LD 35 - Firearms and Chemical Agents

Demonstrate the following elements to accurately shoot a firearm: shotgun grip

*Primary hand is properly placed on the pistol grip of the shotgun *Support hand is forward on the fore end of the shotgun *Grip of both hands is firm and equal

Demonstrate the following elements to accurately shoot a firearm: sight alignment

*align the sights - when the decision to shoot has been made, center the front sight in the notch of the rear sight. The top of the front sight should be level with the top of the rear sight. Equal amounts of light should be visible on either side of the front sight as viewed through the rear sight *align target - place the top center of the front sight exactly on the desired point of impact on the target

Describe the safety precautions for proper storage of firearms

- Keep all firearms inaccessible from children and other unauthorized persons - Store ammunition separately from firearms - Take all precautions against theft by storing firearms in a secure location and in a locked container. If no secure container is available, a locking device should be used or the firearm should be disassembled before storing.

Speed loader

A device that can be used to load cartridges into a revolver, filling the entire cylinder in one step

Cartridge

A self-contained unit which includes a projectile and propellant capable of firing the projectile through the barrel of a firearm

Define shot pattern as it related to shotgun shells

A shot pattern is the diameter of a circle in which the shot will fit.

Rifled slug

A shotgun shell with a single round nose projectile

Round

A single cartridge

Shell

A single unit of ammunition used in a shotgun

Shotgun

A smooth-bored firearm designed to be fired frim the shoulder with two hands, primarily intended for firing multiple projectiles at one time

Wound ballistics

A study of how a fired projectile affects tissue

Fight

An encounter in which a peace officer must overcome hostile resistance to a lawful exercise of authority

Base plate

An external plate that holds in the contents of the magazine

Floor plate

An internal device which holds the follower and spring in place

Malfunction

An unexpected interruption in the firing sequence. Some malfunctions may be cleared by the officer.

Deadly force

Any force that is likely to cause death or serious bodily injury

Cover

Anything that may stop or deflect an opponent's bullet

Concealment

Anything that prevents an opponent from observing an officer

Combat

Armed fighting where a peace officer is engaged in a confrontation that may result in great bodily injury or death

Demonstrate the following elements to accurately shoot a firearm: follow through

Concentrate on the front sight constantly throughout the firing sequence, maintain the trigger in the rearward position until the firearm is brought out of recoil, maintain the sight picture, prepare to shoot again if necessary

Demonstrate the following elements to accurately shoot a firearm: sight picture

Focus sharply on the top center of the front sight. The rear sight and aiming point should be blurry.

Describe the basic information about shotguns including steps for unloading

Follow all fundamental rules of firearms safety, engage the action release and open the chamber, remove any round that may be in the chamber, remove all rounds from the magazine tube, visually and physically inspect the chamber, magazine tube and loading port to verify that no shells remain in the shotgun

Armorer

Individual who is factory authorized to inspect and repair firearms

Ejection port

Opening where spent casings are expelled from the shotgun

Decocking

Process of safely releasing the hammer of a firearm to its forward position and returning the firearm to a double-action mode

Extractor

Pulls the casing out of the handguns chamber

Ejector

Pushes the spent casing from the ejection port

Shot

Small round projectiles contained in a shotgun shell

Lubricants

Substance used to protect the metal parts, reduce friction and cover a surface with a protective coating

Dry firing

The act or result of pulling the trigger of an unloaded firearm for the purpose of practice shooting or testing the firearm

Action

The assembly of functional parts which move when the trigger is pulled, causing the firearm to fire

Ballistics

The general study of projectiles

Ammunition

The general term applied to cartridges and shotgun shells used as firearm projectiles

Stance

The physical positioning of the shooters body when preparing to shoot a handgun or shotgun

Holstering

The placing of a handgun into the officers holster so that it is secure and available for use

Clearing

The process of completely emptying all cartridges/shells from a firearm and rendering it safe

Racking

The process of operating the action of a firearm to chamber a round

Trigger control

The process of using smooth continuous pressure on the trigger without disturbing the sight picture

Sight alignment

The relationship between the shooter's eye and the front and rear sights of the firearm

Drawing

The removal of a firearm from the holster

Describe the basic information about shotguns including steps for rendering the shotgun safe

The safety is on, all rounds are removed from the chamber and magazine tube, the chamber and magazine tube have been visually and physically inspected to verify the shotgun is empty and the action is left open.

