Learning and conditioning Final
A rat emits 10 responses during the CS period and 40 responses during the pre-CS period, yielding a suppression ratio of _____.
.2
A rat emits 25 responses during the CS period and 25 responses during the pre-CS period, yielding a suppression ratio of _____.
.5
What time interval between the delivery of food pellets will result in the greatest amount of drinking in a rat?
180 seconds
In rats, taste aversions can develop following delays of up to ___
24 hours
For many types of adjunctive behaviors, the optimal interreinforcement interval is around
3 minutes
In a series of twenty intervals, John bites his nails the following number of times: 2,0,1,2,0,1,1,1,0,1,0,2,1,1,1,2,2,1,1,0. Using an interval recording procedure, the overall level of nail biting is calculated as
75%
Which of the following is an acceptable rate of interobserver reliability?
80%
During conditioning experiments involving food rewards, pigeons are often food deprived to the point where they are at
80-85% of their free-feeding weight.
Consider these two statements: (A) the dog salivates because it knows that I am about to give it a treat; (B) the dog salivates as a reflexive response to the smell of food. Which statement violates Morgan's Canon?
A
Which of the following would be considered a reflex?
A dog pricks up its ears at the sound of a car.
A(n) _____ design involves repeated alternations between a baseline condition and a treatment condition.
ABAB
In treating a child for a tendency to attack other children, the most ethically problematic design to test the effectiveness of treatment would be a(n) ______ design.
ABAB
Which would be the most ethically problematic design for assessing a treatment procedure that seems to suppress Bob's tendency to attack other patients on the ward?
ABAB
A reversal design is sometimes also called an
ABAB ABA
From an evolutionary perspective, the ability to learn is considered to be
An adaptation
A new standard teaching method is being tested on students. Three age groups of students will receive either the new method, or a standard (control) method. If the new method is only effective on the youngest age group of students, you would say that there is ______ between the effects of the drug and the effects of age
An interaction
Criticisms of the use of animals in psychological research include:
Animals are too different from humans for the research to be of much relevance.
Which of the following is a criticism against using animals in psychological research?
Animals are too different from humans for the research to be of much relevance.
Differences between anorexia nervosa in humans and activity anorexia in rats include which of the following?
Anorexic rats do not binge eat and then vomit.
If there exists a causal relationship between event A and outcome B, then
B is contingent on A
Bob believes that he has trouble studying because his parents neglected him as a child. The theorist most likely to regard this explanation as overly simplistic would be
Bandura
This behaviorist believes that our behavior is often strongly influenced by the beliefs we have about our own abilities.
Bandura
"All that we are is a function of what we have experienced." This statement most closely agrees with the point of view known as
British Empercism
In a sign-tracking experiment, you notice a dog begging toward a light that has frequently been paired with the delivery of food. In this instance, the begging behavior is best interpreted as a(n) _____ while the light is a(n) _____.
CR; CS
Pecking a response key that has been associated with food delivery is best described as a(n) _____; pecking a response key to obtain food is a(n) _____.
CR; operant response
In an experiment on taste-aversion conditioning, the flavor of the food item serves as the
CS
Tamsen once became ill while riding in the back seat of a car. Now, whenever she rides in the back seat of a car, she feels nauseous. Riding in the back seat is now a ______ for nausea.
CS
When the Brelands attempted to shape a raccoon to drop a coin in a piggy bank, the coin became a(n) _____ for the raccoon's behavior of rubbing it between its paws.
CS
Nausea induced through rapid smoking seems to create a stronger aversion to smoking than does electric shock paired with smoking. This seems to be an example of
CS-US relevance
The innate tendency to more readily associate certain kinds of stimuli with each other is ____.
CS-US relevance
In a sign-tracking experiment, the stimulus that the animal approaches is best interpreted as a(n) _____, while the approach behavior is a(n) _____.
CS; CR
When the Brelands attempted to shape a pig to drop a coin in a piggy bank, the coin became a(n) _____ for the _____ of rooting.
CS; CR
In an experiment on taste-aversion conditioning, the flavor of the food item serves as the __, while the nausea-inducing drug or X-ray irradiation serves as the __.
CS; US
In higher-order conditioning, a(n) ____ is used in place of a(n) ____ to condition another stimulus
CS; US
The tendency of the CR to occur in the presence of a stimulus that is similar to the ____ is called stimulus ____.
CS; generalization
In higher-order conditioning, a(n) ____ is used in place of a(n) ____ to condition another stimulus.
CS;US
Youcef sets up an exercise program in which he will try to gradually increase the number of push-ups he does each day. The most appropriate design for assessing the effectiveness of his program would be a
Changing-criterion design.
Skinner_______ the role of genetic influences on behavior
Clearly recognized
A mental representation of one's surroundings is a
Cognitive map
In which of the following designs would you NOT expect to have random assignment to groups?
Comparative design
In an experiment concerning the effects of reward on compliance in children, ______ is the dependent variable
Compliant behavior
_____ is a more-or-less instinctive or reflexive behavior triggered by the occurrence of the same behavior in another individual.
Contagious behavior
As I look at my messy apartment, I am reminded of my friend's ultra-clean apartment. This is best described as an example of Aristotle's law of______
Contrast
Skinner's notion of ______ is similar to Bandura's concept of reciprocal determinism.
Counter control
Whenever Mehmed listens to a lecture by Dr. Dull, he begins to day dream. From Mehmed's perspective, the daydreaming is a(n)______ while the lecture by Dr. Dull is a ______.
Covert response; Stimulus
According to Ericsson and colleagues' (1993) study of expert performance, heredity may influence expert performance in determining
The extent to which one becomes interesting in a subject matter. And also ones ability to endure the hard work that is required.
Structuralism is to functionalism as _____ is to _____.
Titchener; James
Structuralism is to functionalism as_____ is to _____
Titchener; James
Which of the following behaviorists would emphasize the distinction between learning and performance?
Tolman
In an experiment on taste-aversion conditioning, the nausea-inducing drug or X-ray irradiation serves as the
US
A(n) _____ is any characteristic of a person, place, or thing that can change over time or across situations
Variable
Of the following behaviorists, who would be most likely to reject the assumption that genes play a strong role in determining differences in math ability?
Watson
Of the following behaviorists, who would most likely reject the assumption that genes play a strong role in determining differences in math ability?
Watson
This person strongly criticized psychology for emphasizing the study of conscious experience
Watson
Which behaviorists would be LEAST interested in conducting an experiment on a person's ability to form mental images?
Watson
Which of the following behaviorists would be least interested in conducting an experiment on a person's ability to form mental images?
Watson
Which of the following theorist is most likely to be disgusted with a discussion about the psychological importance of daydreaming?
Watson
With respect to the nature-nurture debate, ____ shifted over time toward becoming an extreme proponent of the ____ perspective with respect to human behavior
Watson; Nurture
According to _____, a major problem with the study of internal events is that one has to make inferences that are often ______.
Watson; unreliable
In an experiment concerning the effect of food deprivation on activity level, activity level is the______variable
Dependent
The ______ variable is the outcome that is measured in an experiment.
Dependent
"A person is both a physical being and a spiritual being." The person whose philosophical assumptions are most in agreement with this statement is
Descartes
This person suggested that at least some types of behavior are mechanistic, and can therefore be scientifically investigated
Descartes
"I am able to control only some of my behaviors" This statement best exemplifies _______ theory of human behavior.
Descartes'
"Great athletes are made, not born." This statement most exemplifies the _____ approach to behavior
Empiricist
Descartes believed that the behaviors of nonhuman animals are______
Entirely reflexive
Depriving an animal of food is an example of a(n)
Establishing operation
The British empiricists promoted the notion that knowledge is almost entirely a function of
Experience
Under which schedule of food reinforcement would one be most likely to induce an animal to drink excessive amounts of water?
FI
Schedule-induced polydipsia can be produced by exposing rats to a(n) _____ schedule of reinforcement of _____.
FI 180-sec; lever pressing for food
Adjunctive behaviors in rats are most likely to develop on a(n) _____ schedule of reinforcement.
FT 180-sec
Aristotle's law of _____ and _____ are still considered important aspects of learning.
Frequency; Contiguity
If a certain diet affects the extent to which one is likely to acquire a certain disease, then there is a ______ relationship.
