SOCI 1101 Final
In the episode of The Twilight Zone that we watched during in class, what did the aliens do to create anomie on Maple Street?
Turning lights on and off (electricity issues) and messing with cars' engines
What is an example of a total institution?
a convent - an institution that controls all the basics of day-to-day life
Amber is conducting research on the negative portrayal of Latinos in the media. She searches through newspapers to document instances of discriminatory language toward Latinos. What type of research is Amber conducting?
content analysis - systematic analysis of the content in written or recorded material
The German Nazis identified Jews as a "race," and race was believed to be biological. Nonetheless, the Jews were forced to wear a yellow Star of David because:
there was no reliable physical indicator of this supposed "race."
The level of income inequality in the United States is
higher than that of all other advanced democracies.
The ________ theory of the family, developed by Talcott Parsons, argues that nuclear families are necessary for child rearing and fulfilling society's need for productive workers.
functionalist
Some businesses in the United States, especially food-service establishments, will post signs that read, "No shirt, no shoes, no service." These signs
reinforce a cultural norm.
retreatists
reject goal and means by not participating in society
What is the collective conscience?
a set of norms by which members of society abide
How did social scientists in the 1960s view the strong role held by women in many African American families?
as a negative characteristic that served to emasculate black men and ultimately increase social problems in African American communities
Goth culture tends to exist
cross-culturally.
rebel
rejects goal and means with new set
Which of the following explains the deductive approach to research? The researcher
starts with a theory, forms hypotheses, makes observations, and then analyzes the data.
What method is usually used to measure poverty?
statistical measures of income
Comparative research usually involves studying
two or more units of analysis that have a number of things in common but differ on a dimension (or dimensions) of interest.
Which of the following is one of the reasons why sociologists view gender as a social construction rather than a biological given?
Our understandings of, categorizations of, and behaviors toward what it means to be a man or woman have changed throughout history.
It is 1970, and a development worker hopes to understand Mexican peasant families before intervening to improve their lives. This development worker reads Oscar Lewis's "The Culture of Poverty" and interprets peasant life according to Lewis's theory. What does the development worker conclude?
Peasants make rational but self-defeating choices, passing poverty on to subsequent generations.
Why do many women often "bite the second shift bullet" when the threat of a divorce looms?
The anticipated financial cost of a divorce leads them to this decision.
Which feature of the 2016 presidential election results challenged the idea that the United States is a true democracy?
The fact that the person elected president lost the popular vote.
What is a major critique of how the poverty line is calculated in the United States?
The formula does not reflect the fact that housing now takes up a much larger portion of family budgets.
Why did the negative income tax experiment lead to more women leaving their marriages?
The guaranteed payment that people received through the program meant that many women were no longer financially dependent on a man. - culture of poverty
What is a reason why the United States has a relatively high level of poverty compared to other advanced democracies?
The safety net in the United States was originally designed to exclude blacks.
organic solidarity
characterizes modern society where parts are interdependent due to their specialized functions to create smooth functioning for the whole
mechanical/segmental solidarity
characterizes premodern society where each part is reliably similar to other parts
According to Robert Merton, which of the following describes a person who accepts both the goals defined by society and the means to achieve them?
conformist - accept goals and the means
culture shock
confusion and anxiety caused by not knowing what words, signs, and other symbols mean in a differing culture from your own
In the United States, media ownership is
consolidated in the hands of a few big companies. - counterbalanced by internet
Which statement offers an essentialist explanation for gender differences?
Women are overrepresented in professions such as nursing, teaching, and social work because they are inherently more nurturing and caring than men.
Josephine's parents divorced when she was five years old. By the time she was eight, both her parents had remarried and she had two stepsiblings on her father's side and a half-brother on her mother's side. Josephine's two new families are examples of what type of family?
a blended family
What is an example of an application of midrange theory?
attempts to predict how certain social institutions tend to function EX: exploring the role of churches in maintaining community ties in rural areas
restitutive
attempts to restore the status quo that existed before an offense/event
A television ad campaign for a new toy starts playing nationwide in late October. Within weeks, big box retailers are selling out of the toy as parents prepare for the holidays. This response is an example of a
short-term, intended media effect.
opening
signal, verbal/nonverbal to start an interaction
given gestures
signals to close an encounter
conflict theory
conflict drives everything is essential for social change
When one factor is said to influence another factor, it is called
causality.
positivist sociology
social world can be described and predicted by certain observable relationships - normal science
Some socialist feminists, including Hartmann and MacKinnon, argue that capitalism is combined with ________ to make women economically dependent on men's incomes.
patriarchy
Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the US government decreed that all people of Japanese descent living in the United States, whether or not they were citizens, were subject to internment in concentration camps. At the time, enclaves of Japanese Americans thrived in several American cities. The fear and rejection of anyone with Japanese ancestry following the attacks reflected a decline in
pluralism. - the presence and engaged coexistence of numerous distinct groups in one society
In some areas of Tibet, Nepal, and India, women can have multiple husbands at once. This practice is known as
polyandry.