Explain the correlation to the distance traveled by the shot and the size of the shot pattern

The shot pattern will increase in size as the shot travels. After 30 yards, the shot pattern begins to deteriorate.

Chamber check

The visual verification of the condition of the firearm to determine if a round is in the chamber

State the 4 fundamental rules od firearms safety

Treat all firearms as if they are loaded, always keep the firearm pointed in the safest possible direction, always keep fingers off the trigger until ready to fire the firearm and be sure of the target and what's beyond it before firing the firearm

Out of battery

When any portion of the action is out of the firing position

Describe the basic information about a semiautomatic pistol and magazine, including steps for loading

When loading a magazine officers should hold the magazine in their support hand and handle the cartridges in their primary firing hand When loading a semiautomatic pistol officers should follow all fundamental rules of firearms safety, load the full magazine into the magazine well and pull back and release on the slide to chamber a round

In Battery

When the action of a firearm is in the firing position

Sight picture

When the shooters focus is on the top center of the front sight and the rear sight and aiming point is out of focus

Follow-through

The continuation of grip, stance, breath control, sight alignment and trigger control after a shot has been fired

Caliber

The diameter of a projectile measured in hundredths of an inch or in millimeters

Shot pattern

The diameter of the circle in which the spreading shot that has just been fired from a shotgun will fit

Cycle of operation

The entire process of pulling the trigger to load a semi-automatic firearm, firing a cartridge, ejecting the cartridge, cocking the hammer and a new cartridge loading into the chamber

Buckshot

The largest and most commonly used shot contained in shotgun shells

Grip

The manner in which the firearm is held, also the term used to refer to the handle of the gun

Squid Load

The partial burning of a powder charge in a cartridge can result in insufficient force to propel the bullet out of the firearm

Field strip

The partial disassembly, complete wipe down and visual inspection of the primary parts of the handgun and magazine

Load

The projectiles that are contained in a shotgun shell

Incapacitation

The total removal of a persons ability or power to act

Grain

Unit of weight of a projectile

Describe the basic information about shotguns including advantages

* Can be used is a variety of situations - it can be used as a rifle, a shotgun or as a chemical agent delivery device * Multiple projectiles - it has the potential to fire multiple projectiles instead of one with every pull of the trigger. There is greater potential to cause severe trauma or damage to human tissue * Variety of loads - shotgun shells can contain slugs, pellets and even birdshot. When tactically appropriate a rifled slug may be used. * Psychological value - often the appearance of a peace officer with a shotgun or the sound of a shotgun being racked may provide enough of a deterrent to force a suspect to submit to the officer's authority

Describe the basic information about shotguns including limitations

* Portability - when moving in tight areas a large shotgun may prove to be a hindrance * Accessibility - shotguns are not carried on an officer's person as handguns are * Shot pattern - when using multiple projectiles the pellets spread out into a continuing greater area as they move toward the target. At greater distances the shot pattern may be so large that it proves to be ineffective or actually misses the target. * Collateral damage - due to the spread of projectiles there may be greater risk to bystanders or nearby property * Altercations - difficult to secure during a physical altercation

Apply proper steps for drawing

*Acquire a grip with the primary hand on the firearm while at the same time releasing all safety restraining snaps or straps *In one smooth motion, lift the firearm out of the holster until the muzzle clears the holster. Keep the support hand away and clear of the muzzle *Extend the firearm downrange toward the intended target or threat or to a low ready position

Demonstrate the following elements to accurately shoot a firearm: standing position

*Advantages - better visibility, greater mobility, allows the officer to pivot and engage multiple targets *Disadvantages - greater officer exposure

Demonstrate the following elements to accurately shoot a firearm: kneeling position