Functional
Suppose that every time Randy watches a horror movie, he has a nightmare that same evening. Also suppose that he never has a nightmare except when he watches a horror movie. This example demonstrates a ______ between watching horror movies and having nightmares.
Functional
The relationship between changes in an independent variable and changes in a dependent variable is know as a _______ relationship
Functional
William James was a ____ while Titchener was a______
Functionalist; Structuralist
Which of the following behaviorists would be most interested in manipulating the degree to which a rat has been food deprived?
Hull
Which of the following represents the basic premise of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)?
Human verbal behavior has both advantages and disadvantages.
Which of the following statements is most likely to result in successful completion of the behavior?
I will dust and vacuum my apartment on Tuesday evening at 7:00
Which of the following self-instructions would be most effective?
I will go swimming tomorrow at 7:00 pm at Coronation pool
Which of the following statements best exemplifies a bright boundary?
I will phone my parents on Sunday afternoon at 2:00 PM.
Under what conditions would you expect to be able to habituate more readily to a loud stimulus but not a quiet one?
If the quiet stimulus is dangerous and the loud stimulus is safe
Which of the following is a rule?
If you scratch my back, I'll scratch yours.
Problems with the descriptive research approach include
Inability to determine cause and effect relationships
In an experiment concerning the effect of food deprivation on activity level, food deprivation is the_____variable
Independent variable
In the method of _____, experimental subjects try to accurately describe their inner thoughts and emotions.
Introspection
Judit is asked to report her precise thought patterns as she plans her next move in chess. This is an example of
Introspection
The notion that the mind is a blank slate is most clearly associated with
John Locke
Which of the following sex differences is predicted for people who are exposed to a lot of violent media during childhood?
Males will become more violent, but females will tolerate more violence.
"Daydreams cannot be scientifically investigated." This statement would most likely come from a
Methodological behaviorist
'Feelings are uncontrollable, but actions are controllable'. Which of the following treatments is based on this premise?
Morita Therapy
Taste aversion conditioning differs from other types of classical conditioning in that associations are formed despite very long delays between the
NS and US
Jason thinks that great scientists are born and not made while Allison thinks that they have simply been given superior training. Jason is best described as a(n)_____, while Allison is best described as a(n)_______
Nativist; Empiricist
"That which works remains; that which doesn't work is eliminated." This statement reflects the principle of
Natural selection and Operant conditioning
Studies of adjunctive behavior could lead to the development of more effective drug treatments for
OCD
A strong trait of B.F. Skinner's that later became reflected in his brand of behaviorism was his
Objectivity
A student studying hard to win a medal is to _____ conditioning as salivating in response to food is to _____ conditioning.
Operant; Classical
Pavlov regarded disinhibition as evidence that extinction involves the inhibition of a response
Pavlov regarded disinhibition as evidence that extinction involves the inhibition of a response
Autoshaping seems to provide evidence for
Pavlov's stimulus substitution theory.
The fact that autoshaped key pecks have a different topography when the reinforcer is food as opposed to water is most readily explained in terms of
Pavlov's stimulus substitution theory.
Philosophy is to science as radical behaviorism is to behavior analysis
Philosophy is to science as radical behaviorism is to behavior analysis
What is the relationship between ' radical behaviorism' and 'behavior analysis'?
Radical behaviorism is the philosophical basis for behavior analysis
The social learning approach
Recognizes the distinction between learning and performance. Is more closely aligned to Tolman's approach than Hull's. and Assigns an important role to Self-Referent thoughts.
Concerning his book, "Beyond Freedom and Dignity", Skinner was severely criticized for
Rejecting the concept of free will.
According to the text, learning is a ______ in behavior that results from some type of experience.
Relatively permanent change
If you want to convince someone that his habit of watching exciting tv shows each evening is causing his insomnia, it would best to use which type of experimental design?
Reversal
Smiles in others can function as _____ for pleasant emotions in ourselves because _____.
SDs; smiles have often been associated with pleasurable events
If Sara drinks her fill of water, she will then become______ on water.
Satiated
A _____ occurs when there is a close association between what we say we are going to do and how we actually behave at a later point in time.
Say-Do correspondence
A reliable person is a person who has likely been trained to exhibit strong
Say-Do correspondence
The effective use of personal rules is largely dependent on training in
Say-Do correspondence.
On a cumulative record, a _____ indicates a ______ of response.
Shallow line, low rate
" Thoughts are just another form of behavior that should be studied as such" The behaviorist most likely to have uttered such statement is?
Skinner
"Thoughts are just another form of behavior and should be studied as such." The behaviorist most likely to have uttered such a statement is
Skinner
Dr. Franzoi notices that one of her patients has great difficulty describing her emotions, possibly because she was severely neglected as a young child. The behaviorist who would be most interesting in this matter would probably be
Skinner
Thoughts are just another form of behavior and should be studied as such." The behaviorist most likely to have uttered such a statement is
Skinner
Skinner's book, "Beyond Freedom and Dignity" Proposed that
Society must be engineered to control human behavior for the better
Natural selection leads to changes in a species because
Some individuals reproduce more than others
In an S-R theory, learning is believed to involve the formation of connections between _____ stimuli and _____ response.
Specific; Specific
A flashing light, a loud bang, and a bad smell are all
Stimuli
The sound of a door slam causes your cat to jump off the couch. The sound of the door slam is______
Stimulus
This perspective hold that it is possible to understand the mind by identifying its basic elements
Structuralism
The structuralist emphasis on______ helped establish psychology as a scientific discipline.
Systematic Observation
The judges at a high diving competition are mostly concerned with the _____ of the behavior
T0pograpy
Although there is ___________ relationship between aggression and exposure to violent media, the effect of violent media on later aggressive behavior is __________.
a bidirectional; robust
Personal rules are most effective when they establish .
a bright-boundary between acceptable and unacceptable behaviors.
When Sami tried to shape her pet squirrel's behavior to fetch marbles in the back yard, things proceeded quite smoothly at first. Then the squirrel started burying the marbles rather than bringing them to her. This behavior pattern is likely
a classically conditioned fixed action pattern.
habituation
a decrease in the strength of an elicited behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus
startle response
a defensive reaction to a sudden, unexpected stimulus, which involves automatic tightening of skeletal muscles and various hormonal and visceral changes
An apparently useless behavior pattern that is displayed during a period of conflict is known as
a displacement activity
fixed action pattern
a fixed sequence of responses elicited by a specific stimulus
Janice develops a gastrointestinal illness while driving home a few hours after eating a meal at a restaurant. As a result, she is most likely to develop an aversion to
a food item that she ate at the meal.
reflex arc
a neural structure that underlies many reflexes and consists of a sensory neuron, an interneuron and a motor neuron
classical conditioning
a process whereby one stimulus that does not elicit a certain response is associated with a second stimulus that does; as a result, the first stimulus also comes to elicit a response
reflex
a relatively simple, involuntary response to a stimulus
Among the following, who is most likely to say that you go to the supermarket because you expect that food is available at the supermarket?
a social learning theorist
unconditioned stimulus
a stimulus that naturally elicits a response without any prior learning
A courageous soldier probably has
a strong tendency toward Say-Do correspondence
opponent-process theory
a theory proposing that an emotional event elicits two competing processes 1. an a process (primary) directly elicited by an event and 2. a b process (opponent) that is elicited by the a-process and serves to counteract the a-process.
According to the text, the person who best exemplifies what we call willpower may be the one who can overcome temptation through the use of
a verbal commitment response.
From a behavioral perspective, a rule is a
a verbal description of a contingency.
a very faint vibration (as in a moving car) is likely to result in habituation, while an extremely strong vibration(as in an earthquake) is likely to result in sensitization
a very faint vibration (as in a moving car) is likely to result in habituation, while an extremely strong vibration(as in an earthquake) is likely to result in sensitization
It is difficult to assess evidence of both true imitation and teaching among non-human animals because
a. it is difficult to determine whether a behavior was modeled or performed with 'intent'. c. much of the existing evidence is anecdotal and subject to anthropomorphism.