The US television show Sister Wives tells the true story of Kody Brown, a Utah man with four wives. Existing legal sanctions in the United States prohibit polygamy, including the type of polygamy that Brown practiced, which is referred to as
polygyny.
whether muslim women veil themselves, especially in countries such as the US and france, is often a controversial topic. sociological research has found that while some women choose to veil for religious reasons, others may take up the veil because they are motivated to claim their muslim identity in the face of the anti-Muslim sentiment. these different interpretations of the importance of veiling illustrates how meaning is subjective. this emphasis on differences in subjective interpretations, in turn, is characteristic of
post modernism - notion that shared meanings have eroded and everything is interpretable within this framework - different meanings to different groups in society
In the text, we read about Marlin, who was fed by food stamps, housed by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), and moved through the education system into prison. Marlin's life is a case study of the puzzle of whether
poverty is the cause or the result of social problems.
public sociology
practice of using sociological research teaching and service to reach a wider non academic audience and to influence society
A policymaker wants to recalculate poverty based on a set percentage of the median income for each metropolitan area in the United States instead of a national average. This is an example of ________ poverty.
relative
achieved statuses
status you become
innovators
- accept goal & reject means
Material culture includes
buildings, artworks, and technological devices. - things that are constructed in our environment
Which of the following is an example of a quantitative research project?
conducting a survey about how often people attend church
chilling effect
creators avoid crossing the mystical line by avoiding any content that they think might be objectionable
gender roles
sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one's identity as masculine
sociology
study of human society
formal deviance / crime
the violation of laws enacted by society
The concept of race
has changed over time.
role conflict
tensions btw different statuses
After how long do a majority of single mothers who receive welfare get off the welfare rolls in the United States?
2 years
After the events of 9/11, anti-Muslim hate crimes increased sharply, although they dropped over the following decade. After President Trump was elected, anti-Islamic hate crimes increased again and rose by
25 percent.
By the end of the episode of The Twilight Zone we watched during class the characters on Maple Street had a high collective conscience.
False
Identify which event belongs on the front stage in the dramaturgical theory of society.
A Marine drill sergeant berates a recruit for holding his rifle wrong. - front stage is where you perform as expected of you
Which description best sums up DuBois's concept of "double consciousness" in the daily life of a black American?
A black American has to think about not only what he or she is doing, but also about how that behavior appears to onlookers. - 2 behavioral scripts depending on onlooker
Which scenario involves the use of peer pressure?
A college sophomore is afraid to report a sexual assault because she believes her sorority sisters will ostracize her.
What did sociologists Kathryn Edin and Laura Lein find in their research that contradicts the media myth of lazy welfare mothers?
All single mothers prefer self-reliance to welfare.
Resocialization would be most likely to occur in which situation?
An American woman who takes a full-time job in Saudi Arabia after graduating from college ends up marrying a local man. - drastic form of adult socialization that occurs due to a change in environment
Why did the changes brought about during the Industrial Revolution lead to the erosion of kinship networks?
As industry developed, farming and subsistence lifestyles declined because migration forced a restructuring of family units as men left to work in factories.
Which ethnic group has a higher median family income than whites in the United States?
Asian Americans
sociology emerged in the 19th century, with the idea of a secular morality from what thinker
Auguste Comte
In the Slenderman documentary we watched during class which Disney film did Morgan have an 'odd' reaction to, according to her mother?
Bambi
Which of the following aligns with the arguments of black feminism?
Black women face unique oppressions that white women, and even black men, do not.
which sociologist of the 20th century introduced the concept of the sociological imagination?
C Wright Mills
________ argued that other people provide us with a social mirror and that our interpretations of this mirror affect how we see ourselves.
Charles Horton Cooley
Why are Asian Americans sometimes labeled a "model minority"?
Compared to other minorities, most Asian Americans have achieved educational and financial success in the United States.
What does the example of the nadle in Navajo tribes teach us about gender?
Concepts of gender are not absolute and unchanging.
If people cannot access healthy food, especially fruits and vegetables, at a grocery store where do they most frequently get their food?