*Advantages - may be used for close range encounters, easy to assume, provides less exposure of the officer than standing, allows the officer to pivot and engage multiple targets, officer can utilize low cover *Disadvantages - less mobility, limited visibility

Demonstrate the following elements to accurately shoot a firearm: prone position

*Advantages - provides minimal exposure of the officer, officer can utilize low cover *Disadvantages - limited mobility, limited visibility

Describe the components that may prevent problems and that should be examined during a routine safety inspection

*Barrel - bulges or splits, obstructions, rust, heavy rust or pits, a barrel that is loose from the frame *Frame - cracks, wear, heavy rust or pits, light rust, powder build-up, loose mainspring tension screws *Sights - loose parts, broken parts, bent parts *Cylinder - poor or not free rotation when open, jiggling or rotation by finger pressure when closed, improper alignment with barrel *Cylinder release - loose release, loose screw *Firing pin - broken or chipped pin, obstruction *Grip - broken grip, loose grip *Magazine - weakened spring, dirt build up, cracked body, loose or bent floor plate, bent lips, follower not working properly

Describe the types of malfunctions and demonstrate clearing methods for: revolvers

*Failure to fire - trigger is pulled, hammer falls, but no projectile is discharged from the revolver. Possible cause: no round in chamber. Defective cartridge. Defective firearm. *Slow cylinder - cylinder does not properly rotate. Possible cause: dirty firearm. Improperly seated cartridge. Broken spring. Loose ejector rod. Loose retaining screw. Defective firearm. *Stopped cylinder - cylinder fails to move at all. Possible cause: cylinder not completely closed. Defective firearm.

Describe the types of malfunctions and demonstrate clearing methods for: shotguns

*Failure to fire - trigger is pulled, hammer falls, but no projectile is discharged from the shotgun. Possible cause: no round in the chamber. Defective cartridge. Broken firing pin. Bolt not locked into place. *Failure to eject - empty shell has been extracted from the chamber and protrudes from the ejection port rather than being ejected clear from the shotgun. Possible cause: failure to fully and briskly rack the action. Bent action bars. Broken/damaged extractor *Double feed - action does not close after the shotgun has been fired and an attempt has been made to cycle the action. Possible cause: Empty shell remains in the chamber. Broken/damaged extractor *Failure to fully chamber - shell fails to chamber completely after the action has been cycled. Possible cause: dirty chamber. Use of an oversized shell case. Action of battery. *Stacked feed - action will not open. Possible cause: shell in chamber while another is on the carrier plate.

Describe the types of malfunctions: semiautomatic pistols

*Failure to fire - trigger is pulled, hammers falls, but no projectile is discharged from the pistol. Possible causes: check safety, improperly seated magazine, defective cartridge, no round in the chamber, empty magazine, defective firearm *Failure to eject - spent cartridge fault to completely eject and protrudes from the ejection port. Possible cause: improper lubrication, improperly functioning extractor or ejector, defective cartridge, improper grip, defective firearm *Failure to extract - two cartridges attempt to feed into the chamber at the same time. Possible cause: damaged extractor, damaged magazine, unextracted cartridge case, dirty chamber, defective firearm *Failure to feed - cartridge does not feed into the chamber. Possible cause: magazine not fully seated into the magazine well, use of an oversized cartridge case, dirty chamber, defective firearm.

Describe the cycle of operations that takes place with each single pull of a semiautomatic pistol trigger

*Firing - as the rigger is pulled the hammer/striker is released. The hammer moves forward striking the firing pin. The firing pin then strikes the primer, which in turn ignites the powder charge in the round. The expanding gasses from the burning powder force the projectile from the casing and down the barrel *Unlocking - as the projectile is forced from the pistol, the casing is forced in the opposite direction. This force moves the slide to the rear of the handgun. * Extracting - As the slide moves to the rear, the extractor pulls the casing out of the handgun's chamber *Ejecting - the casing is then deflected out of the ejection port *Cocking - when the slide completes its movement to the rear, the hammer/striker is cocked *Feeding - the recoil spring begins to push the slide forward in the firing position. When the slide moves forward again, the next round is taken from the top of the magazine. *Chambering - the force of the spring inside the magazine pushes the next round from the top of the magazine into the chamber *Locking - the recoil spring forces the slide all the way into the forward position, locking the slide in place. The pistol is then ready to fire, beginning the cycle once again

