Learning and conditioning Final

A rat emits 10 responses during the CS period and 40 responses during the pre-CS period, yielding a suppression ratio of _____.

.2

A rat emits 25 responses during the CS period and 25 responses during the pre-CS period, yielding a suppression ratio of _____.

.5

What time interval between the delivery of food pellets will result in the greatest amount of drinking in a rat?

180 seconds

In rats, taste aversions can develop following delays of up to ___

24 hours

For many types of adjunctive behaviors, the optimal interreinforcement interval is around

3 minutes

In a series of twenty intervals, John bites his nails the following number of times: 2,0,1,2,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,2,1,1,1,2,2,1,1,0. Using an interval recording procedure, the overall level of nail biting is calculated as

75%

Which of the following is an acceptable rate of interobserver reliability?

80%

During conditioning experiments involving food rewards, pigeons are often food deprived to the point where they are at

80-85% of their free-feeding weight.

Consider these two statements: (A) the dog salivates because it knows that I am about to give it a treat; (B) the dog salivates as a reflexive response to the smell of food. Which statement violates Morgan's Canon?

A

Which of the following would be considered a reflex?

A dog pricks up its ears at the sound of a car.

A(n) _____ design involves repeated alternations between a baseline condition and a treatment condition.

ABAB

In treating a child for a tendency to attack other children, the most ethically problematic design to test the effectiveness of treatment would be a(n) ______ design.

ABAB

Which would be the most ethically problematic design for assessing a treatment procedure that seems to suppress Bob's tendency to attack other patients on the ward?

ABAB

A reversal design is sometimes also called an

ABAB ABA

From an evolutionary perspective, the ability to learn is considered to be

An adaptation

A new standard teaching method is being tested on students. Three age groups of students will receive either the new method, or a standard (control) method. If the new method is only effective on the youngest age group of students, you would say that there is ______ between the effects of the drug and the effects of age

An interaction

Criticisms of the use of animals in psychological research include:

Animals are too different from humans for the research to be of much relevance.

Which of the following is a criticism against using animals in psychological research?

Animals are too different from humans for the research to be of much relevance.

Differences between anorexia nervosa in humans and activity anorexia in rats include which of the following?

Anorexic rats do not binge eat and then vomit.

If there exists a causal relationship between event A and outcome B, then

B is contingent on A

Bob believes that he has trouble studying because his parents neglected him as a child. The theorist most likely to regard this explanation as overly simplistic would be

Bandura

This behaviorist believes that our behavior is often strongly influenced by the beliefs we have about our own abilities.

Bandura

"All that we are is a function of what we have experienced." This statement most closely agrees with the point of view known as

British Empercism

In a sign-tracking experiment, you notice a dog begging toward a light that has frequently been paired with the delivery of food. In this instance, the begging behavior is best interpreted as a(n) _____ while the light is a(n) _____.

CR; CS

Pecking a response key that has been associated with food delivery is best described as a(n) _____; pecking a response key to obtain food is a(n) _____.

CR; operant response

In an experiment on taste-aversion conditioning, the flavor of the food item serves as the

CS

Tamsen once became ill while riding in the back seat of a car. Now, whenever she rides in the back seat of a car, she feels nauseous. Riding in the back seat is now a ______ for nausea.

CS

When the Brelands attempted to shape a raccoon to drop a coin in a piggy bank, the coin became a(n) _____ for the raccoon's behavior of rubbing it between its paws.

CS

Nausea induced through rapid smoking seems to create a stronger aversion to smoking than does electric shock paired with smoking. This seems to be an example of

CS-US relevance

The innate tendency to more readily associate certain kinds of stimuli with each other is ____.

CS-US relevance

In a sign-tracking experiment, the stimulus that the animal approaches is best interpreted as a(n) _____, while the approach behavior is a(n) _____.

CS; CR

When the Brelands attempted to shape a pig to drop a coin in a piggy bank, the coin became a(n) _____ for the _____ of rooting.

CS; CR

In an experiment on taste-aversion conditioning, the flavor of the food item serves as the __, while the nausea-inducing drug or X-ray irradiation serves as the __.

CS; US

In higher-order conditioning, a(n) ____ is used in place of a(n) ____ to condition another stimulus

CS; US

The tendency of the CR to occur in the presence of a stimulus that is similar to the ____ is called stimulus ____.

CS; generalization

In higher-order conditioning, a(n) ____ is used in place of a(n) ____ to condition another stimulus.

CS;US

Youcef sets up an exercise program in which he will try to gradually increase the number of push-ups he does each day. The most appropriate design for assessing the effectiveness of his program would be a

Changing-criterion design.

Skinner_______ the role of genetic influences on behavior

Clearly recognized

A mental representation of one's surroundings is a

Cognitive map

In which of the following designs would you NOT expect to have random assignment to groups?

Comparative design

In an experiment concerning the effects of reward on compliance in children, ______ is the dependent variable

Compliant behavior

_____ is a more-or-less instinctive or reflexive behavior triggered by the occurrence of the same behavior in another individual.

Contagious behavior

As I look at my messy apartment, I am reminded of my friend's ultra-clean apartment. This is best described as an example of Aristotle's law of______

Contrast

Skinner's notion of ______ is similar to Bandura's concept of reciprocal determinism.

Counter control

Whenever Mehmed listens to a lecture by Dr. Dull, he begins to day dream. From Mehmed's perspective, the daydreaming is a(n)______ while the lecture by Dr. Dull is a ______.

Covert response; Stimulus

According to Ericsson and colleagues' (1993) study of expert performance, heredity may influence expert performance in determining

The extent to which one becomes interesting in a subject matter. And also ones ability to endure the hard work that is required.

Structuralism is to functionalism as _____ is to _____.

Titchener; James

Structuralism is to functionalism as_____ is to _____

Titchener; James

Which of the following behaviorists would emphasize the distinction between learning and performance?

Tolman

In an experiment on taste-aversion conditioning, the nausea-inducing drug or X-ray irradiation serves as the

US

A(n) _____ is any characteristic of a person, place, or thing that can change over time or across situations

Variable

Of the following behaviorists, who would be most likely to reject the assumption that genes play a strong role in determining differences in math ability?

Watson

Of the following behaviorists, who would most likely reject the assumption that genes play a strong role in determining differences in math ability?

Watson

This person strongly criticized psychology for emphasizing the study of conscious experience

Watson

Which behaviorists would be LEAST interested in conducting an experiment on a person's ability to form mental images?

Watson

Which of the following behaviorists would be least interested in conducting an experiment on a person's ability to form mental images?

Watson

Which of the following theorist is most likely to be disgusted with a discussion about the psychological importance of daydreaming?

Watson

With respect to the nature-nurture debate, ____ shifted over time toward becoming an extreme proponent of the ____ perspective with respect to human behavior

Watson; Nurture

According to _____, a major problem with the study of internal events is that one has to make inferences that are often ______.

Watson; unreliable

In an experiment concerning the effect of food deprivation on activity level, activity level is the______variable

Dependent

The ______ variable is the outcome that is measured in an experiment.

Dependent

"A person is both a physical being and a spiritual being." The person whose philosophical assumptions are most in agreement with this statement is

Descartes

This person suggested that at least some types of behavior are mechanistic, and can therefore be scientifically investigated

Descartes

"I am able to control only some of my behaviors" This statement best exemplifies _______ theory of human behavior.

Descartes'

"Great athletes are made, not born." This statement most exemplifies the _____ approach to behavior

Empiricist

Descartes believed that the behaviors of nonhuman animals are______

Entirely reflexive

Depriving an animal of food is an example of a(n)

Establishing operation

The British empiricists promoted the notion that knowledge is almost entirely a function of

Experience

Under which schedule of food reinforcement would one be most likely to induce an animal to drink excessive amounts of water?

FI

Schedule-induced polydipsia can be produced by exposing rats to a(n) _____ schedule of reinforcement of _____.

FI 180-sec; lever pressing for food

Adjunctive behaviors in rats are most likely to develop on a(n) _____ schedule of reinforcement.

FT 180-sec

Aristotle's law of _____ and _____ are still considered important aspects of learning.

Frequency; Contiguity

If a certain diet affects the extent to which one is likely to acquire a certain disease, then there is a ______ relationship.

Functional

Suppose that every time Randy watches a horror movie, he has a nightmare that same evening. Also suppose that he never has a nightmare except when he watches a horror movie. This example demonstrates a ______ between watching horror movies and having nightmares.

