Latin American Relations Midterm

Walter Rostow

"The Stages of Economic Development: A Non-communist Manifesto" 1. Development is linear and progressive 2. Five stages- tradition, pre-conditions to takeoff, takeoff--> fully instrialized and beginning of capital industries, drive to maturity, age of high mass consumption (this theory was highly criticized by Latin America at this time 3. Problems with this model? -dependency theory response

Securing Panama Canal

United States interests in building a canal -before people had to travel around South American tip -we controlled sugar, rubber, banking, etc. in Latin America --> economic interests -Clayton-Bulwer Treaty -fortunately in 1901, this treaty was repealed Location: Nicaragua vs. Panama -Nicaragua unwilling to cooperate with United States full control of canal -with Panama --> U.S. had to deal with France (purchased rights for $40 million) now had to deal with Panama itself --> Panama negotiates with Colombia --> didn't go well and decides to "liberate" Panama from Colombia -"liberation" of Panama from Colombia -Panamanian sovereignty in the Canal Zone --> no income taxes could be taken in so --> problem

Olney Corollary

(1895) -Venezuelan-British boundary dispute -Venezuelan government appealed to United States under Monroe Doctrine and the United States tries to send message to Britain to stay away because its against doctrine -Great Britain also concedes in arbitration and so it was recognizing the Monroe Doctrine -Main assumption: Right to hemispheric hegemony -the United States has the right to make the Latin American continent -Britain accepted relationship, both accepted U.S. as hegemon

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

(1903) treaty that granted the US land to build the Panama canal in exchange for $10 million and annual payments to Panama. Occured shortly after Panama's independance.

Cuban Revolution

(1958) A political revolution that removed the United States supported Fugencio Batista from power. The revolution was led by Fidel Castro who became the new leader of Cuba as a communist dictator. U.S.-Cuban Relations -Fidel used to be a pitcher said no to signing bonus with American baseball team I. Precursors to the Cuban Revolution A. Rise of Marxism in Latin America -many L.A. writers/poets began embracing Marxism --> Frida Kahlo -Soviets weren't trying to get them an offensive. largely response to imperialism --> nationalist -definitely reaction against United States B. Batista Regime (1933-1944, 1952-1959) -he was a dictator and a good friend of the United States -he had a reputation for harsh authoritarian rule -was connected with corruption and organized crime -politically a staunch anti-communist -Cuba had a relatively robust middle class compared to neighbors -50s had a lot of tourism to Cuba -Cuba wasn't immune to nationalist theories that had spread throughout and didn't like Batista A. Castro seizes power -involved in student government, became lawyer -July 26, 1953 -->attack on Moncada military barracks, Castro arrested and later released -in exile in Mexico and meets Che and they plot to overthrow Batista, Invasion of Cuba from Mexico on the Granma -> now newspaper -January 1, 1959: Castro comes to power -Batista exiled -nation unites in defense of Castro -people who disliked Castro --> ultimately moved to Miami B. U.S. Reaction -Eisenhower doesn't embrace Castro and refused to give him official diplomatic recognition C. Policies of the Revolutionary regime -Castro takes very strong steps to redistribute land holdings -Compensates owners of land and redistributes to peasants -U.S. heavily invested in island -70 % --> all holdings taken by Castro --> wealthy humans also compensated -still to this day, many Cubans hope to get land back -he raised wages, public healthcare, reduction in rents, embraced public education but has strong ideological bent -he established a dictatorship --> a congress that meets once every five years (all communist party members) D. Relations with the Soviets -Castro wants to diversify and he negotiates trade agreement (sugar) with Soviets in exchange Cuba would get technology, etc. from Soviets -he traded U.S. dependency with Soviet dependency E. End of U.S. -Cuban diplomatic relations, January 1961 --> we don't have diplomatic relations with them -begins spying on Cuba a lot -Program of Covert Action against regime

Jacob Arbenz/overthrow

(Eisenhower Administration btw) A. Intervention in Guatemala, 1954 --> coup because democratic socialist leanings -President Juan Arevalo, 1944 --> instituted social reforms in banana republic-esque country -(successor) President Jacob Arbenz wins, 1950 -Land reform/expropriations --> government law could distribute land to landless peasants -generally privately owned land (probably owned by United Fruit Company) -lasted 18 months before shut-down, Arbenz actually distributed his own land -United Fruit Company is upset (opposition from United Fruit) -Many U.S. politicians and many of Eisenhower's friends were connected with United Fruit Company -DOMINO THEORY --> United States argued if it fell to communism then all the neighbors would follow --> important contributor to U.S. interventionism -U.S. sponsored invasion under General Castillo Armas -we used disaffected Guatemalan troops to overthrow the regime -demonstrated to the United States that we could engineer regime change fairly easily ~Latin American Response~ -Che was in Guatemala during this intervention and certainly had a great affect on his thinking -regime was staunchly anti-communist --> endorsed death penalty for "sabotage" and punishable by death penalty -discontent with United States in Guatemala

Alliance for Progress

(JFK) 1961,, a program in which the United States tried to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems, money used to aid big business and the military A. Background: lack of U.S. foreign aid in LA -2.4% of U.S. foreign aid B. Kennedy: 1. There's a relationship between poverty and the appeal of Marxism need to prevent other Cuban revolutions 2. Plan: Foreign aid combined with democratic reforms 3. March 13, 1961 4. Major shift in policy a. concerned about poverty for first time b. cooperation effort C. Goals of Alliance for Progress 1. Political Goals: strenghthen democracies 2. Social Development: land reform, education, housing, health, working conditions -ironic because kicked out Arbenz who -set 6 years as primary bench-mark 3. Economic development D. United States and Latin American Allocations -20 mill/bill over 10 years -each Latin AMerican country was required to come up with a National plan for development E. Results? -from 1962 to 1967 -In the late 60s are drops off -in the 1960s Latin America was growing really rapidly -marginal if any improvement -politically not so good