Convenience/corner stores
In his interview with Dalton Conley, Andrew Cherlin states that the most politically and religiously conservative states in the United States have the highest levels of divorce. How does he explain this seemingly contradictory finding?
Economic struggles, not personal values, may contribute to rocky marriages, and these states are relatively poor.
In his interview with Dalton Conley, David Grusky explains why the notion of perverse incentives is outdated. What is an example of a perverse incentive?
Entry to a special honors program is based solely on grades with no review of the types of classes students have taken, so some students take easier classes the semester before applying to boost their grade point average.
What do sociologists call an area where people cannot access healthy food, especially fresh fruits and vegetables?
Food desert
Who developed the theory that uses game play to understand the development of the self?
George Herbert Mead
In 1964, President Lyndon Johnson declared a "War on Poverty." This ambitious plan led to the creation of numerous agencies, some of which persist today. These include which of the following?
Head Start and College Work Study
Same-sex marriage is now legal in the United States, and the numbers of persons marrying those of the same sex has skyrocketed and become easily visible. In Brazil, we see that the travesti take on distinctly female characteristics, declare themselves as men, and yet have penetrative sex with men who have an exclusively male appearance. How do these two different examples help describe the difference between homosexuality and homosexual behavior?
Homosexuality is a certain social identity, whereas homosexual behavior is an activity that is not necessarily tied to a social identity.
Which act formalized the exclusive definition of whiteness by imposing immigration restrictions based on a national origins quota system that limited the yearly number of immigrants from each country?
Immigration Act of 1924
How has the timing of the transition to a free-market economy been used to partially explain the great difference in inequality and poverty between the United States and other advanced democracies?
Institutions that could better protect the weak or disadvantaged were more fully developed in countries that transitioned to a free-market economy later than the United States.
You are interested in investigating how honest Facebook users can be on the site. You have added several family members as your Facebook friends. You plan to interview them as part of your investigation. How does this approach create a problem for you as a researcher?
It will result in a challenge for reflexivity because of the ways your prior relationships will influence your family members' responses in the interviews.
The contemporary social movement with the slogan "Fight for 15" seeks a $15 minimum wage and unionization. This attempt to mobilize and make gains for workers can be viewed as in line with the view of the social world of which classical sociological theorist?
Karl Marx - going against the employers with unionization and inc wage
In the episode of Frasier we watched, Frasier was:
Making a TV commercial to promote Seattle
Think for a moment about the story in the text of Marlin, how his life turned out, and how he wound up where he is today. Based on all you have read about him throughout the entire chapter, what seems to be the best explanation for his life and his story?
Marlin's mother suffered from many problems herself, which led to a detrimental outcome for Marlin.
In much of the Western world, choice of a marriage partner is influenced by age, education, class, race, and religion. Which of the following explains this tendency?
Marrying someone significantly different in age, race, social class, and religion is often met with disapproval from others. - exogamy
Which scenario represents a common gender imbalance of domestic chores in the United States?
Marta does most of the grocery shopping, cooking, and laundry; James mows the lawn, makes chili on special occasions, and cleans the garage twice a year.
Rather than complaining about "kids these days," 52-year-old Professor Cathy Small enrolled as an undergraduate at a large university in an attempt to better understand the college experience of her students. She published her findings in the book, My Freshman Year (under the pen name of Rebekah Nathan). This research is in line with the methodology developed by which of the following early sociologists?
Max Weber
Who wrote The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism?
Max Weber
Which statement is most closely associated with a conflict theory approach to gender studies?
Men benefit economically from women's inferior position in the family and the workplace.
Which of the following is true regarding domestic violence?
More than a third of women and a quarter of men have been victims of rape, physical violence, or stalking by an intimate partner at some point in their life.
What is an accurate statement regarding recent trends and patterns in teen sexuality?
Most adolescents with a sexually transmitted disease don't know they are infected.
According to Durkheim, why is a society predominantly bound by mechanical solidarity more likely to apply punitive justice rather than rehabilitative justice to a person who violates a law or social norm?
People in such a society are bound by sameness, and any violation of social norms must be punished severely to reinforce the boundaries of acceptable behavior.
What might be the reason why gay and lesbian couples spend twice as long doing domestic chores as their heterosexual equivalents?
Same-sex couples see domestic work as legitimizing their households, which makes domestic work a validating activity.
In the episode of Frasier we watched, Freddie (Frasier's teenage son) was committing what type of deviance:
Secondary Deviance
According to intersex activists, why do parents and surgeons push to assign a sex to a genitally ambiguous child?