Functional

The relationship between changes in an independent variable and changes in a dependent variable is know as a _______ relationship

Functional

William James was a ____ while Titchener was a______

Functionalist; Structuralist

Which of the following behaviorists would be most interested in manipulating the degree to which a rat has been food deprived?

Hull

Which of the following represents the basic premise of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)?

Human verbal behavior has both advantages and disadvantages.

Which of the following statements is most likely to result in successful completion of the behavior?

I will dust and vacuum my apartment on Tuesday evening at 7:00

Which of the following self-instructions would be most effective?

I will go swimming tomorrow at 7:00 pm at Coronation pool

Which of the following statements best exemplifies a bright boundary?

I will phone my parents on Sunday afternoon at 2:00 PM.

Under what conditions would you expect to be able to habituate more readily to a loud stimulus but not a quiet one?

If the quiet stimulus is dangerous and the loud stimulus is safe

Which of the following is a rule?

If you scratch my back, I'll scratch yours.

Problems with the descriptive research approach include

Inability to determine cause and effect relationships

In an experiment concerning the effect of food deprivation on activity level, food deprivation is the_____variable

Independent variable

In the method of _____, experimental subjects try to accurately describe their inner thoughts and emotions.

Introspection

Judit is asked to report her precise thought patterns as she plans her next move in chess. This is an example of

Introspection

The notion that the mind is a blank slate is most clearly associated with

John Locke

Which of the following sex differences is predicted for people who are exposed to a lot of violent media during childhood?

Males will become more violent, but females will tolerate more violence.

"Daydreams cannot be scientifically investigated." This statement would most likely come from a

Methodological behaviorist

'Feelings are uncontrollable, but actions are controllable'. Which of the following treatments is based on this premise?

Morita Therapy

Taste aversion conditioning differs from other types of classical conditioning in that associations are formed despite very long delays between the

NS and US

Jason thinks that great scientists are born and not made while Allison thinks that they have simply been given superior training. Jason is best described as a(n)_____, while Allison is best described as a(n)_______

Nativist; Empiricist

"That which works remains; that which doesn't work is eliminated." This statement reflects the principle of

Natural selection and Operant conditioning

Studies of adjunctive behavior could lead to the development of more effective drug treatments for

OCD

A strong trait of B.F. Skinner's that later became reflected in his brand of behaviorism was his

Objectivity

A student studying hard to win a medal is to _____ conditioning as salivating in response to food is to _____ conditioning.

Operant; Classical

Pavlov regarded disinhibition as evidence that extinction involves the inhibition of a response

Pavlov regarded disinhibition as evidence that extinction involves the inhibition of a response

Autoshaping seems to provide evidence for

Pavlov's stimulus substitution theory.

The fact that autoshaped key pecks have a different topography when the reinforcer is food as opposed to water is most readily explained in terms of

Pavlov's stimulus substitution theory.

Philosophy is to science as radical behaviorism is to behavior analysis

Philosophy is to science as radical behaviorism is to behavior analysis

What is the relationship between ' radical behaviorism' and 'behavior analysis'?

Radical behaviorism is the philosophical basis for behavior analysis

The social learning approach

Recognizes the distinction between learning and performance. Is more closely aligned to Tolman's approach than Hull's. and Assigns an important role to Self-Referent thoughts.

Concerning his book, "Beyond Freedom and Dignity", Skinner was severely criticized for

Rejecting the concept of free will.

According to the text, learning is a ______ in behavior that results from some type of experience.

Relatively permanent change

If you want to convince someone that his habit of watching exciting tv shows each evening is causing his insomnia, it would best to use which type of experimental design?

Reversal

Smiles in others can function as _____ for pleasant emotions in ourselves because _____.

SDs; smiles have often been associated with pleasurable events

If Sara drinks her fill of water, she will then become______ on water.

Satiated

A _____ occurs when there is a close association between what we say we are going to do and how we actually behave at a later point in time.

Say-Do correspondence

A reliable person is a person who has likely been trained to exhibit strong

Say-Do correspondence

The effective use of personal rules is largely dependent on training in

Say-Do correspondence.

On a cumulative record, a _____ indicates a ______ of response.

Shallow line, low rate

" Thoughts are just another form of behavior that should be studied as such" The behaviorist most likely to have uttered such statement is?

Skinner

"Thoughts are just another form of behavior and should be studied as such." The behaviorist most likely to have uttered such a statement is

Skinner

Dr. Franzoi notices that one of her patients has great difficulty describing her emotions, possibly because she was severely neglected as a young child. The behaviorist who would be most interesting in this matter would probably be

Skinner

Thoughts are just another form of behavior and should be studied as such." The behaviorist most likely to have uttered such a statement is

Skinner

Skinner's book, "Beyond Freedom and Dignity" Proposed that

Society must be engineered to control human behavior for the better

Natural selection leads to changes in a species because

Some individuals reproduce more than others

In an S-R theory, learning is believed to involve the formation of connections between _____ stimuli and _____ response.

Specific; Specific

A flashing light, a loud bang, and a bad smell are all

Stimuli

The sound of a door slam causes your cat to jump off the couch. The sound of the door slam is______

Stimulus

This perspective hold that it is possible to understand the mind by identifying its basic elements

Structuralism

The structuralist emphasis on______ helped establish psychology as a scientific discipline.

Systematic Observation

The judges at a high diving competition are mostly concerned with the _____ of the behavior

T0pograpy

Although there is ___________ relationship between aggression and exposure to violent media, the effect of violent media on later aggressive behavior is __________.

a bidirectional; robust

Personal rules are most effective when they establish .

a bright-boundary between acceptable and unacceptable behaviors.

When Sami tried to shape her pet squirrel's behavior to fetch marbles in the back yard, things proceeded quite smoothly at first. Then the squirrel started burying the marbles rather than bringing them to her. This behavior pattern is likely

a classically conditioned fixed action pattern.

habituation

a decrease in the strength of an elicited behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus

startle response

a defensive reaction to a sudden, unexpected stimulus, which involves automatic tightening of skeletal muscles and various hormonal and visceral changes

An apparently useless behavior pattern that is displayed during a period of conflict is known as

a displacement activity

fixed action pattern

a fixed sequence of responses elicited by a specific stimulus

Janice develops a gastrointestinal illness while driving home a few hours after eating a meal at a restaurant. As a result, she is most likely to develop an aversion to

a food item that she ate at the meal.

reflex arc

a neural structure that underlies many reflexes and consists of a sensory neuron, an interneuron and a motor neuron

classical conditioning

a process whereby one stimulus that does not elicit a certain response is associated with a second stimulus that does; as a result, the first stimulus also comes to elicit a response

reflex

a relatively simple, involuntary response to a stimulus

Among the following, who is most likely to say that you go to the supermarket because you expect that food is available at the supermarket?

a social learning theorist

unconditioned stimulus

a stimulus that naturally elicits a response without any prior learning

A courageous soldier probably has

a strong tendency toward Say-Do correspondence

opponent-process theory

a theory proposing that an emotional event elicits two competing processes 1. an a process (primary) directly elicited by an event and 2. a b process (opponent) that is elicited by the a-process and serves to counteract the a-process.

According to the text, the person who best exemplifies what we call willpower may be the one who can overcome temptation through the use of

a verbal commitment response.

From a behavioral perspective, a rule is a

a verbal description of a contingency.

a very faint vibration (as in a moving car) is likely to result in habituation, while an extremely strong vibration(as in an earthquake) is likely to result in sensitization

a very faint vibration (as in a moving car) is likely to result in habituation, while an extremely strong vibration(as in an earthquake) is likely to result in sensitization

It is difficult to assess evidence of both true imitation and teaching among non-human animals because

a. it is difficult to determine whether a behavior was modeled or performed with 'intent'. c. much of the existing evidence is anecdotal and subject to anthropomorphism.