The word elicited refers to behaviors that are largely
automatic
The tendency for pigeons to peck at a light that has been associated with the noncontingent delivery of food is referred to as
autoshaping
A(n) _____ stimulus is one that an animal will move away from.
aversive
A(n) _____stimulus is one that an animal will move away from
aversive
For most children, a bee sting is to_____ as candy is to____
aversive; appetitive
Robbie is afraid of spiders while Naseem finds them interesting. A spider is a(n) ______________ stimulus to Robbie, and a(n) _______________ stimulus to Naseem.
aversive; appetitive
Which of the following would constitute the most important aspect of a good behavioral definition of shyness?
avoidance with groups of individuals
The method for generating activity anorexia in laboratory rats includes a) providing only one meal period per day. b) making a running wheel available during nonmeal periods. c) both a and b comprise the method d) neither a nor b are necessary to induce activity anorexia
c) both a and b comprise the method
Charlie the chimp watched as his fellow chimp, Lulu, opened a door and pulled a rope to obtain some food. A few minutes later, Charlie had duplicated the feat. This seems to be an example of a) stimulus enhancement. b) true imitation. c) either of these is possible d) neither of these
c) either of these is possible
Little Billie watched intently as his older sister moved toward the television set and turned it on. Later on, Little Billie, for the first time, turned on the television by himself. This seems to be an example of a) true imitation. b) stimulus enhancement. c) either of these is possible d) neither of these
c) either of these is possible
Experimental demonstrations of adjunctive behavior in animals have included all of the following except a) eating. b) polydipsia. c) sleeping. d) aggression.
c) sleeping.
Vicki started laughing at a story she was reading in a magazine. One by one, her friends around her started to giggle and chuckle as well, even though they weren't sure what Vicki was laughing about. One even said 'What's so funny?' even though she was already laughing. This is an example of
contagious behavior
We easily associate a table and a chair because there is often close spatial __________ between the two items.
contiguity
The term _____ refers to a predictive relationship between two events.
contingency
As I look at my messy apartment, I am reminded of my friend's ultra-clean apartment. This is best described as an example of Aristotle's law of
contrast
Advantages of using animals in behavioral research include the ability to
control the experimental environment. control learning history. carry out experiments that could not ethically be conducted on humans.
In operant conditioning, behaviors are
controlled by their consequences
Daniel eats some turkey gumbo while feeling nauseous from a severe stomach flu. This experience
could well result in the development of a taste aversion.
The term _____ behavior refers to any behavior that can only be subjectively perceived by the person performing the behavior.
covert
The dream I had last night is best described as an example of a(n)
covert behavior
The method for generating activity anorexia in rats includes a) providing frequent meal periods per day. b) making a running wheel available during nonmeal periods. c) both a and b comprise the method d) neither a nor b are necessary to induce activity anorexia
b) making a running wheel available during nonmeal periods.
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be an example of an adjunctive behavior in humans? a) scratching b) sneezing c) doodling on paper d) finger tapping
b) sneezing
During a vacation trip to the desert, Bill was startled by a snake and subsequently became terrified of snakes. Over the years, he has also received several shocks from handling the frayed cord on his old toaster, and now feels slightly uncomfortable while handling it. What would most likely account for the difference in the amount of fear elicited in these two situations?
biological preparedness
Examples of behaviors that can be classically conditioned include
blinking anxiety salivation
In terms of classical conditioning processes, the presence within a meal of a food item that has previously been associated with illness will _____ the development of aversive associations to other items in the meal.
block
The phenomenon of ____ indicates that mere contiguity is insufficient for conditioning.
blocking and overshadowing
I feel good when I see someone smile. These good feelings
both are called vicarious emotional responses and are at least partly the result of classical conditioning.
The manner in which Gandhi reacted when he perceived that he had violated an oath suggests that _____ may play a strong role in motivating some individuals to keep their verbal commitments.
both b and c are correct
Children learn to follow instructions
both because parents praise them when they do so and because doing so enables them to better accomplish certain tasks.
Omar is thinking of losing some weight and getting back into shape. Research on activity anorexia suggests that to do so safely, he should
both eat several small meals per day and slowly increase his level of exercise.
Rules are
both excellent for rapidly establishing a new pattern of behavior and sometimes an impediment to adjusting to changes in the contingencies
According to Skinner, behavior is ultimately the result of______ influences.
both genetic and enviornmental
According to Skinner, behavior is ultimately the result of _____ influences.
both genetic and environmental
People who are good at using self-rules to enhance self-control are likely to
both give themselves specific rather than general instructions and display strong Say-Do correspondence.
We can acquire new behaviors without direct exposure to contingencies through
both instructions and observational learning.
In learning how to play tennis, instructions are quite effective for
both learning the rules of the game and acquiring some of the basic actions.
Bird-watching is most similar to what type of research?
both naturalistic observation and descriptive research
The use of self-promises as a commitment device can be facilitated by
both never failing to carry out such promises and stating such promises in a distinctive manner.
"I will go to the library and study chemistry this evening from 7:00 to 9:00." This is best described as an example of a(n)
both personal process rule and implementation intention.
"I should drive slow so that I can best see the sights along the highway" is an example of a(n)
both self-instruction and personal rule.
Flavor preferences are related to ___
both social referencing and stimulus enhancement are correct.
Flavor preferences are influenced by
both vicarious emotional responses and stimulus enhancement.
Although extreme, Watson's methodological behaviorism played a valuable role in enabling psychology to
break free from the extreme mentalism of the times.
Whenever Prince Pueckler-Muskau gave his "word of honor" to carry out some task, he did so in a very distinctive way. This means that there was a _____ between such statements and his normal statements of intention.
bright boundary
If a dog trainer determines whether a dog is correctly performing a complicated trick by examining the physical form of the behavior, she is measuring the behavior's ______________, but if she records the number of times the dog makes a mistake, then she is measuring ________________.
topography; error rate
Which of the following are the three components of the principle of natural selection?
traits vary within a population, traits are heritable, there is competition for limited resources
Jessica has just purchased a new computer game, and asks her friend, Jill, to show her how to use it. Jill shows her the precise keystrokes that are required to start the game up, which Jessica immediately duplicates. Jessica's behavior is best described as an example of
true imitation
Some researchers believe that animals are incapable of
true imitation
The term _____ refers to the duplication of a novel behavior to achieve a specific goal.
true imitation
Duplicating is to noticing as _____ is to _____.
true imitation; stimulus enhancement
The most important factor in acquiring a new throw in judo is
trying to perform the throw and seeing what happens.
In a 3 x 4 factorial control group design, there are
two independent variables
As an adjunctive behavior, smoking while studying can be viewed as a(n) __
type of built-in self-control device.
In Pavlov's basic classical conditioning procedure, the food is a(n)
unconditioned stimulus
Some researchers have argued that teaching is ___________________ and evidence about animal teaching is _____________________.
uniquely human; anecdotal and subject to anthropomorphism
To Pavlov, the existence of spontaneous recovery indicated that extinction is NOT simply a process of
unlearning.
Kent makes a solid promise to himself to go running each morning. This will likely be effective IF he
usually displays a strong level of Say-Do correspondence.
One similarity between structuralism and functionalism is that both approaches
utilize the method of introspection
A(n) _____ is any characteristic of a person, place or thing that can change over time or across situations.
variable
A rule is a
verbal description of a contingency.
Classically conditioned emotional responses that result from seeing emotions exhibited by others are called
vicarious emotional responses.
Joel, a college student, is noncompliant in nature. It is likely that as a child, he
was reinforced for violating rules.
We are more likely to attend to a model
whom we desire
Ferguson and Rosales-Ruiz (2001) observed problem behaviors in horses including freezing, rearing and turning during trailer loading. Each horse began the intervention phase following observations of different lengths. However, the intervention targeted all behaviors at the same time. What type of design was this?
multiple baseline across behaviors
Scherrer and Wilder (2008) collected baseline data on each participant and varied the time for starting the intervention. The design they used was____________.
multiple baseline across participants
What single-subject design can establish the existence of a cause-and-effect relationship, and does not require a reversal to baseline?
multiple baseline across persons changing-criterion
Bruce decides to first reduce his tendency to smack his lips, then his tendency to spit on the road, and then finally his tendency to swear. What type of research design is he employing to measure his improvement?
multiple-baseline across behaviors
Which of the following MOST likely represents an example of adjunctive behaviors in humans?
nail-biting
Which of the following is a conclusion drawn from Bandura's Bobo doll studies? a. Children who observe an aggressive model are more likely to be generally aggressive. b. Children who observe an aggressive model tend to replicate the actual behaviors of the model. c. Children are influenced by the consequences that a model experiences. d. All of these are correct
d. All of these are correct
According to Skinner, operant conditioning is quite similar to the principle of
natural selection
The principle or mechanism that explains how species change across generations in response to environmental pressures is
natural selection
Bob is under considerable pressure from his wrestling coach to lose weight and move down to a much lighter weight class. Given that he is already exercising intensively, Bob might still be able to minimize the dangerous effects of dieting by eating
neither a low protein diet nor just one large meal per day.