Demonstrate clearing methods for: semiautomatic pistols

*First attempt: firmly tap the bottom of the magazine with the heel of the support hand to make sure the magazine is in place and properly seated. Retract the slide to the rear and then release it to chamber a round. Make sure the pistol is in battery. Check safety/decocker lever as applicable. Assess the threat. *Second attempt: Lock the slide to the rear. Remove the magazine. Rack to clear the chamber. Lock slide reward. Insert new magazine. Release slide. Assess the threat.

Describe the basic information about a revolver including primary components and their functions

*Frame - main part of the revolver which contains the action, barrel, trigger, cylinder and grip. *Cylinder and chambers - round device which contains a series of holes referred to as chambers. Each chamber holds a single cartridge. The cylinder rotates to place each chamber into firing position. *Cylinder release - latch which allows the cylinder to be opened out from the frame *Extractor / ejector rod - removes the cartridges from the cylinder when the cylinder is open *Barrel - tube through which the bullet is discharged *Barrel rifling - spiral grooves matching into the interior if the firearm's barrel, which causes the bullet to spin when fired, giving it stability *Muzzle - the end of the firearm from which the projectile emerges *Sights - devices used to aid in aiming the firearm *Trigger - device which, when pulled, activates the hammer *Trigger guard - device which circles the trigger *Hammer - devices that drives the firing pin forward *Firing pin - device which strikes the primer of the cartridge *Grip - portion of the firearm that is held in the hand *Backstrap - back of the grip that the palm of the primary hand fits around

Describe possible physiological responses an officer may experience under the stress of a combat situation

*Gross motor skills - blood supply to the major muscle groups is increased. An individual's strength and endurance potential is increased. Skills can be performed optimally under extreme levels of stress i.e. ability to lift heavy objects *Fine motor skills - blood supply to the extremities is decreased. Accuracy and dexterity of fine skills are impaired under extreme levels of stress i.e. hand coordination *Complex motor skills - blood supply to the extremities is decreased. Accuracy and dexterity of fine skills are impaired under extreme levels of stress i.e. movement coordination *Heart rate increases - from 70 to 200 bpm *Auditory changes - inability to hear shots being fired or other loud noises. Hearing sounds that would normally be impossible to hear. *Tunnel vision - distorted or impaired peripheral vision. *Color distortion - seeing colors that are different from what they actually are. *Time distortion - a sense of time and motion slowing down *Physical detachment - a sense of watching oneself function *Other 0 dizziness, profuse perspiration, tremors, extreme thirst, urination, defecation, vomiting

Describe the basic information about a semiautomatic pistol and magazine, including primary components

*Hammer - part of the handgun that drives the firing pin forward *Trigger - device which, when pulled, releases the hammer/striker *Trigger guard - device which circles the trigger *Barrel - tube through which the bullet is discharged *Muzzle - end of the firearm from which the projectile emerges *Slide - Top part of the firearm that contains the firing mechanism and ejects spent cartridge and cycles new cartridge *Slide lock - locks the slide to the rear *Safety - device designed to prevent the firearm from firing *Decocking lever - device on most semiautomatic pistols that is designed to safely lower the hammer and / o release the slide *Sights - devices used to aid in aiming the firearm *Ejection port - location where spent cartridge is ejected from the handgun *Grip - portion of the firearm that is held in the hand *Frame - metal or polymer housing of the handgun below the slide *Disassembly lever - lever that allows removal of slide from frame *Magazine well - opening at bottom of the grip where the magazine is inserted *Magazine release - mechanism that, when depressed, releases the magazine from the firearm *Tang - the curved tongue portion on the top of the backstrap *Backstrap - the back portion of the grip *Barrel rifling - the spiral grooves machined into the interior of the firearm's barrel which causes the bullet to spin when fired, giving it stability *Breech - rear end of the barrel, including the chamber *Chamber - inner portion of the barrel, including the chamber *Firing pin - part of the handgun which strikes the primer of the cartridge *Ejector - pushes the spent round from the ejection port *Recoil spring and guide - mechanism that returns the slide to the firing position *Extractor - device that pulls casings from the chamber *Magazine body - exterior casing holding the mechanism of the magazine *Magazine follower - device that directly follows the rounds and is pushed up by the spring *Magazine spring - provides the tension which forces rounds up the magazine *Magazine feed lips - portion of the magazine body which holds the rounds in the proper position *Magazine floor plate - internal device which holds the follower and spring in place *Magazine base plate - external plate that holds in the contents of the magazine