Roosevelt Corollary

(TR) , Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force, first put into effect in Dominican Republic -L.A. debt problems -Dominican Republic --> Europe intervenes and the United States felt it had to do something about this -however reluctantly --> we will have to teach Latin America countries how to run themselves, so make sure debts were paid and intervene to correct instances of bad government -United States understood that bad chaos invited -United States could intervene to correct instances of "bad government" "Big Stick Policy": -deals with panama canal

Jimmy Carter's Latin American Policy

-an era of high moral principle A. Human rights Agenda -Carter decides to take a stand and make human rights a central feature of American policy, by 1976 there was a preception that the cold war was winding down -coming off Vietnam and watergate, we didn't have a strong sense of self-esteem -had negotiated same things with nuclear wartime with the Soviets --> foreign military assistance act? B. Panama Canal -he said we would manage it until 1999, then in 2000 --> Panama would get to manage canal C. Cuba -he tried to engage Cuba diplomatically -he opened a quasi-"interest-selection" -accepted tens of thousands Cuban refugees- Marielle boat-lift -wanted to create image of Cubans fleeing to America but flawed because Castro haters came to U.S. and jails/mental institutions were emptied D. Carter "loses Nicaragua" -Samoza and family have ruled Nicaragua for over 4 decades, harsh authoritarian rule, poor track record on rights -had been supported before because anti-communist but Carter pulled away -Sandinistas (leftist political movement) staged a coup to try to overthrow government -Sandinista revolution

Platt Amendment

-attached this amendment to Cuban -1901: the United States has right to intervene "for preservation of independence" --> so basically like new colony

Foreign Military Assistance Act

-we limited military sales and assistance to leaders abusing human rights -created a bureaucratic machinery to monitor compliance with human rights standards, noble efforts but many Latin American leaders had already what they needed to still suppress human rights 2. Human rights compliance in DOS ?

1958 Nixon trip to Latin America

-did not go well for Nixon, protests -went to San Marcos University in Peru --> violent protests, one protester spit in his face -U.S. chalked up opposition to U.S. to being "Soviet Penetration" or Soviet influence

Cuba's relations with Latin America

-he would give arms to leftist guerilla movements -In 80s, Cuba was giving assistance to guerilla fighters in Colombia -the U.S. also pressured Cuban diplomatic relations with other countries -Mexico defied OAS resolution and continued to have relations with Cuba (Mexican nationalism) -Continued trading with Cuba: Soviets, Western Union -Diff between Cold War for U.S. Latin American relations --> ideologies KENNAN Corollary-egocentrism in Latin America, illusion of desperate courage -he says socialists in Latin America are very weak players -he says its Latin America's job to eradicate socialist ideology and governments itself -advocates proxy wars -downplays Soviet influence in region

Imperialism (1898-1934)

-in Caribbean "basin" -includes Venezuela, Nicaragua, Cuba, etc. --> trying to turn Caribbean into an American Lake -In this era, we intervened over 30 different times I. Rise of the United States as an Imperial power A. Isolationism to expansionism B. Causes of stuff in United States foreign policy -economic motivation: access to markets and raw materials --> we wanted them from Latin America -geopolitical considerations --> we sought to make Caribbean basin into an American lake in which U.S. is hegemon -Manifest Destiny --> endowed with certain virtues by god -Social darwinism --> only the strongest nations would survive, we wanted to educate "barbaric Latin America" -Political mission --> some American presidents justified because we needed to spread democracy (just the least important at the time instead usually used geopolitical or economic motivations tbh) C. American vs. European imperialism -By 1898 --> neo-imperialism -At first, we acted disgusted with imperialism but then ate our own words -After 1898, we took over Guam, the Phililipines --> generally the United States used more subtle form of imperialism for Caribbean basin

Latin American responses to imperialism

-most Latin American leaders and intellectuals tried to lessen impact of imperialism A. Unification/Bolivarian Dream B. Ally with Europe 1. strengthen commercial ties 2. embrace European culture: Hispanidad and Francophilia -we see leaders like Diaz in Mexico, trying to make it resemble Paris by building opera houses, etc. C. Subregional hegemony- Argentina and Brazil -Argentina was a country if many Euro immigrants and was wealthy --> at time 7th wealthiest in world and Buenos Aires was known as Paris of South D. Seek protection under international law E. Cultures of Resistance 1. Mexico: lo mexicano 2. Cuba 3. Nicaragua: Sandinismo --> named themselves after Sandino China-> Costa Rica--> cut off from Taiwan OAS--> 1948 --> used as a tool to advance Am. Geopolitical interests -compare Spanish Am War and Iraq War --> expected quick victory --> but nah

Rockefeller Commission Report

-negative report that Latin America was bordering on anarchy, marxism, etc. there --> the U.S. was partly to blame for sad situation there -the Catholic church, women, etc. were demanding drastic changes -he said it was RIPE for communist infiltration -advocated closer U.S. ties with their militaries so we began giving them military assistance