Which school of behaviorism would be most interesting in the effect of thirst on behavior?
neobehaviorism
In Pavlov's basic classical conditioning procedure, the sound of a metronome is originally a(n)
neutral stimulus
The standard autoshaping procedure involves the use of a(n) _____ schedule of reinforcement.
noncontigent
Disinhibition is similar to dishabituation in that both involve
novel stimuli
suppression ratio
number of cs responses divided by number of cs responses plus number of pre cs responses
A good behavioral definition should be
objective and unambiguous.
A good behavioral definition should refer to some _____ aspect of the behavior
observable
In _____, information is gained from watching a model, which then allows the observer to modify his or her own behavior.
observational learning
Attention to a model can be facilitated by a. reinforcement of the model's behavior. b. reinforcement of the behavior of paying attention. c. similarity of the model to the observer. d. all of these
d. all of these
According to Bolles' concept of species-specific defense reactions, many avoidance responses are actually _____ rather than _____.
elicited behaviors; operants
The tendency toward activity anorexia may have evolved because it would facilitate
encountering a new food supply.
Activity anorexia in rats and anorexia nervosa in humans may both be associated with
endorphin high
There is some evidence that activity anorexia is maintained by the release of
endorphins
When Timberlake and Grant (1975) inserted a stimulus rat into the chamber just prior to the delivery of food, the other rat
engaged in various forms of social behavior toward it.
Personal process rules are effective in that they
establish a "bright boundary" as to whether the rule is being followed.
When Jared ate too much cake one day, he became quite sick. Afterwards, he could no longer eat cake. The act of eating too much cake obviously functioned as a(n) _____ with respect to the subsequent likelihood of again eating cake.
establishing operation
The term schedule-induced polydipsia refers to a pattern of _____ that can most readily be induced by exposure to a(n) _____ schedule of food reinforcement.
excessive water drinking; FT or FI
Adjunctive behavior is a(n) _____ pattern of behavior that emerges as a byproduct of a(n) _____ schedule of reinforcement for some other behavior.
excessive; intermittent
To get rid of an unwanted admirer, Amanda wore no deodorant all day and then exercised heavily without showering before going out on a date with him. This is best described as an example of
excitatory conditioning.
Epling and Pierce's evolutionary explanation for activity anorexia is supported by the fact that ______ can break the activity anorexia cycle
exposure to a constant food supply
Epling and Pierce's evolutionary explanation for activity anorexia is supported by the fact that ______ can break the activity anorexia cycle.
exposure to a constant food supply
The most efficient way to learn about the best fishing spots in your area is through
exposure to the relevant rules.
General similarities between anorexic rats and anorexic humans include
extremely high levels of activity.
Allana isn't bothered much by loud noises or lots of activity. In fact, she rather enjoys it. According to Eysenck (1957), she is most likely an ______ who conditions ______.
extrovert; poorly
In which of the following studies would you expect to find a control group?
factorial design
According to the latent inhibition effect, it is more difficult to condition a stimulus that is relatively
familiar
While chewing coffee-flavored gum, Jorge suffers a painful ankle sprain during his first dance lesson. As a result of this experience, he is likely to develop a
fear of dancing
Viewing adjunctive behavior as a displacement activity suggests that quitting smoking can be facilitated by
finding a replacement activity.
A _____ is a fixed sequence of responses elicited by a specific stimulus.
fixed action pattern
A deer's tendency to run in a zigzag pattern in front of a car is
fixed action pattern
Instinctive drift involves the classical conditioning of a ______ during an operant conditioning procedure.
fixed action pattern
In an autoshaping procedure with pigeons, food delivery is programmed to occur
following presentation of the key light for 8 seconds.
Evidence for a stimulus-substitution interpretation of autoshaping includes the fact that pigeons peck the key differently when the reinforcer is
food as opposed to water
My neighbor so often mows his lawn on Sunday, that I can easily imagine the sound of his lawn mower even on a Sunday when he doesn't mow his lawn. This is best described as an example of Aristotle's law of
frequency
A cause-and-effect relationship could also be called a(n) _____ relationship
functional
Every time Randy watches a horror movie, he has a nightmare that same evening. If he never has a nightmare except when he watches a horror movie, it would indicate a(n) _____ between watching horror movies and having nightmares.
functional relationship
William James was a _____ while Titchener was a _____.
functionalist; structuralist
In taste aversion conditioning, a food item that has been paired with ____ ______ readily becomes an aversive CS.
gastrointestinal illness
In keeping with the principle of stimulus _____, the development of a taste aversion to salmon is likely to result in a(n) _____ in preference for similar fish.
generalization; decrease
A tendency to imitate a new modeled behavior, even when there is no specific reinforcement for doing so, is considered
generalized imitation.
Similarities between activity anorexia in rats and anorexia nervosa humans include the fact that
it occurs more readily in adolescent individuals and rats than older individuals and rats.
Taste aversion conditioning differs from most other types of conditioning in that
it usually only takes one trial
Pavlov noted that sand in a dog's mouth tended to elicit a
large amount of watery saliva
Advantages of single-subject designs include
large numbers of subjects are not required to conduct an entire experiment. they do not require sophisticated statistical analysis.
In assessing a person's sleep patterns, you include a measure of how long it takes before the person falls asleep after he or she goes to bed. This would be regarded as a(n) _____ measure of their sleep behavior.
latency
When I visited Paris for a conference, I spent the first few days just wandering the streets. On the third day, when I had to meet a friend at the Louvre museum, I knew exactly how to get there. This is best described as an example of _____ learning.
latent
Sol was harassed by a couple of bullies while walking home from school one day. Although the two bullies were equally abusive, he developed a much stronger fear of the bully whom he had never seen before. This seems to be an example of
latent inhibition
keeping with principle of ____ _____, it is easier to condition a taste aversion to _____ food item
latent inhibition; unfamiliar
Compared to behavior that has been directly shaped by contingencies of reinforcement, rule-governed behavior is often
less sensitive to the contingencies.
Children in the Bobo doll studies were _________ to replicate the behavior of models if they had observed the models' aggressive behavior being punished, and if the children were offered incentives to behave aggressively after witnessing the punishment, then __________________.
less; the level of aggression displayed by the children was quite high
Rats are given a drink of green, licorice-flavored water, and then later injected with a drug that makes them nauseous. The next day they are given a choice between green water and licorice-flavored water. They are likely to avoid
licorice-flavored water
Children who are raised in households where parents drink heavily are
likely to enjoy the smell of alcohol
fear conditioning
little albert response to Freud and development of emotions
Which of the following is a sex difference that has been found in studies examining effects of media violence on real-world aggression
males are more aggressive than females after exposure to violent media.
From a behavior systems theory perspective, a dog's tendency to nip at people who attempt to take away its food
may indicate something about its self-perceived social status within the household.
A useful way to prevent the development of taste aversions as a result of chemotherapy is to feed the patient
meals that consist mostly of familiar items. a very unusual, but trivial, food item prior to the chemotherapy session.
Which school of behaviorism is most likely to consider reports about thoughts and feelings to be unscientific?
methodological behaviorism
Watson was a _______, while Skinner was a ________.
methodological behaviorist; radical behaviorist
I head to the cafeteria to get food. Among behaviorists, this is a relatively ______ explanation for behavior.
molar
Skinner is similar to Tolman in that they both emphasized a _____ view of behavior.
molar
In contrast to the conditions necessary to induce activity anorexia, which of the following leads to a healthy body weight?
more food and less exercise
According to behavior systems theory, an animal's behavior is organized into various ____________ systems including feeding, mating and defense.
motivational
As an example of preparedness in operant conditioning, it is easier for a rat to learn to press a lever to _____ than to _____.
obtain food; avoid a shock
With respect to the use of punishment, Skinner believed that it
often creates more problems than it solves.
The CR is _____ the UR.
often similar to
The activity anorexia model suggests that treatment of anorexia nervosa should focus
on activity levels as much as food intake
Single-subject designs are research designs that require
only one or a few subjects
Walking to school is to _____ conditioning as sweating in a frightening situation is to _____ conditioning.
operant; classical
Clark Hull believed that internal events can be included in a science of behavior given that they can be
operationalized.