The word elicited refers to behaviors that are largely

automatic

The tendency for pigeons to peck at a light that has been associated with the noncontingent delivery of food is referred to as

autoshaping

A(n) _____ stimulus is one that an animal will move away from.

aversive

A(n) _____stimulus is one that an animal will move away from

aversive

For most children, a bee sting is to_____ as candy is to____

aversive; appetitive

Robbie is afraid of spiders while Naseem finds them interesting. A spider is a(n) ______________ stimulus to Robbie, and a(n) _______________ stimulus to Naseem.

aversive; appetitive

Which of the following would constitute the most important aspect of a good behavioral definition of shyness?

avoidance with groups of individuals

The method for generating activity anorexia in laboratory rats includes a) providing only one meal period per day. b) making a running wheel available during nonmeal periods. c) both a and b comprise the method d) neither a nor b are necessary to induce activity anorexia

c) both a and b comprise the method

Charlie the chimp watched as his fellow chimp, Lulu, opened a door and pulled a rope to obtain some food. A few minutes later, Charlie had duplicated the feat. This seems to be an example of a) stimulus enhancement. b) true imitation. c) either of these is possible d) neither of these

c) either of these is possible

Little Billie watched intently as his older sister moved toward the television set and turned it on. Later on, Little Billie, for the first time, turned on the television by himself. This seems to be an example of a) true imitation. b) stimulus enhancement. c) either of these is possible d) neither of these

c) either of these is possible

Experimental demonstrations of adjunctive behavior in animals have included all of the following except a) eating. b) polydipsia. c) sleeping. d) aggression.

c) sleeping.

Vicki started laughing at a story she was reading in a magazine. One by one, her friends around her started to giggle and chuckle as well, even though they weren't sure what Vicki was laughing about. One even said 'What's so funny?' even though she was already laughing. This is an example of

contagious behavior

We easily associate a table and a chair because there is often close spatial __________ between the two items.

contiguity

The term _____ refers to a predictive relationship between two events.

contingency

As I look at my messy apartment, I am reminded of my friend's ultra-clean apartment. This is best described as an example of Aristotle's law of

contrast

Advantages of using animals in behavioral research include the ability to

control the experimental environment. control learning history. carry out experiments that could not ethically be conducted on humans.

In operant conditioning, behaviors are

controlled by their consequences

Daniel eats some turkey gumbo while feeling nauseous from a severe stomach flu. This experience

could well result in the development of a taste aversion.

The term _____ behavior refers to any behavior that can only be subjectively perceived by the person performing the behavior.

covert

The dream I had last night is best described as an example of a(n)

covert behavior

The method for generating activity anorexia in rats includes a) providing frequent meal periods per day. b) making a running wheel available during nonmeal periods. c) both a and b comprise the method d) neither a nor b are necessary to induce activity anorexia

b) making a running wheel available during nonmeal periods.

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be an example of an adjunctive behavior in humans? a) scratching b) sneezing c) doodling on paper d) finger tapping

b) sneezing

During a vacation trip to the desert, Bill was startled by a snake and subsequently became terrified of snakes. Over the years, he has also received several shocks from handling the frayed cord on his old toaster, and now feels slightly uncomfortable while handling it. What would most likely account for the difference in the amount of fear elicited in these two situations?

biological preparedness

Examples of behaviors that can be classically conditioned include

blinking anxiety salivation

In terms of classical conditioning processes, the presence within a meal of a food item that has previously been associated with illness will _____ the development of aversive associations to other items in the meal.

block

The phenomenon of ____ indicates that mere contiguity is insufficient for conditioning.

blocking and overshadowing

I feel good when I see someone smile. These good feelings

both are called vicarious emotional responses and are at least partly the result of classical conditioning.

The manner in which Gandhi reacted when he perceived that he had violated an oath suggests that _____ may play a strong role in motivating some individuals to keep their verbal commitments.

both b and c are correct

Children learn to follow instructions

both because parents praise them when they do so and because doing so enables them to better accomplish certain tasks.

Omar is thinking of losing some weight and getting back into shape. Research on activity anorexia suggests that to do so safely, he should

both eat several small meals per day and slowly increase his level of exercise.

Rules are

both excellent for rapidly establishing a new pattern of behavior and sometimes an impediment to adjusting to changes in the contingencies

According to Skinner, behavior is ultimately the result of______ influences.

both genetic and enviornmental

According to Skinner, behavior is ultimately the result of _____ influences.

both genetic and environmental

People who are good at using self-rules to enhance self-control are likely to

both give themselves specific rather than general instructions and display strong Say-Do correspondence.

We can acquire new behaviors without direct exposure to contingencies through

both instructions and observational learning.

In learning how to play tennis, instructions are quite effective for

both learning the rules of the game and acquiring some of the basic actions.

Bird-watching is most similar to what type of research?

both naturalistic observation and descriptive research

The use of self-promises as a commitment device can be facilitated by

both never failing to carry out such promises and stating such promises in a distinctive manner.

"I will go to the library and study chemistry this evening from 7:00 to 9:00." This is best described as an example of a(n)

both personal process rule and implementation intention.

"I should drive slow so that I can best see the sights along the highway" is an example of a(n)

both self-instruction and personal rule.

Flavor preferences are related to ___

both social referencing and stimulus enhancement are correct.

Flavor preferences are influenced by

both vicarious emotional responses and stimulus enhancement.

Although extreme, Watson's methodological behaviorism played a valuable role in enabling psychology to

break free from the extreme mentalism of the times.

Whenever Prince Pueckler-Muskau gave his "word of honor" to carry out some task, he did so in a very distinctive way. This means that there was a _____ between such statements and his normal statements of intention.

bright boundary

If a dog trainer determines whether a dog is correctly performing a complicated trick by examining the physical form of the behavior, she is measuring the behavior's ______________, but if she records the number of times the dog makes a mistake, then she is measuring ________________.

topography; error rate

Which of the following are the three components of the principle of natural selection?

traits vary within a population, traits are heritable, there is competition for limited resources

Jessica has just purchased a new computer game, and asks her friend, Jill, to show her how to use it. Jill shows her the precise keystrokes that are required to start the game up, which Jessica immediately duplicates. Jessica's behavior is best described as an example of

true imitation

Some researchers believe that animals are incapable of

true imitation

The term _____ refers to the duplication of a novel behavior to achieve a specific goal.

true imitation

Duplicating is to noticing as _____ is to _____.

true imitation; stimulus enhancement

The most important factor in acquiring a new throw in judo is

trying to perform the throw and seeing what happens.

In a 3 x 4 factorial control group design, there are

two independent variables

As an adjunctive behavior, smoking while studying can be viewed as a(n) __

type of built-in self-control device.

In Pavlov's basic classical conditioning procedure, the food is a(n)

unconditioned stimulus

Some researchers have argued that teaching is ___________________ and evidence about animal teaching is _____________________.

uniquely human; anecdotal and subject to anthropomorphism

To Pavlov, the existence of spontaneous recovery indicated that extinction is NOT simply a process of

unlearning.

Kent makes a solid promise to himself to go running each morning. This will likely be effective IF he

usually displays a strong level of Say-Do correspondence.

One similarity between structuralism and functionalism is that both approaches

utilize the method of introspection

A(n) _____ is any characteristic of a person, place or thing that can change over time or across situations.

variable

A rule is a

verbal description of a contingency.

Classically conditioned emotional responses that result from seeing emotions exhibited by others are called

vicarious emotional responses.

Joel, a college student, is noncompliant in nature. It is likely that as a child, he

was reinforced for violating rules.

We are more likely to attend to a model

whom we desire

Ferguson and Rosales-Ruiz (2001) observed problem behaviors in horses including freezing, rearing and turning during trailer loading. Each horse began the intervention phase following observations of different lengths. However, the intervention targeted all behaviors at the same time. What type of design was this?

multiple baseline across behaviors

Scherrer and Wilder (2008) collected baseline data on each participant and varied the time for starting the intervention. The design they used was____________.

multiple baseline across participants

What single-subject design can establish the existence of a cause-and-effect relationship, and does not require a reversal to baseline?

multiple baseline across persons changing-criterion

Bruce decides to first reduce his tendency to smack his lips, then his tendency to spit on the road, and then finally his tendency to swear. What type of research design is he employing to measure his improvement?

multiple-baseline across behaviors

Which of the following MOST likely represents an example of adjunctive behaviors in humans?

nail-biting

Which of the following is a conclusion drawn from Bandura's Bobo doll studies? a. Children who observe an aggressive model are more likely to be generally aggressive. b. Children who observe an aggressive model tend to replicate the actual behaviors of the model. c. Children are influenced by the consequences that a model experiences. d. All of these are correct

d. All of these are correct

According to Skinner, operant conditioning is quite similar to the principle of

natural selection

The principle or mechanism that explains how species change across generations in response to environmental pressures is

natural selection

Bob is under considerable pressure from his wrestling coach to lose weight and move down to a much lighter weight class. Given that he is already exercising intensively, Bob might still be able to minimize the dangerous effects of dieting by eating

neither a low protein diet nor just one large meal per day.