Effects of Intervention during Imperial Era

-political development/democracy -economic effects -generally when we look at track record of interventionist --> no single stable democracy intervention -Samosa -->1979 --> ruled country for 70 years -Dominican Republic --> Trillo --> ruthless dictator economic effect --> dependent on exports

Dollar Diplomacy

-substitution for dollars for bullets Background: -growing economic interests in Latin America -decreased imperial ambitions -Economic imperialism through foreign investment -President Taft's policy of using economic power rather than bullets Objectives: 1) Strategic: prevent European intervention (i.e. continuation of Roosevelt Corollary) 2) Economic: protect U.S. business interests abroad -wanted to foster trade and improve opportunities for foreign investors -Examples: (still heavily interventionist) 1) Dominican Republic (1916-1924) 2) Nicaragua (1909-1925) 3) Haiti (1915-1934) -these got sent armed troops and established protectorates -when Americans first landed they'd take over customs and then collected the $ and paid ourselves to protect euro and American creditors -intervened in politics with provisional governments -involves a long term U.S. military occupation DOMINICAN REPUBLIC--> owed 4.5 million to creditors --> customs houses and politics U.S. marine commander who controlled political system and he dissolved elections, congress, and censored NICARAGUA --> installed United States regime and gave regime financial support HAITI --> more debt to us than Europe, much longer because social darwinist ideas

Realism

-whole system is anarchic, doesn't see as much friends as "interests" Sum: a paradigm based on the premise that world politics is essentially a struggle among self-interested states for power under a state of anarchy A. MAIN ASSUMPTIONS 1. Conflict/War is a consequence of anarchy -Hobbes: "We live in a world in which there is no common power" -No central or global power exists to enforce peace 2. Self Help: -Who ensures the survival of states without a world government? -states are self-interested -sovereignty is important (one of the most important self-interests)\ 3. States as unitary actors (shouldn't be/are not influenced by other actors) states act similarly to protect their interests 4. Power -How do nations survive? By acquiring power. -Security Dilemma: possibility of war can never be excluded, therefore states need enough power to protect themselves 5. Balance of Power= solution to international conflict "countries only start wars that they think they will win" 6. Role of International organizations? 7. Morality? B. Applied to United States-Latin American Relations 1) U.S. as the dominant partner (hegemon) -"The history of U.S.-L.A. relations has always been characterized by significant differences in military and economic capability and the absence of effective international institutions to constrain the actions of the United States"-Gregory Weeks 2) United States Interests a. strategic/geopolitical b. Economic c. Political -the United States likes stable government that supports our interests

Modernization Theory

1960s Cold War Politics Modernization Theory, Alliance for Progress, LBJ I. Modernization Theory A. Addressing Problems of Underdevelopment in the Third World: How can U.S. thwart the spread of communism and promote our national interests in the 3W? B. Research Question: Why are poor countries poor? C. Premises: 1. Cultural Values: traditional vs. modern cultures -fatalism vs. lazy traditional cultures -modern cultures -> individualism, democracy 2.Political Democracy -serve American foreign policy interests In a Democracy 3. Economic development promotes democracy -through capitalism you'll develop a middle class--> middle class embrace democracy

1970s: Nixon Administration and Carter Administrations

1. Nixon Administration -beginning with Vietnam, the U.S. began cutting funds to alliance for progress, with Nixon it was finally disbanded -one interesting thing -> Nixon began to rely on multilateral credit agencies, Nixon used ideologies in these countries to promote or deny them loans when defaulted -assume a lower profile A. Rockefeller administration -one of Nixon's first things was to carry out a study (w/Rockefeller) on U.S./Latin American relations, he came back with a negative report that they were bordering on anarchy, marxism, etc. there --> the US was partly to blame for sad situation there -the Catholic chruch, women, etc. were demanding domestic changes -Rockefeller said it was RIPE for communist infiltration -advocated closer U.S. ties with their militaries, so we began giving them military assistance

Monroe Doctrine

1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s. A. Monroe Doctrine: Overview *President Monroe's state of the union address -the Monroe Doctrine was not a bill passed in Congress but just was in speech and a general approach -initially aimed at Russia, then catered towards Europe -Major tenets 1. non-colonization by European powers: "The American continent is not to be considered as subject for future colonization by any European power" 2. Nonintervention by extra-regional powers 3. Non-transfer of existing colonies 4. U.S. would not interfere in Europe *central principle of United States Foreign policy towards Latin America B. International Reaction to the Monroe Doctrine -at time, very weak international player -euro chastised us for not having the teeth to enforce this grand proclamation -Latin American countries really didn't talk about it much because ~1823-many independence wars -Simone Bolivar was a little worried "the United States appears destined to plague us with misery" C. Application of the Monroe Doctrine -at first, enforcement was spotty -in 1833, British took over islands and in 1843 the French and British did a naval blockade against Buenos Aires -most flagrant when Mexico had an intervention by the French -United States exercised only selective enforcement -why was enforcement so haphazard? D. Approaches to understanding The Doctrine: Western Hemispheric Idea and Sphere of Influence 1. Western Hemispheric Idea and Sphere of Influence a) Two spheres: new sphere (religious freedom) vs. old sphere (everyone trying to escape) b) democracy- political mission of the United States to spread democracy- John Quincy Adams said fundamental differences in character 2) Sphere of Influence= an area in which one Great Power assumes exclusive responsibility for maintenance of peace; it denotes a situation in which one power has acquired a monopoly or near monopoly for its services in that area.", an area in which one Great Power assumes exclusive responsibility *hegemony *associated with realist approach *driven by power asymmetry

Texas Independence

1836 *Post-independence Mexico *immigration: Austin family land grants -allows a few hundred families to occupy Texas territory *Requirements for Texas residency by Americans: obey Mexican laws, become Catholic, assimilate to Mexican culture and be apart of land grant program --> didn't do this so many were illegal *Law of 1830: prohibited further immigration and outlawed slavery *Santa Anna vs. The Texans -Alamo --> Mexico won! -President of Mexico withdrew in 1836 and Texas became an independent country

Truman Doctrine

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

Rio Treaty

1947. A treaty that said the U.S. would defend countries of the Western Hemisphere. Also called Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance.