In keeping with the principle of _____, it is more difficult to condition a taste aversion to the _____ food item in a meal.
overshadowing; mildest tasting
The push-ups that I did this morning are best described as an example of a(n)
overt behavior
Most people acquire a generalized tendency to follow rules because as children
parents often reinforced such behavior and because such behavior enables one to more effectively achieve certain outcomes.
The law of ________________ holds that simpler explanations are usually preferable explanations.
parsimony
classical conditioning is also known as
pavlovian conditioning and respondent conditioning
A(n) _____ is a verbal description of a contingency that we present to ourselves to modify our own behavior.
personal rule
Neobehaviorism utilizes interveneing variables, usually in the form of hypothesized______, to help explain behavior.
physiological processes
Neobehaviorism utilizes intervening variables, usually in the form of hypothesized _____, to help explain behavior.
physiological processes
According to the text, the person who best exemplifies willpower may be the one who can overcome temptation through the use of
positive reinforcment
According to the text, a stimulus is any event that can
potentially influence behavior
In one study, a rolling marble that predicted the delivery of food seemed to elicit the _____ component of the rat's feeding system.
predatory
As an example of _____, it is easier for pigeon to learn to avoid shock _____.
preparedness; by flying than by key pecking
In blocking, the presence of a ____ prevents conditioning of a new CS.
previously conditioned CS
prior conditioning is to more salient as blocking is to overshadowing
prior conditioning is to more salient as blocking is to overshadowing
According to Skinner, thoughts and feelings are
private behaviors that also require explanation.
If it hasn't progressed too far, the activity anorexia cycle in rats can be broken by
providing them with unrestricted access to food
Reflexes that are controlled by a reflex arc are very _____ because the neural impulses controlling it _____.
quick; bypass the brain
a common control procedure in a control group design is
random assignment of subjects to groups
Rules are most useful for
rapidly establishing appropriate patterns of behavior.
As I watch television for a four hour stretch one evening, I record the number of aggressive incidents that occur during each one hour period. I am taking a(n) _____ measure of the behavior.
rate
If I wish to measure the effect of slight changes in caffeine level on a rat's behavior, I would need a sensitive measure of behavior. I should consider using a(n) _____ measure of response.
rate
Compared to behavior that has been shaped, rule-governed behavior is
rather insensitive to the contingencies.
Taste Aversion
react to taste of something associated with illness, won't eat it again disobeys laws of classical conditioning do not extinguish easily
According to the notion of _____, behavior, environment and internal events (person variables) all influence each other.
reciprocal determinism
The assumption that environmental events, observable behavior, and internal events all influence each other is called __________________________.
reciprocal determinism
Classical conditioning is to _____ behavior as operant conditioning is to ______ behavior.
reflexive; voluntary
Children gradually learn, mostly through _____, the extent to which it is appropriate to perform certain modeled behaviors.
reinforcement and punishment
After vowing that he would no longer curse, Boris no longer felt any temptation to do so. Boris probably has had an extensive history of
reinforcement for Say-Do correspondence.
According to the text, learning is a _____ in behavior that results from some type of experience.
relatively permanent change
sign stimulus
releaser a specific stimulus that elicits a fixed action pattern
As an adjunctive behavior, tea drinking might facilitate studying
remain in a setting in which reinforcers are relatively sparse.
Fixed action patterns have evolved to help animals cope with certain aspects of their environment which, throughout the animals' evolutionary history, have
remained largely consistent.
During a spring-break trip to Mexico, Celeste drank too much tequila, became sick to her stomach, and developed a strong aversion to tequila. This aversion can probably be eliminated by _____, which would be an example of _____.
repeatedly drinking tequila; extinction
With respect to a rat's behavior of pressing a lever for food, a single lever press is an example of a(n)
response
Jan winks at Tyler. The wink is an example of a(n) _____ by Jan and a _____ for Tyler.
response; stimulus
Activity anorexia in rats seems to be most closely related to the ______ type of anorexia in humans.
restricting
For a reversal design to clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of a certain treatment, the behavior must
return to its original baseline level during the second baseline phase.
If I want to convince someone that his habit of watching exciting television shows each evening is causing his insomnia, it would be best to use which type of experimental design?
reversal
"If you eat well, you will be healthy " is an example of a(n)
rule
"If you speak clearly, it will be much easier to obtain a job as a receptionist." This is an example of a(n)
rule
"The meek shall inherit the earth" is an example of a(n)
rule
"Don't you dare open the door!" is an example of a(n)
rule and instruction
After listening to Allison describe how to fix a software glitch, Burton was able to quickly carry it out. The quick learning he displayed in this instance seems to be an example of
rule-governed behavior.
After reading a religious text one day, Mad Dog Martin became a much kinder person. His newfound kindness seems best described as an example of
rule-governed behavior.
Behavior that is generated through exposure to rules is known as ____
rule-governed behavior.
Byron, who took a massage workshop, is much less skilled at massage than Salima, who daily has to massage her ill mother. This may be an instance in which _____ is less efficient than behavior that has been shaped through exposure to _____.
rule-governed behavior; the natural contingencies
Adult humans often do not show the same pattern of behavior on FI schedules that is typically shown by nonhuman animals. This probably reflects the influence of _____ on human behavior.
rules
The most rapid way to establish new patterns of behavior in adult humans is through the use of
rules
According to Bolles' theory of species-specific defense reactions, rats easily learn to _____ to avoid shock because these are actually _____.
run or freeze; elicited behaviors that are natural reactions to danger
Deanna becomes ill several hours after eating a meal consisting of roast beef (which is highly familiar to her) and vegetable samosas (which are novel). She is more likely to develop a taste aversion to __________ as a result of ________________.
samosas; latent inhibition
Too much is to very little as _____ is to _____.
satiation; deprivation
A Say-Do correspondence is a close association between what we _____ and what we _____.
say we are going to do; later actually do
Adjunctive behaviors are also called ______ behaviors.
schedule-induced
After receiving a shock while seeing the word DOG, Muhammad becomes somewhat tense when he sees the word PUPPY. This is an example of
semantic generalization.
Becoming increasingly irritated during a play because the person next to you keeps sniffling is most similar to the process of
sensitization
A reflex arc consists of the activation of a(n) _____ (in that order).
sensory neuron, interneuron, and motor neuron
Consider the following sequence of events: (1) [A + B]; (2) B: C —> D; (3) B —> D; (4) A —> D. This is most similar to
sensory preconditioning
You are acquainted with Colin and his wife. One day, Colin says something very insulting to you, which makes you feel quite angry toward him. Then, when you later meet his wife on the street, you also feel angry toward her. This is best described as an example of
sensory preconditioning
After you train your dog with food rewards to follow a targeting stick, you notice that it occasionally licks the stick. This is best described as an example of
sign tracking
Bob tends to hang around a coffee shop that is frequented by a woman to whom he is very attracted, even when he knows for certain that she won't be there. This behavior pattern is most similar to the phenomenon of
sign tracking
Pavlov once noticed one of his dogs licking a light that had been paired with food. This type of behavior pattern is now known as
sign tracking
Two year-old Sarah likes to snuggle up to the pillow that her mother uses. This seems most similar to the phenomenon of
sign tracking
Which of the following concepts suggests that it will be more difficult to train a dog to run away from you to earn food than to run towards you to earn food?
sign tracking
Longitudinal and prospective studies have found that the amount of violent media viewed in childhood is
significantly correlated with aggressive and antisocial behavior, including criminality.
The CR is usually
similar to the UR
As I look at the spotlight, I am reminded of the sun. This is best described as an example of Aristotle's law of
similarity
We measure a child's homework completion during a week in which he is consistently rewarded for doing his homework versus the following week when he is completely ignored while doing his homework. This is an example of a _____ design.
simple comparison
We measure a child's homework completion during a week in which he is consistently rewarded for doing his homework versus the following week when he is completely ignored while doing his homework. This is an example of a _____ design.
simple comparison
The correlations between exposure to media violence and aggressive behavior are similar in strength to which of the following correlated events?
smoking and lung cancer
According to behavior systems theory, the dog approaches the light in a sign-tracking experiment because the light has elicited the _____ component of the dog's feeding system.
social
Observational learning is a particularly important aspect of
social learning theory
Observational learning, or ____________________, allows us to acquire new behavior patterns
social learning; without direct exposure to the contingencies.
