Leadership Exam 1

French and Raven's 5 Types of Power (define & example)

Coercive Power Legitimate Power Expert Power Reward Power Referent Power

Three Basic Kinds of Skills

Conceptual technical human

Opportunism

Definition □ People adapt and shift to any grid style needed to gain maximum advantage Role focus □ Performance occurs according to a system of selfish gain □ Leader uses any combination of the basic five styles for the purpose of advancement □ Leader usually has a dominant grid style used in most situations and a backup style that is reverted to when under pressure

Paternalism/Maternalism

Definition □ Reward and approval on people in return for loyalty and obedience; failure to comply leads to punishment Role focus □ Leaders who use both 1,9 and 9,1 without integrating the two □ The benevolent dictator, acts gracious for purpose of goal accomplishment □ Treats people as though they were disassociated from the task

What is Expert Power?

Expert Power is an individual's power deriving from the skills or expertise of the person and the organization's needs for those skills and expertise. Unlike the others, this type of power is usually highly specific and limited to the particular area in which the expert is trained and qualified. This type of power is further broken down later on as Information Power. EXPERT POWER - Based on followers' perceptions of the leader's competence. Example. A tour guide who is knowledgeable about a foreign country has expert power.

How do we Characterize good leader-member relations

Good- high degree of subordinate trust, liking, positive relationship

Crystallized Cognitive Ability (what is it, what does it refer to, what do we use it in reference to?)

Intellectual ability that is learned or acquired over time. It is the store of knowledge we get through experience. We learn more and increase our capacities over a lifetime, increasing out leadership potential. (problem solving skills, conceptual ability, social judgement skills) Grows continuously and typically doesn't fall off in adulthood.

Trait approach (who/what do we study)

One of the first systematic attempts to study leadership. Traits were studied to determine what made certain people great leaders.

What is Referent Power?

Referent Power means the power or ability of individuals to attract others and build loyalty. It's based on the charisma and interpersonal skills of the power holder. Here the person under power desires to identify with these personal qualities, and gains satisfaction from being an accepted follower. Nationalism or Patriotism counts towards an intangible sort of referent power as well. For example, soldiers fight in wars to defend the honor of the country. This is the second least obvious power, but the most effective. REFERENT POWER - Based on followers' identification and liking for the leader. Example. A schoolteacher who is adored by her students has referent power.

How do environmental influences affect a person's leadership? (what are they)

Represent factors that lie outside the leader's competencies, characteristics, and experiences. Example: an aging factory or one lacking in high speed technology could have a major impact on the nature of problem solving activities.

What is Reward Power?

Reward Power depends upon the ability of the power wielder to confer valued material rewards; it refers to the degree to which the individual can give others a reward of some kind such as benefits, time off, desired gifts, promotions or increases in pay or responsibility. This power is obvious but also ineffective if abused. People who abuse reward power can become pushy or became reprimanded for being too forthcoming or 'moving things too quickly'. REWARD POWER - Derived from having the capacity to provide rewards to others. Example. A supervisor who gives rewards to employees who work hard is using reward power.

conceptual skills

The ability to do the mental work of shaping meaning of organizational policy or issues (what company stands for and where it's going) § Works easily with abstraction and hypothetical notions § Central to creating and articulating a vision and strategic plan for an organization § Most important at top management levels

Social Judgement (what is it, where does it fit, why is it important)

§ Capacity to understand people and social systems □ Perspective taking □ Social perceptiveness □ Behavioral flexibility □ Social performance

Blake & Mouton Leadership Grid.. major 5 points on the grid (1,9)

§ Designed to explain how leaders help organizations to reach their purposes □ Two factors ® Concern for production ◊ How a leader is concerned with achieving organizational tasks ® Concern for people

3 Different Categories of Leader-Member relations

§ Refers to the group atmosphere and the degree of confidence, loyalty, and attraction of followers for leader § Group atmosphere □ Good- high degree of subordinate trust, liking, positive relationship □ Poor- little or no subordinate trust

What is Coercive Power?

Coercive Power means the application of negative influences onto employees. It might refer to the ability to demote or to withhold other rewards. It's the desire for valued rewards or the fear of having them withheld that ensures the obedience of those under power. Coercive Power tends to be the most obvious but least effective form of power as it builds resentment and resistance within the targets of Coercive Power. COERCIVE POWER - Derived from having the capacity to penalize or punish others. Example. A coach who sits players on the bench for being late to practice is using coercive power.

Leadership and Groups

Difference in leadership in small groups and organizations

Big 5 Leadership Study found that the factor that is most strongly associated with leadership was:

Extraversion

human skills

Having knowledge about and being able to work with people § Awareness of one's own perspective and others' perspectives at the same time § People skills help a leader to assist group members in working cooperatively to achieve common goals § Creates an atmosphere of trust where members feel they can become involved and impact decisions in the organization important at all levels of the organization

technical skills

Having knowledge about and being proficient in a specific type of work or activity § Specialized competencies § Analytical ability § Capability to use appropriate tools and techniques Technical skills involve hands on ability with a product or process Most important at lower levels of management

Coercion (recognize, define, provide example)

Involves the use of force to effect change. Influencing others to do something by manipulating the penalties and rewards in their work environment. Involves use of threats, punishment, and negative reward schedules. Hitler.

What is Legitimate Power?

Legitimate Power refers to power of an individual because of the relative position and duties of the holder of the position within an organization. Legitimate Power is formal authority delegated to the holder of the position. It is usually accompanied by various attributes of power such as uniforms, offices etc. This is the most obvious and also the most important kind of power. LEGITIMATE POWER - Associated with having status or formal job authority. Example. A judge who administers sentences in the courtroom exhibits legitimate power.

Different kinds of traits we are studying

extra-version vs. Intraversion Masculinity vs. Femininity. Intelligence, Self-confidence, Determination, Integrity, Sociability