Which school of behaviorism would be most interesting in the effect of thirst on behavior?

neobehaviorism

In Pavlov's basic classical conditioning procedure, the sound of a metronome is originally a(n)

neutral stimulus

The standard autoshaping procedure involves the use of a(n) _____ schedule of reinforcement.

noncontigent

Disinhibition is similar to dishabituation in that both involve

novel stimuli

suppression ratio

number of cs responses divided by number of cs responses plus number of pre cs responses

A good behavioral definition should be

objective and unambiguous.

A good behavioral definition should refer to some _____ aspect of the behavior

observable

In _____, information is gained from watching a model, which then allows the observer to modify his or her own behavior.

observational learning

Attention to a model can be facilitated by a. reinforcement of the model's behavior. b. reinforcement of the behavior of paying attention. c. similarity of the model to the observer. d. all of these

d. all of these

According to Bolles' concept of species-specific defense reactions, many avoidance responses are actually _____ rather than _____.

elicited behaviors; operants

The tendency toward activity anorexia may have evolved because it would facilitate

encountering a new food supply.

Activity anorexia in rats and anorexia nervosa in humans may both be associated with

endorphin high

There is some evidence that activity anorexia is maintained by the release of

endorphins

When Timberlake and Grant (1975) inserted a stimulus rat into the chamber just prior to the delivery of food, the other rat

engaged in various forms of social behavior toward it.

Personal process rules are effective in that they

establish a "bright boundary" as to whether the rule is being followed.

When Jared ate too much cake one day, he became quite sick. Afterwards, he could no longer eat cake. The act of eating too much cake obviously functioned as a(n) _____ with respect to the subsequent likelihood of again eating cake.

establishing operation

The term schedule-induced polydipsia refers to a pattern of _____ that can most readily be induced by exposure to a(n) _____ schedule of food reinforcement.

excessive water drinking; FT or FI

Adjunctive behavior is a(n) _____ pattern of behavior that emerges as a byproduct of a(n) _____ schedule of reinforcement for some other behavior.

excessive; intermittent

To get rid of an unwanted admirer, Amanda wore no deodorant all day and then exercised heavily without showering before going out on a date with him. This is best described as an example of

excitatory conditioning.

Epling and Pierce's evolutionary explanation for activity anorexia is supported by the fact that ______ can break the activity anorexia cycle

exposure to a constant food supply

Epling and Pierce's evolutionary explanation for activity anorexia is supported by the fact that ______ can break the activity anorexia cycle.

exposure to a constant food supply

The most efficient way to learn about the best fishing spots in your area is through

exposure to the relevant rules.

General similarities between anorexic rats and anorexic humans include

extremely high levels of activity.

Allana isn't bothered much by loud noises or lots of activity. In fact, she rather enjoys it. According to Eysenck (1957), she is most likely an ______ who conditions ______.

extrovert; poorly

In which of the following studies would you expect to find a control group?

factorial design

According to the latent inhibition effect, it is more difficult to condition a stimulus that is relatively

familiar

While chewing coffee-flavored gum, Jorge suffers a painful ankle sprain during his first dance lesson. As a result of this experience, he is likely to develop a

fear of dancing

Viewing adjunctive behavior as a displacement activity suggests that quitting smoking can be facilitated by

finding a replacement activity.

A _____ is a fixed sequence of responses elicited by a specific stimulus.

fixed action pattern

A deer's tendency to run in a zigzag pattern in front of a car is

fixed action pattern

Instinctive drift involves the classical conditioning of a ______ during an operant conditioning procedure.

fixed action pattern

In an autoshaping procedure with pigeons, food delivery is programmed to occur

following presentation of the key light for 8 seconds.

Evidence for a stimulus-substitution interpretation of autoshaping includes the fact that pigeons peck the key differently when the reinforcer is

food as opposed to water

My neighbor so often mows his lawn on Sunday, that I can easily imagine the sound of his lawn mower even on a Sunday when he doesn't mow his lawn. This is best described as an example of Aristotle's law of

frequency

A cause-and-effect relationship could also be called a(n) _____ relationship

functional

Every time Randy watches a horror movie, he has a nightmare that same evening. If he never has a nightmare except when he watches a horror movie, it would indicate a(n) _____ between watching horror movies and having nightmares.

functional relationship

William James was a _____ while Titchener was a _____.

functionalist; structuralist

In taste aversion conditioning, a food item that has been paired with ____ ______ readily becomes an aversive CS.

gastrointestinal illness

In keeping with the principle of stimulus _____, the development of a taste aversion to salmon is likely to result in a(n) _____ in preference for similar fish.

generalization; decrease

A tendency to imitate a new modeled behavior, even when there is no specific reinforcement for doing so, is considered

generalized imitation.

Similarities between activity anorexia in rats and anorexia nervosa humans include the fact that

it occurs more readily in adolescent individuals and rats than older individuals and rats.

Taste aversion conditioning differs from most other types of conditioning in that

it usually only takes one trial

Pavlov noted that sand in a dog's mouth tended to elicit a

large amount of watery saliva

Advantages of single-subject designs include

large numbers of subjects are not required to conduct an entire experiment. they do not require sophisticated statistical analysis.

In assessing a person's sleep patterns, you include a measure of how long it takes before the person falls asleep after he or she goes to bed. This would be regarded as a(n) _____ measure of their sleep behavior.

latency

When I visited Paris for a conference, I spent the first few days just wandering the streets. On the third day, when I had to meet a friend at the Louvre museum, I knew exactly how to get there. This is best described as an example of _____ learning.

latent

Sol was harassed by a couple of bullies while walking home from school one day. Although the two bullies were equally abusive, he developed a much stronger fear of the bully whom he had never seen before. This seems to be an example of

latent inhibition

keeping with principle of ____ _____, it is easier to condition a taste aversion to _____ food item

latent inhibition; unfamiliar

Compared to behavior that has been directly shaped by contingencies of reinforcement, rule-governed behavior is often

less sensitive to the contingencies.

Children in the Bobo doll studies were _________ to replicate the behavior of models if they had observed the models' aggressive behavior being punished, and if the children were offered incentives to behave aggressively after witnessing the punishment, then __________________.

less; the level of aggression displayed by the children was quite high

Rats are given a drink of green, licorice-flavored water, and then later injected with a drug that makes them nauseous. The next day they are given a choice between green water and licorice-flavored water. They are likely to avoid

licorice-flavored water

Children who are raised in households where parents drink heavily are

likely to enjoy the smell of alcohol

fear conditioning

little albert response to Freud and development of emotions

Which of the following is a sex difference that has been found in studies examining effects of media violence on real-world aggression

males are more aggressive than females after exposure to violent media.

From a behavior systems theory perspective, a dog's tendency to nip at people who attempt to take away its food

may indicate something about its self-perceived social status within the household.

A useful way to prevent the development of taste aversions as a result of chemotherapy is to feed the patient

meals that consist mostly of familiar items. a very unusual, but trivial, food item prior to the chemotherapy session.

Which school of behaviorism is most likely to consider reports about thoughts and feelings to be unscientific?

methodological behaviorism

Watson was a _______, while Skinner was a ________.

methodological behaviorist; radical behaviorist

I head to the cafeteria to get food. Among behaviorists, this is a relatively ______ explanation for behavior.

molar

Skinner is similar to Tolman in that they both emphasized a _____ view of behavior.

molar

In contrast to the conditions necessary to induce activity anorexia, which of the following leads to a healthy body weight?

more food and less exercise

According to behavior systems theory, an animal's behavior is organized into various ____________ systems including feeding, mating and defense.

motivational

As an example of preparedness in operant conditioning, it is easier for a rat to learn to press a lever to _____ than to _____.

obtain food; avoid a shock

With respect to the use of punishment, Skinner believed that it

often creates more problems than it solves.

The CR is _____ the UR.

often similar to

The activity anorexia model suggests that treatment of anorexia nervosa should focus

on activity levels as much as food intake

Single-subject designs are research designs that require

only one or a few subjects

Walking to school is to _____ conditioning as sweating in a frightening situation is to _____ conditioning.

operant; classical

Clark Hull believed that internal events can be included in a science of behavior given that they can be

operationalized.