While eating porridge one morning, Mark broke a tooth on a small pebble that had been mixed in with it. It was a very painful experience. As a result, Mark is likely to develop
some anxiety about eating porridge.
We are more likely to attend to a model when the behavior being modeled is
something we are capable of understanding and duplicating.
In an experiment, quail and rats were given blue, sour water to drink, after which the animals were made sick. When later given a choice between blue water and sour water, the rats avoided the _____ water and the quail avoided the ______ water.
sour; blue
The term _____ refers to events occurring in close physical proximity to each other
spatial contiguity
A chair and a table are side by side. This means that they are
spatially contiguous.
fixed action patterns are sometime also called
species-specific behaviors
Jonah's piano teacher is trying to get him to shorten the time it takes to play a Beethoven sonata. The appropriate behavioral measure is therefore
speed.
Cassie becomes ill several hours after eating a meal consisting of plain mashed potatoes and spicy hot wings. She is more likely to develop a taste aversion to __________ as a result of
spicy hot wings; overshadowing
Research has shown that a good way to increase Jana's preference for turnips would be to
sprinkle sugar on the turnips
According to the text, a good strategy for increasing a child's preference for a disliked food item is to
sprinkle the food item with sugar.
a flashing light, a loud bang, and a bad smell are all
stimuli
The sound of a door slam causes your cat to jump off the couch. The sound of the door slam is a
stimulus
Many apparent examples of true imitation in animals are actually examples of
stimulus enhancement
Some behaviors that appear to indicate imitation may instead be the result of
stimulus enhancement
The process of _____ involves directing an animal's attention to a particular place or object.
stimulus enhancement
ill directs Jessica to a new website that contains some neat computer games. Jessica visits the website and eventually figures out how to play the various games available. Jessica's behavior is most similar to the process of
stimulus enhancement
When Bernadette glanced into the video arcade, she saw a number of kids standing in line for a new game. Later, when the arcade had quieted down a bit, she went in and tried out the game herself. Her behavior is best described as an example of
stimulus enhancement.
Noticing is to _____ as duplication is to _____.
stimulus enhancement; true imitation
CAT-BAT is to ____ generalization as DOG-CANINE is to ____ generalization.
stimulus; semantic
In pairing a bee with a sting, a more painful sting should result in
stronger conditioning.
This perspective holds that it is possible to understand the mind by identifying its basic elements.
structuralism
Many reflexes are closely tied to
survival
Overt behavior is to______ as covert behavior is to______
talking; daydreaming
At the sound of the starter's pistol, the sprinters quickly start running. Thus, the sound of the pistol and the start of running are
temporal continues
sign-tracking.
tendency to approach a stimulus that signals the presentation of an appetitive event is
Although _____________________ believed that the mind consists of various combinations of basic elements, it was researchers associated with the approach known as _________________ who actually began to test that idea.
the British Empiricists; Structuralism
Which of the following characteristics of taste aversion conditioning make it different from other forms of classical conditioning?
the ability to associate the NS and US over a delay of several hours
orienting response
the automatic positioning of oneself to facilitate attending to a stimulus
flexion response
the automatic response of jerking one's hand or foot away from a hot or sharp object
control group designs are useful for studying
the average effect of a variable on a large number of individuals
Control group designs are useful for studying
the average effect of a variable on a large number of individuals.
A reversal design may be inappropriate when
the change in behavior may be irreversible.
True imitation is defined as a form of observational learning that involves ____
the close duplication of a novel behavior. .
The ultimate determinant of whether a modeled behavior will be performed by an observer is
the consequences for the observer's behavior.
The extent to which we follow rules is most critically dependent on
the consequences we have received for rule following.
As a rat is taking a drink of green, licorice-flavored water, it receives a painful tail-pinch. The next day it is given a choice between green water and licorice-flavored water. It is likely to drink
the licorice -flavored water more than the green water.
Limitations of control group designs include
the need for a large number of subjects.
A dog feels a severe pain in its front paws while chewing on dog biscuit and lying on a new dog bed. Given the results of the Garcia and Koelling (1966) experiment, which of the following stimuli would the dog most likely to acquire a fear of?
the new dog bed
In negative automaintenance, the response continues to occur even though it results in
the nondelivery of food
CER
the numbers no suppression at all Pre CS responding = CS responding complete suppression = zero
The most efficient way to teach someone what to do on a new job is through
the presentation of rules
dishabituation
the reappearance of a habituated response to a stimulus following the presentation of another, seemingly irrelevant novel stimulus
unconditioned response
the response that is naturally elicited by the unconditioned stimulus without any prior learning
conditioned response
the response, often similar to the ucr, that is elicited by the conditioned stimulus
A personal process rule is a rule that indicates
the specific process by which one will accomplish a goal.
Tolman and Honzik's (1930) maze study suggested that
there is a distinction between learning and performance
Distinguishing features of adjunctive behavior include
there is an optimal interval between reinforcers for its development.
Distinguishing characteristics of adjunctive behaviors include
they can function as reinforcers for other behaviors
According to Skinner, feelings are often inaccurately described because, when parents teach children to label internal events,
they can only make inferences about what the children are actually feeling
When rats in Boer's study were given 15 grams of food each day, they developed activity anorexia. When they were given 18 grams of food each day, what happened to them?
they maintained a healthy weight
The most important factor in becoming an excellent baseball pitcher is
throwing the ball and seeing where it goes.
In an experiment concerning the effects of time-out on noncompliant behavior, _____ is the independent variable.
time-out
Using a(n) _____________________ recording procedure, a school psychologist drops into a classroom for a 10-minute period four times each day and notes whether some type of disruption occurs during the time that he is there.
time-sampling
The judges at a high diving competition are mostly concerned with the _____ of the behavior.
topography
Patrick's therapist is encouraging him to recognize that he has a lot of anxiety, and not try to fight it. Instead, he should just deal with his life as it is and figure out how to live his life regardless of his symptoms. Which of the following therapies is being used in this example?
acceptance and commitment therapy
Variables involved in the creation of activity anorexia include ___
access to food for a limited amount of time each day.
The functionalists believed that psychology should be the study of
adaptive processes
hile drinking with his friends, Gunther tends to pick at the label on his beer bottle. This is best described as an example of
adjunctive behavior
An excessive pattern of behavior that emerges as a byproduct of an intermittent schedule of reinforcement for some other behavior is known as
adjunctive behavior.
Compulsive behavior patterns in humans seem most similar to _____ in rats.
adjunctive behaviors
In Bandura's Bobo doll studies, children observed
adults interacting with toys.
Dr. Alvarez is treating Marcus for a behavioral problem. First, she records a baseline level of the behavior for several days. The rate of the behavior is quite high. Next, she implements a behavior modification program based on punishment. When that approach has little success in reducing the behavior, she tries a second program based on reinforcement. The second treatment appears to work and the behavior is dramatically reduced. She then goes back to baseline and the behavior reverts back to pre-treatment levels. When Dr. Alvarez once again implements the second treatment method, the behavior goes away. This is an example of
an ABCAC design.
Watson's specific theory of learning was
an S-R theory, and derived largely from Pavlov's work on classical conditioning
Joanna does not feed her dog during the day so as to ensure that he will eat all of his dinner that evening. This is an example of
an establishing operation
sensitization
an increase in the strength of an elicited response following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus
In stimulus enhancement, the probability of a behavior is changed because
an individual's attention is drawn to an item or location by another individual
Which of the following behaviors is likely to be 'contagious'?
an orienting response
Hull's model of behavior is quite similar to modern cognitive approaches that view humans as
analogous to computers that process bits of information to produce responses.
When exposed to the experimental neurosis procedure, some dogs
any of these depending on the dog: became catatonic and almost hypnotized.became anxious and upset.displayed few if any symptoms.
conditioned stimulus
any stimulus that, although initially neutral, comes to elicit a response because it has been associated with an unconditioned stimulus
A(n)____stimulus is one that an organism will move toward
appetitive
Feeling strongly attracted to your classmate following some romantic encounters is best described as an example of _____ conditioning.
appetitive
If someone goes "looking for a fight," then fighting must be a(n) ______ stimulus for that individual.
appetitive
Following his banishment from a university position, Watson
applied the principles of conditioning to advertising and became the "pop" psychologist of his era.