Demonstrate the following elements to accurately shoot a firearm: stance types

*Isosceles - the shooter is facing the target, shoulders are squared and both arms are forward and straight, shoulders and arms form an isosceles triangle *Weaver - the shooter stands in a position if interview at a 45 degree angle to the suspect with the support hand forward, wedged toward the target. The shooting arm elbow is slightly bent. *Modified weaver - the shooter stands in a position of interview at a 45 degree angle to the suspect with the support hand forward, wedged toward the target. Primary arm is locked at the elbow

Explain steps officers can take to prepare themselves for the extreme stress of combat

*Mental preparation - visualizing possible threats and worst-case scenarios allows officers to identify possible responses. Discussing possible scenarios with other officers can also help one officer benefit from another's experiences. *Physical conditioning - regular exercise is critical to ensure that an officer will be physically capable of performing adequately when placed in a combat situation. Use of tobacco will compromise an officer's lung capacity and that officer's ability to breath as well as place the officer at risk of serious illness. *Proper nutrition - following good nutritional practices can greatly affect an officer's performance under stress. Caffeine can accelerate the heart rate and should be used in moderation. *Equipment maintenance - knowing that a firearm is well maintained and always ready for operation is critical for officer safety and the safety of others. *Confidence building - confidence is a mind set that is based upon past experiences and observations. Confidence can be enhanced by learning new skills while maintaining or increasing the level of proficiency in existing skills. Confidence in personal abilities may lower heart rate during confrontation allowing for optimum performance. *Initial and ongoing training - skills that are learned in a static, non-stressful environment translate best to reactionary motor skills in a dynamic environment. All motor skills require constant practice in order to maintain adequate levels of performance. Additional or refresher training can correct problems that may have developed over time as well as improve current levels of ability and enhance self-confidence. *Support groups - many agencies have some form of support for an officer involved in a critical incident. Support groups may be compromised of fellow officers who have experience similar occurrences. one-on-one counseling may also be available

Describe limitations officers may encounter when shooting under low light / nighttime conditions

*Night vision - adaption to light and dark is only partly controlled by the pupil. Although the eye becomes accustomed to bright light quickly, it may take from 10-30 minutes to allow the officer to see fully in the dark again. *Limited depth perception - as the lightinglevel drops, depth perception becomes impaired. Once the level drops to a point where colors cannot be distinguished, an officer's depth perception can be greatly limited. Shades of grey appear to be less clear than colors. *Limited target identification - identification of subject and hand-held objects becomes difficult. As the amount of light continues to diminish or if the distance increases, accurate identification may be impossible without artificial light. *Flash disorientation - when the eye is subjected to repeated intense light, the perception of movement becomes difficult. Disorientation becomes even more sever if the source of light is viewed directly. *Officer limitations - focus and adaption times can increase as the officer ages. Vision may also be impaired by: some prescription and non-prescription medications, poor physical conditions, certain illnesses, use of tobacco or caffeine.

Demonstrate the following elements to accurately shoot a firearm: trigger control

*Place the center of the index finger tip pad on the trigger. Apply a smooth continuous pressure on the trigger. Pull straight to the rear with no stops or jerks. Maintain the sight alignment of the firearm until the firearm fires.