In keeping with the principle of _____, it is more difficult to condition a taste aversion to the _____ food item in a meal.

overshadowing; mildest tasting

The push-ups that I did this morning are best described as an example of a(n)

overt behavior

Most people acquire a generalized tendency to follow rules because as children

parents often reinforced such behavior and because such behavior enables one to more effectively achieve certain outcomes.

The law of ________________ holds that simpler explanations are usually preferable explanations.

parsimony

classical conditioning is also known as

pavlovian conditioning and respondent conditioning

A(n) _____ is a verbal description of a contingency that we present to ourselves to modify our own behavior.

personal rule

Neobehaviorism utilizes interveneing variables, usually in the form of hypothesized______, to help explain behavior.

physiological processes

Neobehaviorism utilizes intervening variables, usually in the form of hypothesized _____, to help explain behavior.

physiological processes

According to the text, the person who best exemplifies willpower may be the one who can overcome temptation through the use of

positive reinforcment

According to the text, a stimulus is any event that can

potentially influence behavior

In one study, a rolling marble that predicted the delivery of food seemed to elicit the _____ component of the rat's feeding system.

predatory

As an example of _____, it is easier for pigeon to learn to avoid shock _____.

preparedness; by flying than by key pecking

In blocking, the presence of a ____ prevents conditioning of a new CS.

previously conditioned CS

prior conditioning is to more salient as blocking is to overshadowing

prior conditioning is to more salient as blocking is to overshadowing

According to Skinner, thoughts and feelings are

private behaviors that also require explanation.

If it hasn't progressed too far, the activity anorexia cycle in rats can be broken by

providing them with unrestricted access to food

Reflexes that are controlled by a reflex arc are very _____ because the neural impulses controlling it _____.

quick; bypass the brain

a common control procedure in a control group design is

random assignment of subjects to groups

Rules are most useful for

rapidly establishing appropriate patterns of behavior.

As I watch television for a four hour stretch one evening, I record the number of aggressive incidents that occur during each one hour period. I am taking a(n) _____ measure of the behavior.

rate

If I wish to measure the effect of slight changes in caffeine level on a rat's behavior, I would need a sensitive measure of behavior. I should consider using a(n) _____ measure of response.

rate

Compared to behavior that has been shaped, rule-governed behavior is

rather insensitive to the contingencies.

Taste Aversion

react to taste of something associated with illness, won't eat it again disobeys laws of classical conditioning do not extinguish easily

According to the notion of _____, behavior, environment and internal events (person variables) all influence each other.

reciprocal determinism

The assumption that environmental events, observable behavior, and internal events all influence each other is called __________________________.

reciprocal determinism

Classical conditioning is to _____ behavior as operant conditioning is to ______ behavior.

reflexive; voluntary

Children gradually learn, mostly through _____, the extent to which it is appropriate to perform certain modeled behaviors.

reinforcement and punishment

After vowing that he would no longer curse, Boris no longer felt any temptation to do so. Boris probably has had an extensive history of

reinforcement for Say-Do correspondence.

According to the text, learning is a _____ in behavior that results from some type of experience.

relatively permanent change

sign stimulus

releaser a specific stimulus that elicits a fixed action pattern

As an adjunctive behavior, tea drinking might facilitate studying

remain in a setting in which reinforcers are relatively sparse.

Fixed action patterns have evolved to help animals cope with certain aspects of their environment which, throughout the animals' evolutionary history, have

remained largely consistent.

During a spring-break trip to Mexico, Celeste drank too much tequila, became sick to her stomach, and developed a strong aversion to tequila. This aversion can probably be eliminated by _____, which would be an example of _____.

repeatedly drinking tequila; extinction

With respect to a rat's behavior of pressing a lever for food, a single lever press is an example of a(n)

response

Jan winks at Tyler. The wink is an example of a(n) _____ by Jan and a _____ for Tyler.

response; stimulus

Activity anorexia in rats seems to be most closely related to the ______ type of anorexia in humans.

restricting

For a reversal design to clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of a certain treatment, the behavior must

return to its original baseline level during the second baseline phase.

If I want to convince someone that his habit of watching exciting television shows each evening is causing his insomnia, it would be best to use which type of experimental design?

reversal

"If you eat well, you will be healthy " is an example of a(n)

rule

"If you speak clearly, it will be much easier to obtain a job as a receptionist." This is an example of a(n)

rule

"The meek shall inherit the earth" is an example of a(n)

rule

"Don't you dare open the door!" is an example of a(n)

rule and instruction

After listening to Allison describe how to fix a software glitch, Burton was able to quickly carry it out. The quick learning he displayed in this instance seems to be an example of

rule-governed behavior.

After reading a religious text one day, Mad Dog Martin became a much kinder person. His newfound kindness seems best described as an example of

rule-governed behavior.

Behavior that is generated through exposure to rules is known as ____

rule-governed behavior.

Byron, who took a massage workshop, is much less skilled at massage than Salima, who daily has to massage her ill mother. This may be an instance in which _____ is less efficient than behavior that has been shaped through exposure to _____.

rule-governed behavior; the natural contingencies

Adult humans often do not show the same pattern of behavior on FI schedules that is typically shown by nonhuman animals. This probably reflects the influence of _____ on human behavior.

rules

The most rapid way to establish new patterns of behavior in adult humans is through the use of

rules

According to Bolles' theory of species-specific defense reactions, rats easily learn to _____ to avoid shock because these are actually _____.

run or freeze; elicited behaviors that are natural reactions to danger

Deanna becomes ill several hours after eating a meal consisting of roast beef (which is highly familiar to her) and vegetable samosas (which are novel). She is more likely to develop a taste aversion to __________ as a result of ________________.

samosas; latent inhibition

Too much is to very little as _____ is to _____.

satiation; deprivation

A Say-Do correspondence is a close association between what we _____ and what we _____.

say we are going to do; later actually do

Adjunctive behaviors are also called ______ behaviors.

schedule-induced

After receiving a shock while seeing the word DOG, Muhammad becomes somewhat tense when he sees the word PUPPY. This is an example of

semantic generalization.

Becoming increasingly irritated during a play because the person next to you keeps sniffling is most similar to the process of

sensitization

A reflex arc consists of the activation of a(n) _____ (in that order).

sensory neuron, interneuron, and motor neuron

Consider the following sequence of events: (1) [A + B]; (2) B: C —> D; (3) B —> D; (4) A —> D. This is most similar to

sensory preconditioning

You are acquainted with Colin and his wife. One day, Colin says something very insulting to you, which makes you feel quite angry toward him. Then, when you later meet his wife on the street, you also feel angry toward her. This is best described as an example of

sensory preconditioning

After you train your dog with food rewards to follow a targeting stick, you notice that it occasionally licks the stick. This is best described as an example of

sign tracking

Bob tends to hang around a coffee shop that is frequented by a woman to whom he is very attracted, even when he knows for certain that she won't be there. This behavior pattern is most similar to the phenomenon of

sign tracking

Pavlov once noticed one of his dogs licking a light that had been paired with food. This type of behavior pattern is now known as

sign tracking

Two year-old Sarah likes to snuggle up to the pillow that her mother uses. This seems most similar to the phenomenon of

sign tracking

Which of the following concepts suggests that it will be more difficult to train a dog to run away from you to earn food than to run towards you to earn food?

sign tracking

Longitudinal and prospective studies have found that the amount of violent media viewed in childhood is

significantly correlated with aggressive and antisocial behavior, including criminality.

The CR is usually

similar to the UR

As I look at the spotlight, I am reminded of the sun. This is best described as an example of Aristotle's law of

similarity

We measure a child's homework completion during a week in which he is consistently rewarded for doing his homework versus the following week when he is completely ignored while doing his homework. This is an example of a _____ design.

simple comparison

We measure a child's homework completion during a week in which he is consistently rewarded for doing his homework versus the following week when he is completely ignored while doing his homework. This is an example of a _____ design.

simple comparison

The correlations between exposure to media violence and aggressive behavior are similar in strength to which of the following correlated events?

smoking and lung cancer

According to behavior systems theory, the dog approaches the light in a sign-tracking experiment because the light has elicited the _____ component of the dog's feeding system.

social

Observational learning is a particularly important aspect of

social learning theory

Observational learning, or ____________________, allows us to acquire new behavior patterns

social learning; without direct exposure to the contingencies.