Containment

A U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific. (gave us right to expand our territory into lands expanded) *ideology that God had ordained the American people to occupy the American continent from sea to shining sea -served for a major justification for expansion -gained Louisiana purchase, Texas, western half of America -later..Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Philipines *Significance: justification for territorial expansion *Aspects: territorial expansion=national purpose (at whatever cost) *religious aspect: Territorial expansion was religious obligation *American exceptionalism: Americans as racially, religiously, economically, politically superior --> Americans felt it necessary to show other parts of world *PATERNALISM=all peoples benefit from contact with "civilized" Americans

Arias Peace Plan

A plan made in Latin America primarily to expell US intervention and was signed by Nicaragua, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras.

William Walker

A proslavery American adventurer from the South, he led an expedition to seize control on Nicaragua in 1855. He wanted to petition for annexation it as a new slave state but failed when several Latin American countries sent troops to oust him before the offer was made.

Social Darwinism

A social theory which states that the level a person rises to in society and wealth is determined by their genetic background. justification for acquisition fueled paradoxial our annexation tendencies because it restricted us from obtaining territories

Domino Theory

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

Spanish American War (causes, outcomes)

A. Background -Cuba has a strategic location, called Pearl of Antilles, obviously had interest in what occurs in Cuba -economic ties --> Cuba had a much better economic relationship with us than with Spain, Cuba became an important site for economic investors, we were active in mining, railroads, banks, etc. --> in 1840s/1850s, we try unsuccessfully to purchase item from Spain -annexation efforts TEN YEARS WAR (1868) --> crillos were seeking independence from Spain, some people wanted our involvement but we were caught up in Civil War B. War (1898) -the United States becomes involved because we were heavily invested in Cuba, didn't have much going on -United States didn't believe Cuba was capable of self-rule -President McKinley was in power at the time --> received word that Spanish though Mckinley was a weak politician, so personal vendetta -Sinking of THE MAINE -February 15, 1898 --> that ship blew up in Havana, United States, the U.S. assumed that Spain blew up the ship --> reports found that actually spontaneous combustion -Treaty of Paris, December 10, 1898 -The United States acquired a lot of territory --> took over phillipines, took over Guam -wasn't really about Cuba, was about assertion of our power -Cuba was now under the control of the United States --> ultimately appealed in 1933 -incorporation into the U.S. ?

Wars in Central America

A. Background: Central American political and economic chaos -world prices of coffee and bananas plummeted meanwhile world price of oil went up --> devastating effect -gov responded not favorably, sparked violence in social movements -guatemala had a string of military governments and beginning in the 1970s and accelerating into 1980s --> and began massacring individual indigenous peoples they believed to be making an insurgency --> 200,000 people killed because suspected --> the U.S. turns a blind eye to this because we had a friendly relationship with them -estimated 2 million refugees b/c of these wars -U.S uses honduras, Panama, and ? --> ? B. El Salvador -liberation theology: influential ideology -catholic church was usually aligned with conservative elites - wanted to embrace poverty in the region? --> all people deserve the right to lead a fulfilling life -liberation theology had a strong marxist bent -America's economic exploitation of L.A. was a SIN -Represented Jesus Christ as a revolutionary --> this did not go over well with the Vatican -FMLN (Frente Marti para la Liberacion Nacional) --> a guerilla insurgency that began to fight El Salvador's GOV -the U.S. wants to keep the military gov. in power b/c its anti-communist so we sent 200 million a year by 1984 --> sent to a relatively small country -In 1984, it was the third largest recipient of aid behind Egypt and Israel -Reagan thought they needed help b/c domino theory -U.S. support for Salvadoran military regime (1984: $200 million military aid) -Emigration of Salvadoran refugees -El Mozote Massacre -a batallion of El Salvadorians had been trained by Americans (School of Americas) and were carrying American weapons and went into a village and just indiscriminately shot everyone -791 people were killed --> not reported on by American newspapers until 2 months after it happened C. United States Response to Nicaraguan Revolution --> El Salvador (rightest government) --> US support -Nicaragua (leftist gov) --> no US support -El Salvador vs. Nicaragua - Rise of the FSLN (SANDISTA FRONT for National liberation), 1979 revolution overthrows Somoza dynasty -Samoza regime --> Carter had cut off aid so this chipped away at their staying power -was an Earthquake and received International aid and it became clear that Somoza stole $32 million -but US had supported them before -60s/70s become an early staging of revolution -Policies of Sandinistas: rooted in liberation theology, nationalism, Marxism -close ties to castro, trade relations with Soviet Union, looking to cut illiteracy or embrace it? -CONTRA WAR -our intervention was because we were concerned the Sandinistas were giving arms (nic to El Salvador) and so the U.S. intervened -thousands of disaffected Nicaraguans and we organized them into an insurgency and called them CONTRAS --> going against Sandinista revolution -we trained them in Honduras and Costa Rica and from there they launched attacks against Sandinist government -strong opposition at home because U.S. had just left Vietnam, etc. -Boland amendment -> could only aid the Contras in an effort to stop the movement of arms to El Salvador -other methods of destabilization: "low intensity warfare", economic measures -CIA also engaged in low-intensity warfare -destroyed oil storage facilities (Nicaragua doesn't have own supply of oil) -CIA dropped mines on Nicaraguan harbors -CIA backed planes that bombed certain areas of Nicaragua -Nicaragua won case of ICJ because U.S. funding of Contras and mines on harbors -the ICJ demand the U.S. pay Nicaragua for the damage, the U.S. blocked enforcement of this -economically --> trade embargo against Nicaragua and convinced allies to stop trade with them -largely these efforts did not work -Sandinistas keep going -controversy stirred up because of U.S. involvement and intervention -Iran Contra scandal -when Congress refused to fund Contra war, so Reagan looked for private funding -Cors (beer) gave $ to Contras, Saudi Arabia -Reagan administration found to be selling arms to Iran and took those profits and gave to Contras -Reagan didn't take fall for this one --> North did but did give a hit to Reagan's credibility -Reagan testified and said that he couldn't recall anything ARIAS PEACE PLAN, 1987 -Prez of Costa Rica-Arias -peace plan was immediate plan of stopping hostilities --> so immediate cease firing and then began staging elections -called for immediate end to others funding "unusual armies" (basically towards U.S.) -no country could be used as a base to stage attacks on another country --> Panama, Honduras, Costa Rica --> used for staging attacks on Nicaragua -U.S. wasn't happy about plan and we retaliated against Costa Rica -U.S. denied Costa Rica access to credit, etc ???? -Arias won Nobel Peace Prize

