Learn it Chapter 10

The rate at and the extend to which a vitamin is absorbed and used in the body is known as its: A. bioavailability B. intrinsic factor C. physiological effect D. pharmacological effect

A. bioavailability

Many of the B vitamins serve as: A. coenzymes B. antagonists C. antioxidants D. serotonin precurors

A. coenzymes

List the water soluble vitamins

B vitamins and vitamin C

Deficiency in Thiamin leads to

Beriberi

With respect to thiamin, which of the following is most nutrient dense: A. 1 slice whole-wheat bread B. 1 cup yogurt C. 1 cup of snow peas D. 1 chicken breast

C. 1 cup of snow peas

Vitamin C serves as a(n): A. Coenzyme B. Antagonist C. Antioxidant D. Intrinsic Factor

C. Antioxidant Vitamin C acts as an antioxidant- substance that decreases the adverse effects of free radicals in th ebody It also works as a cofactor in the synthesis of collagen, neurotransmitters ( serotonin and norepinephrine), hormones (thyroxine), and other compounds

A lack of intrinsic factor may lead to: A. BeriBeri B. Pellagra C. Pernicious anemia D. Atrophic gastritis

C. Pernicious anemia

Vitamins: A. are inorganic compounds B. yield energy when broken down C. are soluble in either water or fat D. perform best when linked in long chains

C. are soluble in either water or fat The vitamins are organic, essential nutrients needed in tiny amounts in the diet both to prevent deficiency diseases and to support optimal health. The body handles the vitamins differently depending on whether they are water- or fat-soluble

What do B vitamins serves as

Coenzymes- small organic, molecules closely associated with enzymes that facilitate the work of cells

Which of the following is a B vitamin? A. inositol B. Carnitine C. Vitamin B15 D. Pantothenic Acid

D. Pantothenic Acid

The best vitamin and mineral supplements: A. are high-potency B. are nanoceuticals C. Are made from organic vegetables D. provide 50 to 150% of the Daily Value

D. provide 50 to 150% of the Daily Value

The vitamin that protects against neural tube defects is:

Folate

Describe the relationship between folate and vitamin B 12

Folate is part of the coenzyme THF that activates vitamin B12. Excessive folate can mask the anemia of a Vitamin B 12 deficiency, but it will not prevent the associated nerve damage.

Which B vitamins are involved in cell division?

Folate, Vitamin B12

What risks are associated with high doses of Vitamin C?

Its water soluble so you urinate excess vitamin C out

Good sources of Riboflavin are:

Milk and milk products

Folate can protect against

Neural tube defects

What does vitamin C deficiency lead to

Scurvy

Identify the main roles, deficiency symptoms, and food sources for each of the B vitamins.

The B vitamins serve as coenzymes that facilitate the work of every cell. They are activate in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism and in the making of DNA and thus new cells. Historically famous B vitamin- deficiency diseases are beriberi (thiamin), pellagra (niacin), and pernicious anemia (vitamin B12). Pellagra can be prevented by an adequate protein intake because the amino acid tryptophan can be converted to niacin in the body. A high intake of folate can mask the blood symptoms of a Vitamin B 12 deficiency, but it will not prevent the associated nerve damage. Vitamin B6 participates in amino acid metabolism and can be harmful in excess. Biotin and pantothenic acid serve more important roles in energy metabolism and are common in a variety of foods. Many substances that people claim as B vitamins are not. Fortunately, a variety of foods from each of the food groups provides an adequate supply of all of the B vitamins.

What is the relationship of tryptophan to niacin

The amino acid tryptophan can be converted to niacin in the body

Describe how vitamins differ from the energy nutrients and how fat soluble vitamins differ from water-soluble vitamins

The vitamins are essential nutrients needed in tiny amounts in the diet both to prevent deficiency diseases and to support optimal health. The water-soluble vitamins are the B vitamins and vitamin C; the fat-soluble vitamins are vitamin A, D, E, and K. Table 10-2 summarizes the differences between the water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins.

Describe some qualities of vitamins

The vitamins are organic, essential nutrients needed in tiny amounts in the diet both to prevent deficiency diseases and to support optimal health. The body handles the vitamins differently depending on whether they are water- or fat-soluble

Pork is an exceptionally good source of what vitamin?

Thiamin

Which B vitamins are involved in energy metabolism?

Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Biotin, pantothenic acid

What are the various B vitamins

Thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, vitamin B6, folate, Vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, and biotin

What risks are associated with high doses of B6?

Toxic levels cause nerve damage

What risks are associated with high doses of Niacin?

Toxicity produces a niacin flush- a tingling, painful sensation

Which B vitamins are involved in protein metabolism?

Vitamin B6, Niacin, pantothenic acid

What are the benefits of vitamin C

Vitamin C acts as an antioxidant- substance that decreases the adverse effects of free radicals in th ebody It also works as a cofactor in the synthesis of collagen, neurotransmitters ( serotonin and norepinephrine), hormones (thyroxine), and other compounds

Identify the main roles, deficiency symptoms, and food sources for vitamin C

Vitamin C acts primarily as an antioxidant and a cofactor. Recommendations are set well above the amount needed to prevent the deficiency disease scurvy. A variety of fruits and vegetables- most notably citrus fruits- provide generous amounts of Vitamin C. The accompanying table provides a summary of Vitamin C

Describe the importance vitamin12

activates folate, synthesizes DNA, regenerates methionine from homocysteine, and maintains the sheath that protects nerve fibers

Deficiency in B6 leads to

convulsions

Describe the importance of Riboflavin

is part of the coenzymes FMN and FAD that accept and donate hydrogens during energy metabolism

Describe the importance of Niacin

is part of the coenzymes NAD and NADP that participate in many metabolic reactions

Describe the importance of B6

occurs as pyridoxal, pyridoxine, and pyridoxamine; all can become part of coenzyme PLP, which is active in amino acid metabolism

Describe the importance of Pantothenic Acid

part of coenzyme A that forms acetyl CoA in many metabolic pathways

Describe the importance of folate

part of the coenzyme THG that activates the vitamin B12, synthesizes DNA and regenerates the amino acid methionin from homocysteine

Describe the importance of Thiamin

part of the coenzyme TPP, which assists in energy metabolism

Describe the importance of Biotin

plays a critical role in energy metabolism, replenishing oxaloacetate in the TCA

What are good sources of niacin

protein-rich foods

The body can make niacin from:

tryptophan

List the fat soluble vitamins

vitamin A, D, E, and K

When does a B12 deficiency typically occur

when either hydrochloric acid or intrinsic factor is lacking