While eating porridge one morning, Mark broke a tooth on a small pebble that had been mixed in with it. It was a very painful experience. As a result, Mark is likely to develop

some anxiety about eating porridge.

We are more likely to attend to a model when the behavior being modeled is

something we are capable of understanding and duplicating.

In an experiment, quail and rats were given blue, sour water to drink, after which the animals were made sick. When later given a choice between blue water and sour water, the rats avoided the _____ water and the quail avoided the ______ water.

sour; blue

The term _____ refers to events occurring in close physical proximity to each other

spatial contiguity

A chair and a table are side by side. This means that they are

spatially contiguous.

fixed action patterns are sometime also called

species-specific behaviors

Jonah's piano teacher is trying to get him to shorten the time it takes to play a Beethoven sonata. The appropriate behavioral measure is therefore

speed.

Cassie becomes ill several hours after eating a meal consisting of plain mashed potatoes and spicy hot wings. She is more likely to develop a taste aversion to __________ as a result of

spicy hot wings; overshadowing

Research has shown that a good way to increase Jana's preference for turnips would be to

sprinkle sugar on the turnips

According to the text, a good strategy for increasing a child's preference for a disliked food item is to

sprinkle the food item with sugar.

a flashing light, a loud bang, and a bad smell are all

stimuli

The sound of a door slam causes your cat to jump off the couch. The sound of the door slam is a

stimulus

Many apparent examples of true imitation in animals are actually examples of

stimulus enhancement

Some behaviors that appear to indicate imitation may instead be the result of

stimulus enhancement

The process of _____ involves directing an animal's attention to a particular place or object.

stimulus enhancement

ill directs Jessica to a new website that contains some neat computer games. Jessica visits the website and eventually figures out how to play the various games available. Jessica's behavior is most similar to the process of

stimulus enhancement

When Bernadette glanced into the video arcade, she saw a number of kids standing in line for a new game. Later, when the arcade had quieted down a bit, she went in and tried out the game herself. Her behavior is best described as an example of

stimulus enhancement.

Noticing is to _____ as duplication is to _____.

stimulus enhancement; true imitation

CAT-BAT is to ____ generalization as DOG-CANINE is to ____ generalization.

stimulus; semantic

In pairing a bee with a sting, a more painful sting should result in

stronger conditioning.

This perspective holds that it is possible to understand the mind by identifying its basic elements.

structuralism

Many reflexes are closely tied to

survival

Overt behavior is to______ as covert behavior is to______

talking; daydreaming

At the sound of the starter's pistol, the sprinters quickly start running. Thus, the sound of the pistol and the start of running are

temporal continues

sign-tracking.

tendency to approach a stimulus that signals the presentation of an appetitive event is

Although _____________________ believed that the mind consists of various combinations of basic elements, it was researchers associated with the approach known as _________________ who actually began to test that idea.

the British Empiricists; Structuralism

Which of the following characteristics of taste aversion conditioning make it different from other forms of classical conditioning?

the ability to associate the NS and US over a delay of several hours

orienting response

the automatic positioning of oneself to facilitate attending to a stimulus

flexion response

the automatic response of jerking one's hand or foot away from a hot or sharp object

control group designs are useful for studying

the average effect of a variable on a large number of individuals

Control group designs are useful for studying

the average effect of a variable on a large number of individuals.

A reversal design may be inappropriate when

the change in behavior may be irreversible.

True imitation is defined as a form of observational learning that involves ____

the close duplication of a novel behavior. .

The ultimate determinant of whether a modeled behavior will be performed by an observer is

the consequences for the observer's behavior.

The extent to which we follow rules is most critically dependent on

the consequences we have received for rule following.

As a rat is taking a drink of green, licorice-flavored water, it receives a painful tail-pinch. The next day it is given a choice between green water and licorice-flavored water. It is likely to drink

the licorice -flavored water more than the green water.

Limitations of control group designs include

the need for a large number of subjects.

A dog feels a severe pain in its front paws while chewing on dog biscuit and lying on a new dog bed. Given the results of the Garcia and Koelling (1966) experiment, which of the following stimuli would the dog most likely to acquire a fear of?

the new dog bed

In negative automaintenance, the response continues to occur even though it results in

the nondelivery of food

CER

the numbers no suppression at all Pre CS responding = CS responding complete suppression = zero

The most efficient way to teach someone what to do on a new job is through

the presentation of rules

dishabituation

the reappearance of a habituated response to a stimulus following the presentation of another, seemingly irrelevant novel stimulus

unconditioned response

the response that is naturally elicited by the unconditioned stimulus without any prior learning

conditioned response

the response, often similar to the ucr, that is elicited by the conditioned stimulus

A personal process rule is a rule that indicates

the specific process by which one will accomplish a goal.

Tolman and Honzik's (1930) maze study suggested that

there is a distinction between learning and performance

Distinguishing features of adjunctive behavior include

there is an optimal interval between reinforcers for its development.

Distinguishing characteristics of adjunctive behaviors include

they can function as reinforcers for other behaviors

According to Skinner, feelings are often inaccurately described because, when parents teach children to label internal events,

they can only make inferences about what the children are actually feeling

When rats in Boer's study were given 15 grams of food each day, they developed activity anorexia. When they were given 18 grams of food each day, what happened to them?

they maintained a healthy weight

The most important factor in becoming an excellent baseball pitcher is

throwing the ball and seeing where it goes.

In an experiment concerning the effects of time-out on noncompliant behavior, _____ is the independent variable.

time-out

Using a(n) _____________________ recording procedure, a school psychologist drops into a classroom for a 10-minute period four times each day and notes whether some type of disruption occurs during the time that he is there.

time-sampling

The judges at a high diving competition are mostly concerned with the _____ of the behavior.

topography

Patrick's therapist is encouraging him to recognize that he has a lot of anxiety, and not try to fight it. Instead, he should just deal with his life as it is and figure out how to live his life regardless of his symptoms. Which of the following therapies is being used in this example?

acceptance and commitment therapy

Variables involved in the creation of activity anorexia include ___

access to food for a limited amount of time each day.

The functionalists believed that psychology should be the study of

adaptive processes

hile drinking with his friends, Gunther tends to pick at the label on his beer bottle. This is best described as an example of

adjunctive behavior

An excessive pattern of behavior that emerges as a byproduct of an intermittent schedule of reinforcement for some other behavior is known as

adjunctive behavior.

Compulsive behavior patterns in humans seem most similar to _____ in rats.

adjunctive behaviors

In Bandura's Bobo doll studies, children observed

adults interacting with toys.

Dr. Alvarez is treating Marcus for a behavioral problem. First, she records a baseline level of the behavior for several days. The rate of the behavior is quite high. Next, she implements a behavior modification program based on punishment. When that approach has little success in reducing the behavior, she tries a second program based on reinforcement. The second treatment appears to work and the behavior is dramatically reduced. She then goes back to baseline and the behavior reverts back to pre-treatment levels. When Dr. Alvarez once again implements the second treatment method, the behavior goes away. This is an example of

an ABCAC design.

Watson's specific theory of learning was

an S-R theory, and derived largely from Pavlov's work on classical conditioning

Joanna does not feed her dog during the day so as to ensure that he will eat all of his dinner that evening. This is an example of

an establishing operation

sensitization

an increase in the strength of an elicited response following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus

In stimulus enhancement, the probability of a behavior is changed because

an individual's attention is drawn to an item or location by another individual

Which of the following behaviors is likely to be 'contagious'?

an orienting response

Hull's model of behavior is quite similar to modern cognitive approaches that view humans as

analogous to computers that process bits of information to produce responses.

When exposed to the experimental neurosis procedure, some dogs

any of these depending on the dog: became catatonic and almost hypnotized.became anxious and upset.displayed few if any symptoms.

conditioned stimulus

any stimulus that, although initially neutral, comes to elicit a response because it has been associated with an unconditioned stimulus

A(n)____stimulus is one that an organism will move toward

appetitive

Feeling strongly attracted to your classmate following some romantic encounters is best described as an example of _____ conditioning.

appetitive

If someone goes "looking for a fight," then fighting must be a(n) ______ stimulus for that individual.

appetitive

Following his banishment from a university position, Watson

applied the principles of conditioning to advertising and became the "pop" psychologist of his era.