Describe the primary components of a shotgun shell

*Primer - detonation charge contained in the base of a shotgun shell. Ignites the powder charge. *Powder charge - gun powder which burns when detonated by the primer. *Wad - a plastic, fiber or paper filler material used to separate that powder charge from the shot *Load - projectiles fired from a single shell toward the intended threat *Shell case - outer container that holds the primer, powder charge, wad and shot. May be composed of metal, plastic or paper, with a metal base.

Describe the primary components of firearm cartridges

*Primer - detonation charge contained in the base of the cartridge *Powder charge - gun powder which burns when detonated by the primer *Bullet - actual projectile that is expelled from the firearm toward the intended threat *Cartridge case - outer container that holds the primer, powder charge and projectile. Usually made of brass or other metal *Blank shell - a cartridge which contains an explosive charge but without a bullet

Explain the chain of events that takes place when a projectile is discharged from a cartridge

*Primer detonated - when struck by the firing pin/striker, the pressure sensitive compound of the primer explodes. The compound changes structure and disintegrates completely. Heat is generated in the explosion. *Powder ignited - powder is ignited by the heat generated from the primer. The burning powder creates great quantities of gas which expand very rapidly. Pressure builds in the chamber and barrel from the expanding gasses. *Bullet expelled - the expanding gasses force the bullet from the firearm's barrel

Describe possible psychological responses an officer may experience under the stress of a combat situation

*Reasonable fear - sudden sound produced outside one's field of vision. Sudden or erratic move by a suspect. Sight of a firearm in a suspect's possession. Knowledge that one is in danger of bodily harm. *Anger - when appropriately channeled, can enable an officer to keep fighting during a crisis situation.

Apply proper steps for holstering

*Remove the trigger finger away from the trigger. Keep the trigger finger outside the trigger guard and away from the trigger *Decock the hammer of the firearm if necessary *Keep support hand from crossing the muzzle of the firearm *Point the firearm downward toward the holster *Place the thumb of the primary hand over the rear of the slide *Firmly seat the firearm into the holster and release the grip *Refasten the holster safety snaps and straps

Describe the equipment needed to properly clean firearms

*Screwdrivers - specifically designed to be used with firearms. Should fit screw slots exactly to prevent damage to the screw or firearm surface. *Bore brush - made to fit the specific size of the firearm. Bristles are made of a material hard enough to remove stubborn deposits, but soft enough to protect the rifling bore *Cylinder brush - used only when cleaning the cylinder of a revolver. Slightly larger in diameter and longer than a bore brush *Cleaning brush - can be a specially made cleaning brush or a common tooth brush. Used to remove deposits, such as powder residue, from critical areas. *Cleaning rod - made of a metal that is softer than the metal of the barrel. Should be stiff enough not to bend. Should be longer than the barrel to ensure that it will clear the bore. Equipped with a swivel handle and end that will accept a variety of threaded tips.

Demonstrate the following elements to accurately shoot a firearm: shotgun shouldering

*The primary side elbow may be raised *The butt of the stock is in the pocket which is formed in the chest and shoulder areas, just inside the deltoid *The shooter's primary side cheek should contact the comb of the stock *The support elbow is drawn inward so that it is positioned directly below the shotgun

State the guidelines for the safe handling of ammunitions

*Treat every round as though it were fully charged and capable of discharging *Use only the type and caliber of ammunition specifically recommended by the firearm's manufacturer *Never fire at a threat you do not intend to hit *Avoid dropping live rounds or hitting them with any object *Learn the sound and fell of a good firing and know what to do when a round misfires *All ammunition should be replaced on a regular basis *Never use ammunition where the pressure levels exceed industry standards for the forearm being used

Describe the basic information about shotguns including primary components and their functions

*Trigger - device which, when pulled, activates the hammer *Trigger guard - device which circles the trigger *Barrel - tube through which the projectile is discharged *Muzzle - the end of the shotgun from which the bullet emerges *Loading port - opening where cartridges are loaded into the shotgun *Magazine tube - portion of the shotgun that holds ammunition *Ejection port - opening where spent casings are expelled from the shotgun *Receiver/frame - housing for firing mechanism *Grip - portion of the stock at the rear of the receiver where the officer's primary hand grasps the shotgun in all searching and firing positions *Stock - portion of the shotgun attached to the frame and that is used to assist in holding the shotgun *Butt - rear of the stock *Safety - mechanism which locks or blocks the trigger, hammer or other part of the action so that the shotgun cannot discharge *Action release - device on the trigger guard that unlocks the shotgun's slide handle allowing the slide handle to open and close the action *Sights - devices used to aid in aiming the shotgun *Fore end - operates the action to chamber a shell