Ronaldo always does what he says he's going to do. This implies that he could use his promises to himself
as a form of commitment response.
Feeling a bite and then noticing the dog is an example of a(n) _____________ conditioning procedure, while briefly noticing the dog and then later feeling a bite is an example of a(n) ______________ conditioning procedure
backward; trace
Desensitization to violence may lead females to be more likely to ____________ violence?
become victims of
The science of Physiology is to the practice of medicine as_____ is to______
behavior analysis; applied behavior analysis
The science of physiology is to the practice of medicine as _____ is to _____.
behavior analysis; applied behavior analysis
According to _____, when trying to eliminate a dog's tendency to bark, we would do well to consider which motivational system is being activated by which cues.
behavior systems theory
John is having difficulty learning a new swim stroke. Fortunately for him, his swim coach is a
behaviorist
In a multiple baseline design, the treatment is implemented at different points in times across different.
behaviors situations persons
Which of the following is similar between activity anorexia in rats and human anorexia nervosa? a) They are associated with a strong interest in food. b) They are more likely to occur in adolescence than adulthood. c) Both a and b are correct. d) Neither a nor b are correct.
c) Both a and b are correct.
When we are frightened after seeing a look of fear in others, the look of fear in others may be functioning as a a) CS. b) US. c) Both of these are possible
c) Both of these are possible
Evidence that adjunctive processes may be involved in drug use includes a) adjunctive procedures have been used to create drug addictions in rats. b) drug use is most common in settings that provide sparse reinforcement. c) both a and b d) neither a nor b
c) both a and b
A modeled behavior is less likely to be performed if a) the model's behavior is punished. b) the observer is punished for duplicating the model's behavior. c) both a and b d) neither a nor b
c) both a and b are correct
A modeled behavior is more likely to be performed if a) the model's behavior is reinforced. b) the observer receives reinforcement for duplicating the model's behavior. c) both a and b are correct d) neither a nor b are correct
c) both a and b are correct
Displacement activities may be beneficial in that a) they result in a diverse range of behaviors in a setting. b) they facilitate waiting for a delayed reinforcer. c) both a and b are correct d) neither a nor b are correct
c) both a and b are correct
In the activity anorexia cycle a) when activity increases, food intake decreases. b) when food intake decreases, activity increases. c) both a and b are correct d) neither a nor b are correct
c) both a and b are correct
We are more likely to attend to a model if a.we are reinforced for doing so. b.the model's behavior is reinforced. c.both a and b are correct d.neither a nor b are correct
c.both a and b are correct
Which of the following has been demonstrated to be a reliable means of slowing the aging process in a variety of non-human animals?
caloric restriction
Adjunctive behaviors
can both facilitate self-control and represent a lack of self-control.
A rare type of psychiatric disorder is most likely to be studied using the
case study approach
Natural selection leads to
changes in species across generation
The most appropriate design for slowly increasing the amount of running that you do each day would be a
changing criterion
If the intent of your program is to gradually increase the amount of weight you lift each day, the most appropriate design for measuring your improvement would probably be a _____ design.
changing-criterion
In _____, two stimuli are paired together with the result that one of the stimuli comes to elicit a response that it did not originally elicit.
classical conditioning
Sign-tracking has been interpreted by researchers as resulting from a process of
classical conditioning
What process best describes the phenomenon of autoshaping?
classical conditioning
Vicarious emotional responses are _____ emotional responses that result from seeing such responses exhibited by others
classically conditioned
In instinctive drift, behavior that is being shaped comes to be replaced by ___
classically conditioned fixed action pattern.
Skinner _____ the role of genetic influences on behavior.
clearly recognized
Janice always gets lost whenever she deviates from the route that she normally takes when she drives home. Tolman would be most likely to say that she is suffering from a defective
cognitive map.
In the Breland and Breland (1961) example of instinctive drift, the rooting that occurred in response to the ______ was a(n) ______.
coin; conditioned response
In the section of the chapter "And Furthermore: Conditioned Food Preferences" research has revealed that a disliked food item can be made more appetitive by _____
combining it with something that is strongly preferred.
Research has revealed that a disliked food item can be made more appetitive by ___
combining it with something that tastes good.
Latent inhibition is useful in that it ensures that we do not develop conditioned associations to ____ aspects of our environment.
common and thereby redundant
Psychiatrists have been interested in researching the phenomenon of schedule-induced polydipsia because it may lead to further understanding about _____ behavior patterns in humans.
compulsive
Svitlana once received a bite while handling her hamster, and is now quite anxious each time she handles it. In this example, her fear of the hamster is a(n) _____ response.
conditioned
inhibitory conditioning
conditioning procedure in which the NS is associated with the absence or removal of a US
excitatory conditioning
conditioning procedure in which the NS is associated with the presentation of a US
appetitive conditioning
conditioning procedure in which the US is an event that an organism approaches or seeks out
aversive conditioning
conditioning procedure in which the US is an event that an organism avoids used as UCS often faster than appetitive how conditioned fear is measured- CER, conditioned suppression
trace conditioning
conditioning procedure in which the onset and offset of the NS precede the onset of the US
simultaneous conditioning
conditioning procedure in which the onset of the NS and the onset of the US are simultaneous
delayed conditioning
conditioning procedure in which the onset of the NS comes before the onset of the US and two stimuli overlap temporal arrangement
backward conditioning
conditioning procedure in which the onset of the NS follows the onset of the US temporal arrangement
Rats who are raised with an adult rat who consumes alcohol will
consume twice as much alcohol as non-exposed rats.
Activity anorexia may be adaptive in an animal's natural environment in that it facilitates
contacting a more reliable food supply.
According to the concept of species-specific defense reactions, the act of freezing in a frightening situation is easily learned because it is actually a(n)
elicited behavior
As summer approaches, Joanne decides to undertake a diet-exercise regime in order to lose some weight. To do so safely, which of the following should she do? a) Eat one large meal per day. b) Eat several small meals per day. c) Gradually increase her level of exercise. d) Both b and c are correct.
d) Both b and c are correct.
According to research on activity anorexia, dieters who wish to safely lose weight should a) eat several small meals per day. b) slowly increase their level of exercise. c) eat nutritionally well-balanced meals. d) all of these
d) all of these
Adjunctive behaviors a) can function as reinforcers for other behaviors. b) tend to emerge during the post-reinforcement interval. c) increase as level of deprivation for the reinforcer increases. d) all of these
d) all of these
Contagious behavior is common with behaviors such as a) fear responses. b) yawning. c) orienting. d) all of these
d) all of these
Distinguishing features of adjunctive behavior include a) it immediately follows consumption of the reinforcer. b) it is affected by level of deprivation for the reinforcer. c) there is an optimal interval between reinforcers for its development. d) all of these
d) all of these
Examples of adjunctive behaviors that have been produced in the laboratory include a) aggression. b) eating wood shavings. c) licking at an air stream. d) all of these
d) all of these
Factors that influence whether we will perform a modeled behavior include a) consequences to the model's behavior. b) consequences to our behavior. c) our reinforcement history for performing such behaviors. d) all of these
d) all of these
Taste aversion conditioning is similar to other forms of classical conditioning in that the process of _____ can occur. a) stimulus generalization b) blocking c) extinction d) all of these
d) all of these
The main conclusion(s) drawn from Bandura's Bobo doll studies include a) children who observe an aggressive model are more likely to be generally aggressive. b) children who observe an aggressive model tend to replicate the actual behaviors of the model. c) children were influenced by the operant consequences that the model experienced. d) all of these
d) all of these
We are more likely to attend to models who are a) receiving a positive reinforcer. b) similar to us. c) famous and admired. d) all of these
d) all of these
A displacement activity often arises when an animal is a) in conflict. b) is unable to attain a goal. c) satiated on a reinforcer. d) both a and b are correct
d) both a and b are correct
Children in the Bobo doll studies were _______ to replicate the behavior of models if they had observed models' aggressive behavior being _____________. a) more; reinforced b) more; punished c) less; punished d) both a and c are correct
d) both a and c are correct
Regarding sex differences in vulnerability to the effects of media violence, it has been proposed that a) most of the victims of violence in media are male, therefore females don't attend to them b) most of the perpetrators of violence in media are male, therefore females may not be as likely to perform those behaviors c) females are more likely to be victims, rather than perpetrators, in media violence, which may increase the likelihood that females will accept rather than commit violent acts d) both b and c
d) both b and c
As an example of preparedness in chaffinches, _____ is an effective reinforcer for the behavior of _____. a) food; perching in a certain spot b) food; key pecking c) chaffinch song; perching in a certain spot d) both b and c are correct
d) both b and c are correct
In the activity anorexia cycle a) when activity increases, food intake increases. b) when food intake increases, activity increases. c) both a and b are correct d) neither a nor b are correct
d) neither a nor b are correct
For a taste aversion to develop, the illness a) must be perceived as being caused by the food. b) must occur immediately following food ingestion. c) both a and b are necessary d) neither a nor b are necessary
d) neither a nor b are necessary
Which of the following behaviors is NOT 'contagious'? a) laughing when you don't know what someone else is laughing at b) yawning when someone else does c) looking where your teacher is looking d) unlocking a door that you saw someone else unlock previously
d) unlocking a door that you saw someone else unlock previously
As an example of preparedness in operant conditioning, it is easier for a rat to learn to _____ to avoid a shock than to _____. a. freeze; lever press b. run; lever press d. both a and b are correct
d. . both a and b are correct
As an example of preparedness in operant conditioning, it is easier for a rat to learn to _____ to avoid a shock than to _____. a. freeze; lever press b. run; lever press d. both a and b are correct
d. both a and b are correct
Children in the Bobo doll studies were _______ to replicate the behavior of models if they had observed models' aggressive behavior being _____________. a. More likely; reinforced b. More likely; punished c. Less likely; punished d. both a and c are correct
d. both a and c are correct
Critical factors involved in the development of activity anorexia in rats include a.a preceding period of restricted mobility. b.unrestricted access to food. c.both a and b are necessary d.neither a nor b are required
d.neither a nor b are required
In keeping with the phenomenon of activity anorexia, as Bob increases the number of miles he runs per day, he could well experience
decrease in food activity
In keeping with the phenomenon of activity anorexia, as Hamish increases the number of laps he swims each day, he may experience
decrease in food activity
Satiation usually _____ the _____ of an event.