Social discomfort and fear of difference.
How do street crime and white-collar crime compare in terms of cost to society and prevalence?
Street crime is the most prevalent type of crime, but white-collar crime has greater financial impact.
According to William Julius Wilson, how do factors such as deindustrialization, globalization, suburbanization, and discrimination contribute to high rates of welfare-dependent, single-mother families?
Such factors have contributed to a net shrinkage of the pool of employed, unincarcerated men, thus greatly limiting women's opportunity to find a stable life partner.
The text discusses the concept of the "second shift," the extra domestic duties that women do for the family, in addition to paid employment. Why have time-saving devices and products such as dishwashers and laundry machines not made men's housework contributions equal to women's housework?
Technology advances have raised the bar on levels of acceptable cleanliness, and domestic housework has long been seen as "women's work."
Same-sex marriage has been at the forefront of America's "culture wars" for more than a decade. What progress preceded the Supreme Court's 2015 decision to legalize same-sex marriage nationally?
The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) was struck down.
A group of people is waiting to be helped at a customer service desk in a store. A woman in the waiting area suddenly clears her throat and spits on the floor. Everyone else in the room is taken aback and gives her horrified looks. How can this reaction be explained in sociological terms?
The woman who spit on the floor is not conforming to social norms that are shared by the other people in the room.
How was racism expressed in Ancient Greece?
There is no evidence that racism, as we know it today, was a part of Ancient Greek culture.
Immigrants tend to differ from native-born Americans in what way?
They form and keep families together at a higher rate.
As your textbook notes, the paradox of stratification is that inequality is the result of
Universal Basic Income.
Which American sociologist was the first to undertake ethnography in the African American community, AND the first African American to receive a PhD from Harvard University?
W. E. B. DuBois
What is an example of a negative relationship between an independent and a dependent variable?
Wealthier individuals tend to be less concerned about environmental problems. - variables are inverse and move in opposite directions
It is argued in your text that gender structures social relationships by giving men the advantage in society. As a result, which of the following is LEAST likely to happen?
When men enter female-dominated occupations, they often become victims of sexual harassment.
What is an example of using cultural relativism to think about cultural differences?
You see a news story about a country where people often eat spicy seafood dishes in the morning, and you reason that their long coastline and hot climate provide easy access to both seafood and hot peppers.
One of the classes you are enrolled in fills up every semester it is offered, and students rave about it. There's something about it beyond the topic and the instructor, which makes you curious. You have an idea about why this is so, so you decide to test your theory by jotting down a hypothesis, asking other students a few questions, and then seeing if the results fit your theory. You are employing what kind of research in your sociological search for answers?
a deductive approach - start with theory, form hypothesis, make empirical observations, and analyze data to confirm, reject, or modify the original theory
learned helplessness
a depressed outlook where sufferers lack the will to take action to improve their lives despite other avenues being present
There has been a significant increase in the number of men joining the nursing profession. Since 1970, the US Census Bureau reports that there has been about an 8 percent jump in the number of male nurses. The pay disparity also exists, with male nurses being paid about 20 percent more than their female counterparts. This change in gender balance in this profession seems counter to the idea that
a female-dominated profession is the result of fewer men entering the field, with the corresponding increase in women in that field.
corporate censorship
act of suppressing info that may reflect negatively on certain companies and/or affiliates
Think about your own experience of going to school. More than simply "what you learned in school today," much of our lives in the United States are shaped by that entire experience: what we choose to wear, with whom we make friends, whom we avoid, and how we respond to authority figures, whether teachers or preachers or police. Overall, our experience of school is
a major part of socialization.
what is defined as a complex group of interdependent positions that, together, perform a social role and reproduce themselves over time?
a social institution
Professor Chang has spent years studying human history and social change and developed an abstract, systematic model that explains how as countries become wealthier their cultures shift to become more tolerant and open. This would be an example of
a theory
In August 2018, alt-right figurehead Jason Kessler organized the Unite the Right 2 Rally in Washington, D.C. to advocate for "white civil rights." This example illustrates white nationalists' reaction to the "browning of America" in that they are
adopting the rhetoric of minority status.
sociological imagination
ability to see connections between our personal experience and the larger forces of history
At his predominantly white boarding school, DeMarcus pretends not to care when his classmates ask to touch his hair or assume stereotypical things about him because he is black, but when he is at home in his predominantly black neighborhood he complains to his friends about these experiences. What is this an example of?