Demonstrate the following elements to accurately shoot a firearm: firearm grip

*Web of the palm of the primary hand is placed as high as possible on the back strap of the firearm *Index finger remains off the trigger *Front sight, rear sight and radial bone of the forearm are in alignment when the firearm is raised to a shooting position

Describe the materials needed to properly clean firearms

*solvent - used to clean parts of the firearm, loosens or dissolves lead deposits, dissolves powder residue and lacquer-like chemical deposits from powder, loosens, dissolves and helps remove dirt, grime and grit, offers some ruse protection. *lubricant - protects metal parts and helps them work smoothly, reduces friction and wear, covers metal surfaces with a protective coating, prevents moisture and other corrosive agents from contacting metals, helps prevent rust caused by perspiration salts from handling *cleaning patches - absorbs excess solvents, lubricants and rust inhibitors, wipes metal surfaces clean, removes salts and other deposits from handling, should be clean, soft and made from a lint free cotton or similar material, can also be patches from major cleaning materials manufacturers or silicone treated cloth *personal protective materials - eye protection and rubber gloves *other materials - pipe cleaners and cotton swabs for cleaning small areas when cleaning rags will not fit

Explain basic guidelines to be followed when entering the firing range

- Listen carefully for range commands and obey them instantly - Request clarification if a command is not clear or was not completely heard - Always wear approved eye and ear protection - Keep firearm in its holster until instructed to remove it by the instructor or range master

Explain basic guidelines to be followed when handguns are unholstered

- Listen carefully for range commands and obey them instantly - Request clarification if a command is not clear or was not completely heard - Have the slide locked back and the magazine removed if using a semiautomatic pistol - Have the cylinder open if using a revolver

Explain basic guidelines to be followed when on the firing line

- Listen carefully for range commands and obey them instantly - Request clarification if a command is not clear or was not completely heard - Keep barrel pointed in a safe direction - Talk only when the instructor or range master speaks to you directly - Never allow the barrel of the firearm to point toward others - Raise your non-shooting hand to gain the instructor's or range master's attention if they have a question or see a safety violation - Never proceed forward of the firing line except when commanded to do so - Only put a finger on the trigger just prior to intended firing - Never attempt to pick up any item that has dropped on the ground unless instructed to do so - Stop firing immediately on command

Blank shell

A cartridge which contains an explosive charge but without a bullet

Magazine

A container that holds cartridges and fits inside the magazine well of a semi-automatic firearm

Anger

A feeling of displeasure from a perceived injury, mistreatment or opposition to oneself or to another person

Automatic firearm

A firearm that will load and fire automatically and continuously with a single pull and hold of the trigger until the magazine is empty

Semi-automatic firearm

A firearm that will load and fire only one cartridge automatically with a single pull

Revolver

A handgun equipped with a revolving cylinder that can contain several cartridges and can be fired repeatedly without being reloaded until the cylinder is empty

Semi-automatic pistol

A handgun that features a magazine which holds cartridges that self-load into the firing chamber automatically

Jacket

A metal envelope that encloses or partially encloses the bullet within a cartridge

Double-action

A method of shooting a firearm where pulling the trigger begins a complete cycle of operation to fire the firearm

Single-action

A method of shooting where the hammer is cocked before the firearm is fired

Stress

A nonspecific response of the body to any demand made of it

Fear

A normal emotional response to a perceived threat

Solvents

A toxic liquid substance capable of loosening, dissolving or helping to remove dirt, grime, lead deposits, powder residue, copper and grit from a firearm