Ronaldo always does what he says he's going to do. This implies that he could use his promises to himself

as a form of commitment response.

Feeling a bite and then noticing the dog is an example of a(n) _____________ conditioning procedure, while briefly noticing the dog and then later feeling a bite is an example of a(n) ______________ conditioning procedure

backward; trace

Desensitization to violence may lead females to be more likely to ____________ violence?

become victims of

The science of Physiology is to the practice of medicine as_____ is to______

behavior analysis; applied behavior analysis

The science of physiology is to the practice of medicine as _____ is to _____.

behavior analysis; applied behavior analysis

According to _____, when trying to eliminate a dog's tendency to bark, we would do well to consider which motivational system is being activated by which cues.

behavior systems theory

John is having difficulty learning a new swim stroke. Fortunately for him, his swim coach is a

behaviorist

In a multiple baseline design, the treatment is implemented at different points in times across different.

behaviors situations persons

Which of the following is similar between activity anorexia in rats and human anorexia nervosa? a) They are associated with a strong interest in food. b) They are more likely to occur in adolescence than adulthood. c) Both a and b are correct. d) Neither a nor b are correct.

c) Both a and b are correct.

When we are frightened after seeing a look of fear in others, the look of fear in others may be functioning as a a) CS. b) US. c) Both of these are possible

c) Both of these are possible

Evidence that adjunctive processes may be involved in drug use includes a) adjunctive procedures have been used to create drug addictions in rats. b) drug use is most common in settings that provide sparse reinforcement. c) both a and b d) neither a nor b

c) both a and b

A modeled behavior is less likely to be performed if a) the model's behavior is punished. b) the observer is punished for duplicating the model's behavior. c) both a and b d) neither a nor b

c) both a and b are correct

A modeled behavior is more likely to be performed if a) the model's behavior is reinforced. b) the observer receives reinforcement for duplicating the model's behavior. c) both a and b are correct d) neither a nor b are correct

c) both a and b are correct

Displacement activities may be beneficial in that a) they result in a diverse range of behaviors in a setting. b) they facilitate waiting for a delayed reinforcer. c) both a and b are correct d) neither a nor b are correct

c) both a and b are correct

In the activity anorexia cycle a) when activity increases, food intake decreases. b) when food intake decreases, activity increases. c) both a and b are correct d) neither a nor b are correct

c) both a and b are correct

We are more likely to attend to a model if a.we are reinforced for doing so. b.the model's behavior is reinforced. c.both a and b are correct d.neither a nor b are correct

c.both a and b are correct

Which of the following has been demonstrated to be a reliable means of slowing the aging process in a variety of non-human animals?

caloric restriction

Adjunctive behaviors

can both facilitate self-control and represent a lack of self-control.

A rare type of psychiatric disorder is most likely to be studied using the

case study approach

Natural selection leads to

changes in species across generation

The most appropriate design for slowly increasing the amount of running that you do each day would be a

changing criterion

If the intent of your program is to gradually increase the amount of weight you lift each day, the most appropriate design for measuring your improvement would probably be a _____ design.

changing-criterion

In _____, two stimuli are paired together with the result that one of the stimuli comes to elicit a response that it did not originally elicit.

classical conditioning

Sign-tracking has been interpreted by researchers as resulting from a process of

classical conditioning

What process best describes the phenomenon of autoshaping?

classical conditioning

Vicarious emotional responses are _____ emotional responses that result from seeing such responses exhibited by others

classically conditioned

In instinctive drift, behavior that is being shaped comes to be replaced by ___

classically conditioned fixed action pattern.

Skinner _____ the role of genetic influences on behavior.

clearly recognized

Janice always gets lost whenever she deviates from the route that she normally takes when she drives home. Tolman would be most likely to say that she is suffering from a defective

cognitive map.

In the Breland and Breland (1961) example of instinctive drift, the rooting that occurred in response to the ______ was a(n) ______.

coin; conditioned response

In the section of the chapter "And Furthermore: Conditioned Food Preferences" research has revealed that a disliked food item can be made more appetitive by _____

combining it with something that is strongly preferred.

Research has revealed that a disliked food item can be made more appetitive by ___

combining it with something that tastes good.

Latent inhibition is useful in that it ensures that we do not develop conditioned associations to ____ aspects of our environment.

common and thereby redundant

Psychiatrists have been interested in researching the phenomenon of schedule-induced polydipsia because it may lead to further understanding about _____ behavior patterns in humans.

compulsive

Svitlana once received a bite while handling her hamster, and is now quite anxious each time she handles it. In this example, her fear of the hamster is a(n) _____ response.

conditioned

inhibitory conditioning

conditioning procedure in which the NS is associated with the absence or removal of a US

excitatory conditioning

conditioning procedure in which the NS is associated with the presentation of a US

appetitive conditioning

conditioning procedure in which the US is an event that an organism approaches or seeks out

aversive conditioning

conditioning procedure in which the US is an event that an organism avoids used as UCS often faster than appetitive how conditioned fear is measured- CER, conditioned suppression

trace conditioning

conditioning procedure in which the onset and offset of the NS precede the onset of the US

simultaneous conditioning

conditioning procedure in which the onset of the NS and the onset of the US are simultaneous

delayed conditioning

conditioning procedure in which the onset of the NS comes before the onset of the US and two stimuli overlap temporal arrangement

backward conditioning

conditioning procedure in which the onset of the NS follows the onset of the US temporal arrangement

Rats who are raised with an adult rat who consumes alcohol will

consume twice as much alcohol as non-exposed rats.

Activity anorexia may be adaptive in an animal's natural environment in that it facilitates

contacting a more reliable food supply.

According to the concept of species-specific defense reactions, the act of freezing in a frightening situation is easily learned because it is actually a(n)

elicited behavior

As summer approaches, Joanne decides to undertake a diet-exercise regime in order to lose some weight. To do so safely, which of the following should she do? a) Eat one large meal per day. b) Eat several small meals per day. c) Gradually increase her level of exercise. d) Both b and c are correct.

d) Both b and c are correct.

According to research on activity anorexia, dieters who wish to safely lose weight should a) eat several small meals per day. b) slowly increase their level of exercise. c) eat nutritionally well-balanced meals. d) all of these

d) all of these

Adjunctive behaviors a) can function as reinforcers for other behaviors. b) tend to emerge during the post-reinforcement interval. c) increase as level of deprivation for the reinforcer increases. d) all of these

d) all of these

Contagious behavior is common with behaviors such as a) fear responses. b) yawning. c) orienting. d) all of these

d) all of these

Distinguishing features of adjunctive behavior include a) it immediately follows consumption of the reinforcer. b) it is affected by level of deprivation for the reinforcer. c) there is an optimal interval between reinforcers for its development. d) all of these

d) all of these

Examples of adjunctive behaviors that have been produced in the laboratory include a) aggression. b) eating wood shavings. c) licking at an air stream. d) all of these

d) all of these

Factors that influence whether we will perform a modeled behavior include a) consequences to the model's behavior. b) consequences to our behavior. c) our reinforcement history for performing such behaviors. d) all of these

d) all of these

Taste aversion conditioning is similar to other forms of classical conditioning in that the process of _____ can occur. a) stimulus generalization b) blocking c) extinction d) all of these

d) all of these

The main conclusion(s) drawn from Bandura's Bobo doll studies include a) children who observe an aggressive model are more likely to be generally aggressive. b) children who observe an aggressive model tend to replicate the actual behaviors of the model. c) children were influenced by the operant consequences that the model experienced. d) all of these

d) all of these

We are more likely to attend to models who are a) receiving a positive reinforcer. b) similar to us. c) famous and admired. d) all of these

d) all of these

A displacement activity often arises when an animal is a) in conflict. b) is unable to attain a goal. c) satiated on a reinforcer. d) both a and b are correct

d) both a and b are correct

Children in the Bobo doll studies were _______ to replicate the behavior of models if they had observed models' aggressive behavior being _____________. a) more; reinforced b) more; punished c) less; punished d) both a and c are correct

d) both a and c are correct

Regarding sex differences in vulnerability to the effects of media violence, it has been proposed that a) most of the victims of violence in media are male, therefore females don't attend to them b) most of the perpetrators of violence in media are male, therefore females may not be as likely to perform those behaviors c) females are more likely to be victims, rather than perpetrators, in media violence, which may increase the likelihood that females will accept rather than commit violent acts d) both b and c