acceptance - oppressed groups feign compliance and hide the true feelings of resentment
In her interview with Dalton Conley, Julia Adams talks about the differences between sociology and history. As a self-identified historical comparative sociologist, Adams makes the point that sociologists are less concerned with uniqueness than they are with commonalities. Consider Henry the VIII of England during the mid-1500s. Henry's succession of marriages (six wives in all) is often seen as a unique case. Six wives is a lot by the norms of many European societies. A sociologist, however, might well look at it by considering the ways in which Henry's marriages
affected religious life in England then, with ramifications that continue through the present.
impression management
all actors on the metaphorical stage are struggling to make a good impression on our audience
American author Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique (1963) championed women's right to work in the early 1960s. For many black feminists, Freidan's book ignored thousands of working women and instead suggested that
all women experience oppression in the same way.
"Majority minority" states, where whites are not the majority of the population, are
already here; about four U.S. states have this dynamic.
Some theorists argue that there can never be an absolute definition of poverty. In fact, the text suggests that wealth actually creates poverty. In other words, poverty is
always relational.
In traditional societies, the village in which a person grew up shaped their identity and how others treated them. This is an example of
an ascribed status. - involuntary status, one that you're born into
In the famous 1950s television program, Ozzie and Harriet's family life was a good depiction of
an idealized version of American family life in the 1950s.
According to Durkheim's Suicide, rapid social change causes people to experience normlessness, an uncomfortable state that sometimes leads to suicide. This state of normlessness is called
anomie.
social deviance
any transgression of a socially established norm
"Thinking like a sociologist" means that you
apply analytical tools to the things you've always done without much conscious thought in the pass
Suppose you are part of a research team stationed in Uganda to do sociological surveys. You are there with your same-sex spouse of eight years. In Uganda, homosexuality was criminalized in 2009 and is currently punishable by life imprisonment. Attitudes in the country are not favorable toward homosexuality, but you have not experienced difficulties in daily life. As you begin the write-up of your research, you are especially aware of the scholarly need to
avoid letting your own beliefs about same-sex relationships enter your writing. - cultural relativism NOT ethnocentrism
ethnocentrisim
belief that own's own culture/group is superior to others and the tendency to view all other cultures from the perspective of one's own
Prior to the 1800s, it was believed that both male and female orgasms were required to ensure successful conception. When the female could not achieve orgasm, a midwife was sometimes called to assist the woman in achieving orgasm by use of genital massage with essential oils. The idea that both male and female orgasm was needed challenges our current model of a
binary sex system.
Alain's daughter wears dresses, plays with dolls, and likes to pretend she is a princess. Alain does not think society has influenced her preferences or games at all. He views his daughter as evidence that human behavior is determined by genes and hormones. Which term best describes Alain's views?
biological determinism
Your good friend Judy comes to you in a state of exasperation and tells you that she just left the girl's bathroom and saw what she swears was a man dressed in women's clothing walking in. "Men need to use their own bathroom. There's a reason we have different restrooms for different sexes!" Judy is expressing what many people feel, reflecting ideas about
biological determinism. - an assupmtion that what you do in the social world is a direct result of who you are in the natural world
The case of a young girl named Genie is the most carefully documented and well-studied instance of what happens to a child who does not experience adequate contact with other people during infancy and childhood. Genie was locked in a room alone for nearly 13 years and never developed language skills the way most children do. Obviously, this is a story in part of severe parental neglect, but it also provides insight into whether such abilities as language are innate. Fundamentally, this case about a feral child is about whether
biology or socialization shapes human behavior.
According to the theory of the bell curve, a theory developed by two academics, genes have a key impact on children's outcomes. This argument is an updated approach to the idea that the dominant factor in the creation and persistence of poverty is
biology.
This chapter concludes with a look at the criminal justice system of the United States, noting that incarceration rates have risen significantly. A close look at current prison populations in America shows that the largest percentage of prison inmates are
black.
While today the phrase "mass media" might bring to mind a cable TV network or a print publication with hundreds of thousands of subscribers, the earliest mass media were
books.
There was an empty lot in a middle-class neighborhood, maintained by a nearby resident. That man moved away, and within a few weeks several bags of garbage and some old furniture were sitting in the lot. Then an old car was parked in the lot and teenagers started to gather there to drink beer and hang out. Within a few months, there was a mugging by the lot and the police made a handful of arrests for drug dealing there. This series of events is an illustration of __________ theory.
broken windows - theory explaining how social context and social cues impact whether individuals act deviantly; specifically, whether local, informal social norms allow deviant acts
The experiences of the Irish and Muslims in the United States and Jews in Germany illustrate how racialization
can occur for both ethnic and religious groups.