Apply routine procedures for cleaning firearms

All cleaning and lubricating of semiautomatic firearms should be done according to the manufacturer's instructions and specifications for that particular firearm. Cleaning and maintenance requirements differ from one make and model of a semiautomatic pistol to another. It is the responsibility if officers to be familiar with the cleaning and maintenance procedures for their specific firearm

Describe the three ways shot placement can stop a threat to include central nervous system, critical blood loss and psychological

Central nervous system - any projectile that strikes the brain or spinal cord is capable of causing immediate incapacitation Critical blood loss - blood loss from damaged organs and vessels can lead to a drop in blood pressure causing the person to lose consciousness. Highly dependent on bullet size and design. Damage caused by tearing of flesh or shearing muscle will result in blood loss. Unless the heart, vane cava or aorta are damaged, blood loss may be slow and will not incapacitate a person for some time. Psychologically - during a confrontation some people are not aware they have been shot. Others may overreact to minor wounds and collapse. There is no true way to realistically assess a person's reactions to being shot and officers cannot count on psychological impact to cause incapacitation.

Demonstrate clearing methods for: shotguns

Check the condition of the safety. Rack the shotgun to chamber a shell. Assess the threat.

Discharge

Emit, unload, to release the charge - shoot

Demonstrate the following elements to accurately shoot a firearm: shotgun stance

Feet are shoulder width apart, upper body is bent forward at waist, support side knee is forward and bent, primary side hip is to the rear, weight is slightly forward, head and neck are kept erect, shooter is able to move in any direction

Demonstrate the following elements to accurately shoot a firearm: firearm stance

Feet are shoulder width apart, weight is evenly distributed, upper body is upright or bent slightly forward, head and neck are kept erect, shooter is able to move in any direction

Describe the environment needed to properly clean firearms

Firearms should only be cleaned in an area that is safe, well ventilated and free of adverse conditions, distractions or bystanders. Before actual cleaning procedures begin, officers should put themselves in a positive and safety minded state of mind and assemble all necessary equipment and materials

Describe the basic information about a revolver including steps for loading

Follow all fundamental rules od firearms safety, open the cylinder, place a single round in each chamber of the cylinder one at a time, visually and physically inspect each chamber to make sure it contains a cartridge and close the cylinder and make sure it is locked in place.

Describe the basic information about shotguns including steps for loading

Follow all fundamental rules of firearms safety, open the action and visually and physically inspect the chamber to make sure it does not contain a shell, close the action and make sure it is locked in place then load shells on at a time into the magazine tube until the tube is filled to capacity. When chambering a shell, rack the action to chamber a round and keep the weapon pointed in a safe direction.

Describe the basic information about a revolver including steps for unloading

Follow all fundamental rules of firearms safety, open the cylinder, while holding the revolver muzzle up push the extractor/ejector rod down to release cartridges or spent casing from each chamber of the cylinder then visually and physically inspect each chamber in the cylinder to verify that it is empty.

Describe the basic information about a semiautomatic pistol and magazine, including steps for unloading

Follow all fundamental rules of firearms safety, release and remove the magazine, eject any cartridge that may still be in the pistol's chamber, lock slide to the rear and visually and physically verify that there is no round in the chamber

Describe the basic information about a semiautomatic pistol and magazine, including steps for rendering the semiautomatic pistol safe

Magazine has been removed, slide is locked open, unspent cartridges have been emptied from the chamber and the pistol has been checked to verify that there is no round in the chamber

Describe the basic information about a revolver including steps for rendering the revolver safe

Officers must always remember that a revolver has been rendered safe only when all rounds have been removed from each chamber of the cylinder and the cylinder is left open.

Demonstrate the following elements to accurately shoot a firearm: breath control

Officers should breathe in a smooth normal manner

Demonstrate clearing methods for: revolvers

Open the cylinder. Remove any observed defective cartridges. Reload new cartridges into the chamber. Close the cylinder. Assess the threat. Pull trigger again.

Firing pin

Part of the handgun which strikes the primer of the cartridge

Describe conditions an officer may face when in a combat situation

Rapid threat assessment. Shoot/no shoot decisions. Multiple targets. Moving targets. Varying target distances. Multiple shooting positions. Movement. Use of cover or concealment.