decreases; appetitiveness
Which type of NS-US arrangement is most likely to result in effective conditioning?
delayed
Which type of conditioning procedure is usually the most effective?
delayed
The outcome or effect in an experiment is the _____variable.
dependent
Ferguson and Rosales-Ruiz (2001) observed problem behaviors in horses including freezing, rearing and turning during trailer loading. These behaviors were their ______________.
dependent variables
"I am able to control only some of my behaviors." This statement best exemplifies _____ theory of human behavior.
descartes
An individual who believes that humans and animals are fundamentally different would most likely agree with the viewpoint of
descartes
The _____ methods of research do not involve the manipulation of variables.
descriptive
When children are given candies with novel and distinctive flavors at the time of chemotherapy, they are less likely to __________________. This is an application of scientific research on _________________.
develop taste aversions to their 'normal' diet; CS-US relevance
When you tell a sexual joke that you recently heard to your friends, they laugh heartily. When you tell it to your parents, they frown. Due to _____, you soon learn to tell such jokes only to your friends
differential reinforcement
According to Eysenck, the behavior of psychopaths tends to be
difficult to condition
The main advantage of experimental research over descriptive research is the ability to
discover cause and effect relationships.
Stimulus ____ is the tendency for a CR to be elicited by one stimulus and not another.
discrimination
The reappearance of a habituated response to a stimulus following the presentation of another, seemingly irrelevant stimulus is called
dishabituation.
Toward the end of a day in which she experienced several interviews, Susan began to feel quite relaxed. Unfortunately, during the last interview, a phone rang which disrupted the proceedings. Interestingly, it also brought back some of her nervousness. This is best described as an example of
disinhibition
The term _____ refers to an apparently irrelevant activity sometimes displayed by animals when confronted by conflict or thwarted from obtaining a goal.
displacement activity
As a form of displacement activity, adjunctive behaviors can be viewed as a tendency to __
do something else while waiting for a reinforcer
Rats that are raised with alcohol available, but that do not observe alcohol consumption by adult rats, will
drink little alcohol when they are adolescents
True imitation can be defined as
duplicating a novel behavior to achieve a goal.
The amount of time that I spend driving my car each week is an example of a ______ measure of behavior.
duration
In a simple control group experiment on the effects of food deprivation on activity level, the control group would
eat normally.
According to research on activity anorexia, if I wish to safely lose weight, I should
eat several meals throughout the day
Rosalie pours honey on her daughter's green beans in the hope that she will grow to like beans. According to the textbook, this tactic is likely to be
effective
Flinching in response to a gunshot is an example of an _____ behavior.
elicited
Katya tends to follow her older sisters around and imitate their behaviors. She plays dress-up like they do, she eats when they do, and she listens to the same music that they listen to. Katya often gets a lot of attention for imitating these behaviors. Whenever her sisters do something new (like learning dance moves, or playing a new game) Katya has a tendency to attempt to imitate these novel behaviors as well. This could be considered an example of
generalized imitation.
Once it has been established, a rule-governed behavior is
generally less efficient than contingency-shaped behavior
In keeping with the research on taste aversion conditioning, a good way to increase Jana's preference for turnips would be to
give her a tasty dessert after she eats her turnips.
In the original experimental neurosis experiments, dogs were exposed to a circle and an ellipse that were
gradually made more and more similar.
On an FI 60-sec schedule, James pushes the response key at a blistering pace throughout the interval between reinforcers. Chances are that
he was given instructions to push the button to obtain the reinforcers.
Similarities between humans with anorexia nervosa and rats with activity anorexia include
high levels of activity.
Observational learning of a fear response may represent a process of
higher-order conditioning
Sam refuses to talk to Bobbi ever since he saw her holding hands with the person who used to harass him in the sixth grade. This situation seems most analogous to the process of
higher-order conditioning.
Personal process rules have also been called
implementation intentions.
"Leave me alone!" is an example of an instruction
in which the consequence is implied.
Research on activity anorexia suggests that people who are intent on safely losing weight should
increase their level of exercise slowly.
As level of deprivation for the scheduled reinforcer becomes more severe, the level of adjunctive behavior
increases
Research on activity anorexia suggests that the risk of becoming anorexic during a weight loss program can be reduced by
increasing one's exercise levels slowly rather than rapidly.
In an experiment concerning the effect of food deprivation on activity level, food deprivation is the _____ variable.
independent
In an experiment on the effectiveness of different mosquito repellents on reducing mosquito bites, the different repellents constitute the
independent variable
Suppose you are experimenting with the effects of sleep deprivation on memory. In this case, sleep deprivation is a(n)
independent variable
According to the text, which of the following would most likely reduce activity level in a rat that is suffering from activity anorexia?
injection of an endorphin blocker
In _____, a behavior that has been positively reinforced is gradually supplanted by a classically conditioned fixed action pattern
instinctive drift
When Sami tried to shape her pet squirrel's behavior to fetch marbles in the back yard, things proceeded quite smoothly at first. Then the squirrel started burying the marbles rather than bringing them to her. This seems to be an example of
instinctive drift
A(n) _____ is a(n) _____ that includes an indication of what we should do.
instruction; rule
The problem with a simple comparison design is that
insufficient at demonstrating clear functional relationship doesn't fully control influence of other variables
The loudness of my voice when I am in a stressful situation would be a(n) _____ measure of my stress level.
intensity
The Scherrer and Wilder (2008) article stated that a second observer collected data on each of the cocktail servers for 50% of all sessions. The data they were collecting is referred to as ________________.
interobserver agreement
Two researchers have watched the same video in order to determine if incidents of aggression occurred during various intervals of time during a single day in a daycare. One researcher saw incidents of aggression in 8 out of 10 intervals, and the second researcher saw incidents of aggression in 7 out of 10 intervals. They disagreed on 1 out of the 10 intervals. What is being measured in this example?
interobserver reliability
As I watch television for four hours one evening, I make a record of whether there occurred at least one example of sexual humor during each half hour segment. This is an example of a(n) _____ method of recording.
interval
One of the major difficulties with the structuralist approach to psychology was the fact that the method of _____ was unreliable.
introspection
Activity anorexia
involves a high level of activity.
According to the text, the most fundamental criticism of animal research is that
it is morally wrong.