Definitions of deviant behavior tend to
change over time and vary from one context to another.
While you're riding a crowded city bus, a woman sits on the seat next to you. Rather than strike up a conversation, she briefly rifles through her purse, then puts in earbuds, turns on some music, and stares past you out the bus window. The woman is exercising
civil inattention. - refraining from directly interacting with someone until an opening bracket has been issued
When children who speak languages other than English at home attend public schools in the United States, they not only are expected to learn and use academic English, they also are exposed to and expected to act in accordance with rules such as waiting in line to go through the lunch line and sitting in the cafeteria to eat lunch. When these children go home, they speak with their family in their shared language and follow different practices regarding shared meals. Moving between these different settings, these children grow adept at
code switching. - swapping out one set of meanings, values, or languages on the fly to fit into different social contexts or environments
A Muslim classmate from your introductory sociology course helps organize a march protesting discrimination against Muslim Americans on campus. Hundreds of students from area colleges participate. What type of action is this?
collective resistance - an organized effort to change a power hierarchy on the part of a less-powerful group in a society
Charles believes that racial equality has already been achieved and therefore there is no need for programs like affirmative action. He argues that the best way to improve the conditions of poor African Americans is to encourage them to change their values regarding work, marriage, and family. Charles's beliefs are an example of
color-blind racism. - belief that color doesn't matter
Kalani has busy summers planned for her daughters. They take music lessons, play on soccer and basketball teams, and attend summer school classes. This summer schedule is an example of
concerted cultivation. - structuring children's leisure time with formal activities and reasoning with them over decisions in an effort to foster their kid's talents
What is the best example of a quantitative research method?
conducting a survey of how frequently people exercise - obtains info about the social world that is or can be converted into numeric form
As discussed in the text, President Barack Obama, the son of a white Kansan mother and black Kenyan father, is widely perceived as a black man despite being biracial. This is illustrative of the
continued significance of the one-drop rule.
The US surgeon general published a report in 1964 that clearly outlined the health dangers of smoking. In 1994, the government began what would become a decades-long effort to prosecute the tobacco companies for fraud: criminal misrepresentation of the health issues and deliberate intent to deceive and cover up evidence about tobacco's effects. Despite the government's efforts, however, the tobacco industry continues to market tobacco products. In 2014, the industry finally agreed to publicly state that their advertising campaigns had lied about the harms of smoking. Taken together, the tobacco industry's actions can be understood as a protracted case of __________ crime.
corporate - type of white-collar crime committed by the officers (c-suite) of a corporation
You've noticed that when you sleep less, your grades suffer. At the same time, you realize that lower grades could also lead to a lack of sleep: that worrying about a possible dip in your grade point average could keep you up at night. What kind of relationship between the two variables, lack of sleep and lower grades, are you noticing here?
correlation - variables that vary together
What three factors are needed to establish causation?
correlation, time order, and ruling out alternative explanations
Ethnographer Mitchell Duneier spent five years hanging out with booksellers on the streets of Manhattan. His role as both researcher and participant provides a great example of the importance of
critically assessing how our role as researchers may affect the people we study.
Robert Cornelius took a self-portrait on a daguerreotype in 1839, which is believed to be the first American portrait, but it wasn't until the 2000s that "selfie" became a word. It was the Oxford English Dictionary's word of the year in 2013. The gap between the first instance of self-portraiture by camera and the proliferation of the term "selfie" more than a century later is an (extreme) example of
cultural lag. - times it takes for culture to catch up with technology innovations, ideas, thoughts behind cultural meanings are embedded within our larger culture as part of a web of meanings
When your friend returns from a study abroad, he reports back to you on the very different foods that people in his host country ate. He explains that to them it's normal, that people in different cultures do things differently, and that he learned not to make value judgments. This is known as
cultural relativism.
Every year, as many as 20,000 devotees of Harley Davidson motorcycles convene in Sturgis, South Dakota. Their numbers frequently overwhelm nearby towns and cities, including the Mt. Rushmore National Monument. For some tourists visiting the monument at that time, the cultural collision with tattooed and long-haired bikers might be jarring. For the tourist who thinks like a sociologist, such an encounter is an opportunity to observe a different group of people by applying
cultural relativism. - taking into account the differences across cultures without passing judgement or assigning value
In his interview with Dalton Conley, Mario Luis Small notes that the culture of poverty argument has been rejected empirically and theoretically due to its flaws. In its place, what does Small suggest as an explanatory tool in research about poverty?
culture
reflection theory
culture is a projection of social structures and relationships into the public sphere
Illegal work, multigenerational living arrangements, multifamily households, serial relationships in place of marriage, and "swapping" are part of the
culture of poverty. - argument that poor people adopt certain practices that differ from those of middle-class, "mainstream" society in order to adapt and survive in difficult economic circumstances
Robert Park's model of how immigrants adapted to a new setting was called straight-line assimilation. Milton Gordon refined this theory and suggested that an immigrant population can pass through seven stages of assimilation. Harold Isaacs then observed that, despite what seemed to be full assimilation, ethnic identity persisted. His findings led Clifford Geertz to conclude that because it was not biological, ethnicity must be the result of
culture.