Sphere of Influence

A. Decline of territorial Manifest Destiny and creation of a sphere of influence B. Reason for change: 1. Social Darwinism- justification for acquisition fueled paradoxial our annexation tendencies because it restricted us from obtaining territories 2. changes in global imperialism

Eisenhower Administration

A. Intervention in Guatemala, 1954

Marxism

A. MAIN ASSUMPTIONS -Marx was in England and saw this class conflict as a defining feature of capitalism -relationship between bourgeoisie and proletariat is unequal and exploitative, resulting in conflict -Marxism has been called an economic -those who controlled the economic levers, ultimately influence those who control government -Economic power begets political power (nonneutrality) of states: government serve the interests of those with economic power -Revolution -Lenin applied to I/R -Application to international relations --> unequal classes could be applied to international system -Proletariat countries-poor and weak--> exploited by wealthy countries -economics always determines politics -the United States will embrace things that advance our economy --> when looking back at wars, look at our economic situation of the time B. How can this be applied to United States-Latin American relations? -1934 Guatemalan agrarian reform

Bay of Pigs

A. The Plan -we rounded up Cuban exiles in Miami, etc. -we brought them to Guatemala and Nicaragua where the CIA trained them and thought they would attract more rebels easily --> Kennedy reluctantly approves this plan B. April 17, 1961: Rebels land at Bay of Pigs -complete disaster -Bay of Pigs was staunchly pro-FIDEL, faced intense resistance from locals -Cuba won, all rebels were later released -So U.S. defeat and this gives legitimacy to Castro regime -all of L.A. excited about victory -Castro now had proof that U.S. was out to get him and gave credit to his U.S./Imperalist Claims C. Results: -U.S. defeat -Legitimacy for Castro regime -Latin American countries were outraged at U.S. administration because of interventionist -this gave Castro political legitimacy -now he had credit that the U.S. was imperialist and trying to topple his regime -whether it pushed to the Soviets (drives Cuba into arms of Soviets) D. Cuban Embargo, 1962 -up into this point we were doing a little trade but had almost no sugar purchases from them

Changing U.S.-Latin American Relations

A. U.S. Foreign Policy objective= protection of national security/containment -containment becomes primary concern of U.S. policy makers -love believes it didn't get to Latin America until 1960s B. Security Agreements 1. Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio Treaty) 1947 -an attack on our country would be viewed as an attack on all, trying to keep extraterritorial powers --> out 2. organization of American States, 1948 -OAS aims was to foster democratic governance and economic cooperation among member states C. Political Relations: 1. Rise of the democratic left in L.A. in 1940s -democracies brought into power by industrial working hours, they demanded strong unions and other things associated with socialism -land reforms and large plots of land were distributed and given to peasants -U.S. had just come off of U.S. most progressive history w/FDR --> many Latin American in 1950s had communist parties but not sponsored by soviet union --> now Latin America is all democratized and they had to open space for political left, U.S. explained rise of the left with communist infiltration --> in early 1950s most democracies failed and reverted back to some form of authoritarianism -by 1954 only 4 democracies in Region, Chile, Uraguay.. -in contrast to loving democracy, U.S. embraced authoritarianism regimes b/c they tended to lean to right in Latin America and were rather staunch anti-communist -do nothing to defend the dictators --> they're the only people we can depend on -we encouraged authoritarian governments to crack down of leftist movements --> so anti-labor unions and communist parties were outlawed, in Mexico not allowed to run for office -we tried to encourage L.A. to break off diplomatic relationships with Soviet

Development in United States and Latin America during 19th century

A. United States emerged in 1870s as economic and military power --> relied on Latin America as primary source of products B. Latin America post-independence -tried to have republican/democrat governments -caudillo--> dictator -economically--> not much was going on -largely economic activity was centered on latifundio --> places where they grew crops, center of economic activity but wasn't enough to sustain -in 1880s, caudillos aren't vying for power but dictators were

Iran Contra Scandal

Although Congress had prohibited aid to the Nicaraguan contras, individuals in Reagan's administration continued to illegally support the rebels. These officials secretly sold weapons to Iran in exchange for the release of American hostages being held in the Middle East. Profits from these sales were then sent to the contras.