d) both b and c

As an example of preparedness in chaffinches, _____ is an effective reinforcer for the behavior of _____. a) food; perching in a certain spot b) food; key pecking c) chaffinch song; perching in a certain spot d) both b and c are correct

d) both b and c are correct

In the activity anorexia cycle a) when activity increases, food intake increases. b) when food intake increases, activity increases. c) both a and b are correct d) neither a nor b are correct

d) neither a nor b are correct

For a taste aversion to develop, the illness a) must be perceived as being caused by the food. b) must occur immediately following food ingestion. c) both a and b are necessary d) neither a nor b are necessary

d) neither a nor b are necessary

Which of the following behaviors is NOT 'contagious'? a) laughing when you don't know what someone else is laughing at b) yawning when someone else does c) looking where your teacher is looking d) unlocking a door that you saw someone else unlock previously

d) unlocking a door that you saw someone else unlock previously

As an example of preparedness in operant conditioning, it is easier for a rat to learn to _____ to avoid a shock than to _____. a. freeze; lever press b. run; lever press d. both a and b are correct

d. . both a and b are correct

As an example of preparedness in operant conditioning, it is easier for a rat to learn to _____ to avoid a shock than to _____. a. freeze; lever press b. run; lever press d. both a and b are correct

d. both a and b are correct

Children in the Bobo doll studies were _______ to replicate the behavior of models if they had observed models' aggressive behavior being _____________. a. More likely; reinforced b. More likely; punished c. Less likely; punished d. both a and c are correct

d. both a and c are correct

Critical factors involved in the development of activity anorexia in rats include a.a preceding period of restricted mobility. b.unrestricted access to food. c.both a and b are necessary d.neither a nor b are required

d.neither a nor b are required

In keeping with the phenomenon of activity anorexia, as Bob increases the number of miles he runs per day, he could well experience

decrease in food activity

In keeping with the phenomenon of activity anorexia, as Hamish increases the number of laps he swims each day, he may experience

decrease in food activity

Satiation usually _____ the _____ of an event.

decreases; appetitiveness

Which type of NS-US arrangement is most likely to result in effective conditioning?

delayed

Which type of conditioning procedure is usually the most effective?

delayed

The outcome or effect in an experiment is the _____variable.

dependent

Ferguson and Rosales-Ruiz (2001) observed problem behaviors in horses including freezing, rearing and turning during trailer loading. These behaviors were their ______________.

dependent variables

"I am able to control only some of my behaviors." This statement best exemplifies _____ theory of human behavior.

descartes

An individual who believes that humans and animals are fundamentally different would most likely agree with the viewpoint of

descartes

The _____ methods of research do not involve the manipulation of variables.

descriptive

When children are given candies with novel and distinctive flavors at the time of chemotherapy, they are less likely to __________________. This is an application of scientific research on _________________.

develop taste aversions to their 'normal' diet; CS-US relevance

When you tell a sexual joke that you recently heard to your friends, they laugh heartily. When you tell it to your parents, they frown. Due to _____, you soon learn to tell such jokes only to your friends

differential reinforcement

According to Eysenck, the behavior of psychopaths tends to be

difficult to condition

The main advantage of experimental research over descriptive research is the ability to

discover cause and effect relationships.

Stimulus ____ is the tendency for a CR to be elicited by one stimulus and not another.

discrimination

The reappearance of a habituated response to a stimulus following the presentation of another, seemingly irrelevant stimulus is called

dishabituation.

Toward the end of a day in which she experienced several interviews, Susan began to feel quite relaxed. Unfortunately, during the last interview, a phone rang which disrupted the proceedings. Interestingly, it also brought back some of her nervousness. This is best described as an example of

disinhibition

The term _____ refers to an apparently irrelevant activity sometimes displayed by animals when confronted by conflict or thwarted from obtaining a goal.

displacement activity

As a form of displacement activity, adjunctive behaviors can be viewed as a tendency to __

do something else while waiting for a reinforcer

Rats that are raised with alcohol available, but that do not observe alcohol consumption by adult rats, will

drink little alcohol when they are adolescents

True imitation can be defined as

duplicating a novel behavior to achieve a goal.

The amount of time that I spend driving my car each week is an example of a ______ measure of behavior.

duration

In a simple control group experiment on the effects of food deprivation on activity level, the control group would

eat normally.

According to research on activity anorexia, if I wish to safely lose weight, I should

eat several meals throughout the day

Rosalie pours honey on her daughter's green beans in the hope that she will grow to like beans. According to the textbook, this tactic is likely to be

effective

Flinching in response to a gunshot is an example of an _____ behavior.

elicited

Katya tends to follow her older sisters around and imitate their behaviors. She plays dress-up like they do, she eats when they do, and she listens to the same music that they listen to. Katya often gets a lot of attention for imitating these behaviors. Whenever her sisters do something new (like learning dance moves, or playing a new game) Katya has a tendency to attempt to imitate these novel behaviors as well. This could be considered an example of

generalized imitation.

Once it has been established, a rule-governed behavior is

generally less efficient than contingency-shaped behavior

In keeping with the research on taste aversion conditioning, a good way to increase Jana's preference for turnips would be to

give her a tasty dessert after she eats her turnips.

In the original experimental neurosis experiments, dogs were exposed to a circle and an ellipse that were

gradually made more and more similar.

On an FI 60-sec schedule, James pushes the response key at a blistering pace throughout the interval between reinforcers. Chances are that

he was given instructions to push the button to obtain the reinforcers.

Similarities between humans with anorexia nervosa and rats with activity anorexia include

high levels of activity.

Observational learning of a fear response may represent a process of

higher-order conditioning

Sam refuses to talk to Bobbi ever since he saw her holding hands with the person who used to harass him in the sixth grade. This situation seems most analogous to the process of

higher-order conditioning.

Personal process rules have also been called

implementation intentions.

"Leave me alone!" is an example of an instruction

in which the consequence is implied.

Research on activity anorexia suggests that people who are intent on safely losing weight should

increase their level of exercise slowly.

As level of deprivation for the scheduled reinforcer becomes more severe, the level of adjunctive behavior

increases

Research on activity anorexia suggests that the risk of becoming anorexic during a weight loss program can be reduced by

increasing one's exercise levels slowly rather than rapidly.

In an experiment concerning the effect of food deprivation on activity level, food deprivation is the _____ variable.

independent

In an experiment on the effectiveness of different mosquito repellents on reducing mosquito bites, the different repellents constitute the

independent variable

Suppose you are experimenting with the effects of sleep deprivation on memory. In this case, sleep deprivation is a(n)

independent variable

According to the text, which of the following would most likely reduce activity level in a rat that is suffering from activity anorexia?

injection of an endorphin blocker

In _____, a behavior that has been positively reinforced is gradually supplanted by a classically conditioned fixed action pattern

instinctive drift

When Sami tried to shape her pet squirrel's behavior to fetch marbles in the back yard, things proceeded quite smoothly at first. Then the squirrel started burying the marbles rather than bringing them to her. This seems to be an example of

instinctive drift

A(n) _____ is a(n) _____ that includes an indication of what we should do.

instruction; rule

The problem with a simple comparison design is that

insufficient at demonstrating clear functional relationship doesn't fully control influence of other variables

The loudness of my voice when I am in a stressful situation would be a(n) _____ measure of my stress level.

intensity

The Scherrer and Wilder (2008) article stated that a second observer collected data on each of the cocktail servers for 50% of all sessions. The data they were collecting is referred to as ________________.

interobserver agreement

Two researchers have watched the same video in order to determine if incidents of aggression occurred during various intervals of time during a single day in a daycare. One researcher saw incidents of aggression in 8 out of 10 intervals, and the second researcher saw incidents of aggression in 7 out of 10 intervals. They disagreed on 1 out of the 10 intervals. What is being measured in this example?

interobserver reliability

As I watch television for four hours one evening, I make a record of whether there occurred at least one example of sexual humor during each half hour segment. This is an example of a(n) _____ method of recording.

interval

One of the major difficulties with the structuralist approach to psychology was the fact that the method of _____ was unreliable.

introspection

Activity anorexia

involves a high level of activity.

According to the text, the most fundamental criticism of animal research is that

it is morally wrong.