What is an example of informal deviance?
cutting in line at the cafeteria - minor violations not against the law
Phrenology was an early-twentieth-century pseudoscience that read people's intelligence, capacities, and race from
differences in head formation.
social integration
degree with which you are one with your social group or community
sociology is distinct from other academic disciplines in its attempt to
detect patterns in how different societies respond to similar phenomena
strain theory
deviance occurs when a society does not give all of its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals
In What Money Can't Buy, sociologist Susan Mayer challenged the common assumption that poverty directly causes poor health, behavioral problems, and many other problems for children. Mayer's work clearly demonstrates how
documenting an association between two factors is different from showing causation.
Prejudice is to discrimination as thinking is to
doing.
North Korea has been ruled for more than 50 years by a single powerful family. The citizenry, as best as can be determined, is highly regimented in daily life, without access to outside information, and suffering frequent famine. Sociologically speaking, the leadership of North Korea is
dominating
A friend of yours has invited you to a big social event. Knowing you might meet people who could offer you a job after graduation, you polish your shoes, buy a new outfit, and practice introducing yourself and explaining the insights you've gained during college, all in the hopes of making a strong professional impression. In sociological terms, you're preparing to present yourself as a young professional, in accordance with
dramaturgical theory. - Erving Goffman, social life is essentially a theatrical performance in which we are all actors on metaphorical stages, with roles, scripts, costumes, and sets
Differential opportunity theory links what two things in analyzing deviance?
economic opportunities and crime rates
What is an example of nonmaterial culture?
the rules for using the weight room at the gym - values, beliefs, behaviors, and cultural norms
According to research in Dalton Conley's The Pecking Order (2004), what do we know about the daughters raised by stay-at-home mothers? The daughters of stay-at-home mothers typically
end up earning less than their brothers.
Which description captures a feature of feminist approaches to social research?
engaging in research that may bring about policy changes to help improve women's lives
In an effort to understand how group dynamics change under duress, a research team gathers 100 people at a remote mountain location, bringing them all in by helicopter. Using carefully designed interviews, the researchers begin the lengthy process of interviewing the participants. After the second day, however, there are a dozen participants who express unhappiness and want to leave. The research team reminds them that they signed an agreement to be interviewed knowing what it entailed, that leaving is not practical, and that they need to continue with the process. The research team is failing to fulfill what golden rule of research?
ensuring voluntary participation - right to decide if they want to participate in the study, can drop out without any penalty at any time
In the last few decades, women's earning power has increased, yet they continue to do more domestic work than men. The text notes that when a woman's earnings surpass that of her husband's, the husband often quits doing housework. From a sociological perspective, we might attribute this to
entrenched norms and values concerning masculinity and femininity.
Sociologists are skeptical of ____ arguments that explain social phenomena in terms of natural ones and often rely on biological determinism.
essentialist
In the United States, the poverty line is established by
estimating food costs based on meeting minimum nutritional requirements and assuming that the average family spends about one-third of their budget on food.
The process of choosing a urinal in a men's restroom may seem simple, but there is an underlying, implicit protocol that has actually been studied. One researcher found that the unspoken rule was to always ensure a "buffer zone" of at least one "open" urinal between yourself and another person. Being an intrepid sociologist, you have decided to see what happens when this norm is breached. In doing so, you are practicing
ethnomethodology. - approach to studying human interaction focuses on the ways in which we make sense of our world, convey this understanding to others, and produce a shared social order
Between 1924 and 1979, the state of Virginia performed sterilizations on individuals deemed "unfit." This included people with epilepsy, which today is recognized and treated as a medical condition. These cases represent a manifestation of
eugenics. - a pseudoscience that postulates that controlling the fertility of populations could influence inheritable traits passed on from generation to generation
In his interview with Dalton Conley, Matthew Desmond talks about the "Aspen effect," wherein people who work in fashionable places such as Aspen, Colorado, are forced to commute long distances. But Desmond notes another factor that has a major impact: eviction. Families that cannot pay their rent must move and find a new place to live. The major challenge faced by those being evicted is that
eviction is time-consuming and forces people to miss work.