Salvador Allende: policies, overthrow Pinochet

B. U.S. intervention in Chile 1. Election of Salvador Allende, 1970 -In 1970, Chile was one of the most stable democracies in L.A., certainly most stable in South America -In 1970, Allende won election and in this election all 3 candidates basically split election with Allende coming out in little more on top -because Chile had such a stable democracy, the U.S. couldn't claim that he was fraudulently brought to power -he was not moderate centrist like modernization theory said -U.S. gave $500 million to opponents -he was leftist but not backed by Soviets, had few Cuban ties -Allende embraced policies like Agrarian reform and raised minimum wage, called for nationalization of Copper industry --> problem for U.S., daily glass of milk to school children 2. U.S. strategy: provocation of a military-coup -Nixon and his administration used propaganda tactics to try and destabilize regime and make it ripe for a military coup 3. U.S. interests in Chile: economic, geopolitical, -geopolitical: fearful of domino theory -economic: ITT (ATT) invested, Copper -Henry Kissinger came up with 2 options: -maybe we can persuade chilean congress to intervene then the military coup C. Destabilization of Allende 1. Economic means: "make economy scream" -ITT (ATT) gave a lot of $, council of Americas too -try to create a financial blockade to make regime tank and ripe for a coup -denied regime to be able to loan $, loans --> all countries need credit, cut its loans by about 90 percent apparently -Chile was heavily reliant on Copper, basically U.S. gov maintained a stockpile of Copper -prevented purchase of replacement parts for cars 2. Covert tactics -poured over a million dollars to these other parties -gave $7 million to other opposing conservative newspapers -supported a strike of truckers, we paid their salaries so they could strike for a long time, had devastating effects on colony -by September 1973, their economy was in shambles, political climate ripe for a coup -September 11, 1973 began bombing, Allende was inside and committed suicide D. Military coup, Rise of Pinochet, Chilean Dirty War -After this, all the economic trade and stuff was renewed, a very brutal crackdown on Allende was pursued -tortured his supporters and thrown to mass grave --> the Dirty War -shortly after Pinochet was indicted, he died

Assassination plots persist (FIDEL)

CIA declassified documents indicated that we tried to use poison pens and biological factors , after cuban missile crisis too

Cold War: basic characteristics/aspects

Early Cold War: -during war we had Latin America give us a lot of resources, economically trade and investment was good between them --> great relationship with them --> changed with COLD WAR I. The Cold War A. Defining Characteristics 1. Bipolar World -economic and military strength of United States -economically the United States was doing well during WWII -worth mentioning that the U.S. territory was relatively unscathed during war -Weakening of classic imperial powers -wasn't just Axis powers defated, 35 million Europeans were killed during WWII --> economies had been decimated -RISE OF THE SOVIET UNION -embraced territorial and ideological encroachment --> imposed socialism 2. Atomic Bombs -U.S. viewed A-bombs as being rather efficient, threat of nuclear holocaust might put Soviets at bay -race to see who had larger nuclear stockpile -two countries became locked in a nuclear stand-off 3. Ideological Battles -the U.S. positions itself as the defender of the real world -the Soviet Union is trying to extend communism throughout world -any regime that embraced any socialist tendencies convinced U.S. of communist infiltration 4. Global Aspect -looking for surrogate states (no part of 3rd world was exempt) 3rd world term becomes popular B. Truman Doctrine -initially our waging of the Cold War in 1947 --> leftist insurgency in Greece and it was fighting against Greek government "I believe it must be the policy of the U.S. to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures." -typical since Roosevelt Corollary --> World Policeman -Assumptions: -USSR seeking to spread communism worldwide -Soviet ambitions would produce long and continuous struggle =Cold War -U.S. goal = halt the spread of communism= containment -Marshall Plan -used economic assistance in Western Europe to try and contain spread of communism -poured $19 billion into these countries to help bolster them -was no Marshall Plan for other struggling nations not in Europe -NATO (1949)

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

February 2, 1848: Mexico cedes over one million square miles of territory; slavery not excluded, U.S. pays Mexico 15 million *Mexicans enjoy property rights and American Citizenship (Mexicans would enjoy full privledges of American citizenship)

The End of Imperialism? FDR's Good Neighbor Policy

I. Good Neighbor Policy A. Background: Harding, Coolidge, Hoover -thought corollary should be abandoned because redundant -Hoover- Zeeth good will tour --> made statement that he hoped they could be good neighbors -Roosevelt in '34 continued non-intervention and tried to repair relationship --> this shift in policy culminated in good neighbor policy B. Aspects: -repudiation of armed/military intervention -emphasis on cooperation/multilateralism C. Motives -Western Hemispheric Idea vs. Realist Interpretation -International Conditions: WWI/Great Depression -Imminence of WW2 D. Tenets 1. abandon of intervention, respect for sovereignty -FDR signed a document for no intervention in Latin America, in Buenos Aires the United States made another declaration that they wouldn't intervene, FDR repudiated corollary 2. Bolster economic ties-began negotiating trade agreements, 1934 we signed reciprocal trade ---> power to president to reduce tariffs and if Latin American president would do the same 3. Foster cultural understanding/exchange 4. Consolidate Collective Security -have L.A.'s support should WWII happen -if a threat emerges, they would act collectively --> '36 -we tried to get countries to break off w/powers, Argentina was reluctant to break off ties with Italy -Latin America supported United States efforts in war, many Mexicans and Brazilians sent troops to fight in war 5. Other specific policies: a. Withdrawl marines from Haiti b. Repeal Platt Amendment c. Increase payments to Panama for canal zone d. Accept Mexican oil expropriation by Cardenas -Mexican supreme court intervenes and United States companies refuse to -Mexican President told Brits and Americans to get out

