scent. Following these pairings, the scent will likely have ________ units of associative value, which is a demonstration of _________ a. 0; overshadowing b. 7.5; the overexpectation effect c. 15; overshadowing d. 0; blocking
D
41. In a conditioning experiment, to say that a CS has high associative value is equivalent, in more cognitive terms, to saying that: a. the subject expects that the CS will be followed by the US. b. the CS is a good predictor of the US. c. the CS is a good substitute for the US. d. Both a and b are correct.
D
53. Which of the following observations demonstrates the limitations of Watson and Rayner's Little Albert experiment as an example of phobic conditioning? a. The rat had to be repeatedly paired with the loud noise. b. Albert's fear started to diminish following a rest period of several days. c. Albert's fear was easily diminished by thumb sucking. d. All of these are correct.
D
55. In the context of the debates on the real "Little Albert," which of the following conclusions can be drawn regarding the claim that Douglas Merritte was "Little Albert"? a. It has been confirmed. b. It has been debunked. c. It is nearly certain. d. It is unclear.
D
62. People acquire a fear of snakes easily as opposed to a fear of birds. This is an example of the effect of __________. Certain people acquire a fear of snakes more easily than other people do. This is an example of the effect of ____________ . a. preparedness; US revaluation b. US revaluation; preparedness c. temperament; preparedness d. preparedness; temperament
D
64. Valentine (1930) was unable to replicate Watson and Rayner's results when he attempted to condition his little daughter to become fearful of some inanimate objects. This provided some of the earliest evidence for the importance of _______ in phobic development. a. selective sensitization b. incubation c. observational learning d. preparedness
D
69. The ease with which a conditioned fear response is acquired can be affected by _____. a. temperament b. observational learning c. selective sensitization d. All of these are correct.
D
71. The process of _____ is the strengthening of a conditioned fear response as a result of _____ exposures to an aversive CS. a. selective sensitization; prolonged b. incubation; prolonged c. selective sensitization; brief d. incubation; brief
D
76. US revaluation can strengthen a phobia through a. direct exposure to a stronger US. b. observational learning. c. verbally transmitted information. d. All of these are correct.
D
80. Through the process of selective sensitization, a person's fears may strengthen following exposure to a. a US of much greater intensity. b. a CS of much greater intensity. c. an unfamiliar stimulus. d. a stressful event of some sort.
D
84. Which of the following processes leads to the aggravation of previously mild fears? a. Incubation b. US revaluation c. Selective sensitization d. All of these are correct.
D
87. Which of the following strategies was used in Mary Cover Jones's experiment to eliminate the fear of rabbits in Peter, a two-year- old boy? a. The rabbit was placed in Peter's lap for long periods of time. b. The presentation of the rabbit was paired with relaxation. c. Both a and b are correct. d. Neither a nor b is correct.
D
91. I cannot be both angry and happy at the same time, which means that a good joke can often defuse my anger about something. This is an example of _____________ a. counterpreparedness b. reciprocal preparedness c. covert conditioning d. reciprocal inhibition
D
96. With in vivo desensitization, the phobic stimulus is presented a. subliminally. b. with sudden intensity. c. in imaginary form. d. in reality.
D