19th Century(1800s) United States-Latin American Relations

I. Post-Independence period A. United States during post-independence period-by 1898 we became an international power B. Latin America during post-independence period *Independence: 1811-1826 (for most) *Adoption of republican institutions *The United States immediately looked at Latin America with skepticism *United States diplomatic recognition of LAC's *Schools of thought regarding United States-Latin American relations: George Washington said to avoid Europe, he gave some lip service to the fact that we should make some relationships with Latin America -John Quincy Adams-thinly veiled racist against Latin Americans 1) The United States should avoid entangling alliances with Europe 2) United States should avoid Latin America --> John Quincy Adams CONCLUSION: Euro influence in the Americas should be minimized

Juan Bosch/intervention in DR

III. Mann Doctrine D. Intervention in Dominican Republic 1. Trujillo problem --> had been an enduring issue, his family controlled sugar industry and U.S. supported him because he was a staunch anti-communist but super brutal dictator that liked to rape girls -Trujillo was assassinated, made transition to democracy --> another man was elected 2. Democratic elections bring Juan Bosch to power later overthrown --> developing was a division to their military there was constitutionalists that brought Juan Bosch back to power 3. Members of the military seek to return Bosch to power 4. April 1965, LBJ sends tens of thousands of troops to "prevent another Cuba" -> his response was quite excessive, he was determined not to repeat failure of Bay of Pigs, essentially the Dominican Republic becomes an American protectorate for a few years, we oversaw elections 5. Balaguer- long time companion and dude with Trujillo in D.R. E. Other examples of U.S. support for dictators/military governments: Argentina, Haiti (dictator Duvalier, U.S. put political support), Nicaragua(Samosta) , Paraguay, Chile (Pinochet military regime)

Covert Action in Brazil: Military overthrows Joao Goubert

Joao Goubert opposed U.S. sanctions on cuba --> essentially U.S. insured -CIA makes contact with the workers, gave $ to newspapers that opposed him -military succeeds in overthrowing Joao -what followed --> dark in Brazil, Brazil begins to try to kill/kill people who disagree, etc.

Anastasio Somoza

Nicaraguan dictator. US supported dictator because he was better than original. At first supported by US, but then revolts against US ideas. This was the funded dictator who ruled Nicaragua. The U.S. funded this dictator to rule.

FSLN

Nicaraguan guerilla insurgency that began to fight their gov

26th of July Movement

On July 26, 1953, at the age of 26, Castro lead a group of 165 students in an audacious attack on the Moncada military barracks near Santiago, intended to spark insurrection against Batista. Poorly armed, and with little military training, the attack failed. Castro and his brother Raul were captured and jailed. The trail and publication of his History Will Absolve Me speech made Castro famous. Castro was released from prison after he had served only two years of his sentence. He then left for Mexico where he began to plan another attempt to overthrow the Cuban government.

Reagan Doctrine

Oppose the influence of the Soviet Union by backing anti-communist guerrillas against the communist governments of Soviet-backed client states. Somewhat triggered by Afghanistan - aiding mujahideen to hurt Soviets (REAGAN's COLD WAR --> largely rejected Carter's policies--> argued that Carter was too weak on communism I. Reagan's Policy overview A. Reagan Doctrine -rejection of Carter's policies -re-focus on "Soviet Threat" -cited leftist movements emerging throughout Granada, Iran --> not all of these were sponsored by Soviets but used them as examples that Soviets were big threat -Reagan restores AID to many regimes --> return to Nixon type policies with return to being nice to military gov. -vocally disliked Panama treaty -vocally disliked Jimmy in Cuba -Reagan Doctrine: Assumed Soviet Union was advancing in the world, and that the U.S. must take action -U.S. would give support for anti-communist insurgencies to confront soviet takeovers B. Caribbean Basin Initiative: economic response to the rise of leftist movements -he lowered tariffs and embraced free trade -sponsored loan allocations to these countries -akin to dollar diplomacy in that we used $ to support american interests

SOA/WHINSEC

School of Americas -graduates involved in El Mozote and graduates include Panama dictators, Bolivian dictators, Videla --> Argentina

FMLN

a guerilla insurgency that began to fight El Salvador's GOV

Fulgenico Batista

This man riled as a military dictator of Cuba since 1952, aided by the U.S. American corporations basically controlled the country. A popular movement of resistance to the regime started in 1957 under the leadership of Fidel Castro. On January 1, 1959, Castro marched into Havana and established a new govt. He implemented drastic policies of land reform and experimenting foreign businesses and resources/ H accepted assistance from the Soviet Union in 1960, and the US cut back the quota by which Cuba could export sugar o American at a favored price. As one of the Eisenhower administration's last acts, it served diplomatic relations with Castro. In response, Cuba cemented an alliance with the Soviet Union.

El Mozote

Took place in 1981 - massacre of an entire village (men, women, children, babies). Over a thousand people were killed. It is the largest massacre of the El Salvadorian Civil War. These civilians were supporters of the army who ended up killing them (believed they supported the guerrillas).

Woodrow Wilson/Intervention for Democracy

Wilson denounced dollar diplomacy and heavy handed military intervention (words only) -Western Hemisphere Approach (rather than Sphere of Influence)?? -Wilson: "Making world safe for democracy." -United States should promote democracy in Latin America "I'm going to teach them to elect good men" -Cover up for power politics? --> he said he was going to establish gov --> orderly in Mexico -United States intervenes and oversees elections --> personal prof: democracy is so much more than elections

Jose Marti

a Cuban poet and journalist in exile in New York who launched a revolution in 1895. He organized Cuban resistance against Spain, using an active guerrilla campaign and deliberately destroying property. He counted on provoking U.S. intervention to help the rebels achieve a free Cuba. -although he favored independence, one of his greatest fears was that the United States would annex Cuba

filibuster

a person who raises a private army to invade a foreign county -driven by Manifest Destiny *William Walker: -tried to declare Sonoran, Mexico independent -found not guilty of violating neutrality -Nicaragua -Cali -at one point was President of Nicaragua -changes mexican national language to English and legalized slavery -HONDURAS wouldn't stand for him so invaded and executed him

Western Hemispheric Idea

a) two spheres: the new sphere (religious freedom) vs. old sphere (everyone trying to escape) b) democracy-political mission of the United States to spread democracy -JQA said fundamental differences in character

Mexican War

after disputes over Texas lands that were settled by Mexicans the United States declared war on Mexico in 1846 and by treaty in 1848 took Texas and California and Arizona and New Mexico and Nevada and Utah and part of Colorado and paid Mexico $15,000,000 *President Polk approves annexation of Texas, February 27, 1845 -popular support of annexing Texas *American troops move into disputed territory, war commences -War on Mexico.. *Reactions on both sides of the border -some say we should have annexed all of Mexico -some say that it did help Mexico because some say it was too big, helped them control territory -economic downturn in Mexico, gold rush -poisoned U.S./Mexican relationship -Mexico's nationalism --> anti-American strewn in it, very isolationist

Sphere of Influence Approach to M.D.

an area in which one Great Power assumes exclusive responsibility for maintenance of peace; it denotes a situation in which one power has acquired a monopoly or near monopoly for its services in that area , an area in which one Great Power assumes exclusive responsibility

Cuban Missile Crisis

an international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later, on condition that US doesn't invade Cuba A. Soviet arms buildup on Cuba -in October 1962 -we could see that there were facilities making nuclear missiles B. 13 days -JFK huddled up with advisors and tried to decide how to solve crisis C. Decision: naval blockade -decided to impose naval blockade on Cuba --> sent message to Soviet union --> a few days later one of our planes was shot down- Cuba or Soviets? D. Ultimatum to Soviets -they sent urgent message saying you need to remove missiles or we will strike Cuba, Krushev ordered that missile sites be taken down -in exchange, they promised to take down missile sites in Turkey and not invade Cuba -CASTRO LEFT OUT OF NEGOTIATIONS -even though missiles gone, not much else changed E. Nuclear War Thwarted

Sam Zemmuray/Banana Republics

definition=a politically unstable country whose economy is dependent on the export of a single product, such as bananas and whose political systems are largely controlled by MNCs -bananas-cheaper and fad -cases: Honduras and Guatemala -Multinational Corporations: United Fruit (Now Chiquita), Standard Fruit (Dole), Cuyomel -did heavily invest in infrastructure --> controlled by MNCs and not government -Sam Zemurray -actually engineered a coup or private army -United States kind of supported because thought they were doing a better job

Mann Doctrine

i. U.S. policy outline by Thomas Mann during the Johnson administration that called for stability in Latin America rather than economic and political reform A. LBJ, secretary of state --> Thomas E. Mann- he was doubtful if this tactic was strong enough to keep economists out -LBJ's policy was one of support of authorization -expresses a preference for ? B. Mann Doctrine 1. Proclamation of economic growth without social form 2. Protection of U.S. investment 3. No preference for democratic regimes 4. Opposition to communism -wasn't until Jimmy Carter that we see concern for human rights and democracy The Mann Doctrine meant that the US would turn a blind eye towards military regimes in Latin America if they were willing to remain anti-communist. Year: 1965

Contra War

our intervention was because we were concerned the Sandinistas were giving arms (nic to El Salvador) and so the U.S. intervened -thousands of disaffected Nicaraguans and we organized them into an insurgency and called them CONTRAS --> going against Sandinista revolution -we trained them in Honduras and Costa Rica and from there they launched attacks against Sandinist government -strong opposition at home because U.S. had just left Vietnam, etc. -Boland amendment -> could only aid the Contras in an effort to stop the movement of arms to El Salvador

Boland Amendment

response to CIA attempting to overthrow the govt in Nicaragua, forbids the CIA or any other agency or entity involved in intelligence activities to spend money to support the Contras (many memebers served the oppresive regime that the US had backed & had been overthrown in '79)

Liberal Institutionalism

sum: Injustice, war and aggression are not inevitable products of international relations. International institutions and collective security can help to eliminate conflict. A. MAIN ASSUMPTIONS -cooperation rather than conflict: reject notion of why countries don't go to war has a balance of power -International institutions, non-state actors, international law, collective security -Military force is not all-important. Diplomacy, conflict resolution, international institutions matter. -Trade/economic interdependence is a force for peace. -Democracies are more peaceful than non-democracies