mediating variables
factors positioned btw the independent and dependent variables but DO NOT affect the relationship btw them
The early sociological writer, Harriet Martineau, wrote a book in 1838 that examined the institution of marriage and challenged assumptions about women's inferiority. In this respect, Martineau espoused what kind of theoretical position in her sociological writing?
feminist - bc it challenged assumptions and examined marriage
Allison is concerned with the subtle messages that her niece receives from her kindergarten teacher about suitable careers. For example, picture books read in class portray women as nurses and secretaries but the doctors and engineers in the books are male. Allison's concerns reflect what kind of theoretical perspective?
feminist - bc of the job differences btw males and females
primary deviance
first act of rule breaking that gives the "deviant" label
Native Americans have been the target of racial and ethnic abuses since Europeans arrived. In Indian Bureau boarding schools and schools provided on reservations, English was mandatory and children were severely punished if they spoke or wrote their native language, resulting in the gradual erosion of culture. This policy was an attempt at
forced assimilation. - involuntary process of cultural assimilation of religious or ethnic minority groups during which they are forced to adopt language, identity, norms, etc
Talcott Parsons's claim that the nuclear family was necessary to modern industrial society because it fulfilled society's need for productive workers (men) and child rearers (women) is an example of a functionalist approach to sociology. The main problem with this idea is that the
function of fulfilling a need for productive workers is not exclusively that of a single institution.
A theoretical perspective most popular in the mid-twentieth century held that social realities such as the roles that men and women play in heterosexual couples or the existence of inequality could be explained by the necessary purpose they served in society. What was this theoretical perspective?
functionalism - the best way to analyze society was to identify the roles that different aspects or phenomena play
Studying the effect of increased income can be difficult because purposive social experiments are often not possible. However, your textbook notes a set of natural experiments on the effect of income, which were analyzed by economists, including Imbens, Rubin, and Sacerdote. In these studies, an increase in income came from
gambling.
In her interview with Dalton Conley, C. J. Pascoe talks about the ways in which boys in high school police the boundaries of masculinity, specifically by using the term "fag." What is at stake is not sexual orientation, but gender norms regarding what is perceived as "masculine." In 2010, Billy Lucas, a 15-year-old high-school student, hanged himself after repeatedly being called a "fag" by his peers for "looking different." Lucas's peers were enforcing norms based on
gender-role socialization.
Gautreaux v. Chicago Housing Authority was a class action suit that alleged that public housing was, in effect
government-sponsored segregation. - prevented blacks from getting housing loans/grants
In relation to the division of household chores, gay and lesbian couples
have a more equal distribution of household responsibilities between the two spouses than do heterosexual couples.
hegemony
historical process in which a dominant group exercises moral and intellectual leadership throughout society by winning the voluntary consent of popular masses
In an interview with Dalton Conley, Mitchell Duneier describes his desire to conduct research that adheres to the ethical guidelines of social research. If Duneier had interviewed street vendors by secretly recording their interactions, what ethical guideline would he have violated?
informed consent - subjects have a right to know they are part of a study, what they are expected to do, and how the results will be used
The American Psychological Association's classification of homosexuality as a deviant personality type, which was only changed in 1973, as well as the US Supreme Court ruling in 2003 decriminalizing homosexual sex both reflect Michel Foucault's assertion that
homosexuality appears as the result of the state and the medical profession's interest in asserting their power.
Which job could be described as a "pink-collar" job in the United States?
hotel maid
The Tobachnik family has one son and two daughters. The son mows the lawn and takes out the garbage. The daughters do laundry, dust, vacuum, and clean up after meals. This distribution of the chores is an example of
how gender roles are learned at home.
Hypothesis: Children in families that eat dinner together at least four times per week experience fewer behavioral problems in school. In this hypothesis, what is the dependent variable?
how often children misbehave in school - independent, dinner with families
The story of the abused and neglected child named Anna teaches lessons about the importance of ________ as an influence on human development.
human interaction
agency
humans are able to make choices about how to interact with our environment
"Social physics" or "positivism" is best defined as the
idea that we can scientifically and logically study social institutions and the individuals within them.
Karl Marx argued that social institutions in a society were the result of the economic makeup of that society. Max Weber argued that
ideas influence society, not just economics.
Climate change has evoked a politically polarized debate in the United States. For many, the cause and effect relationship between human activity and climate change seems obvious based on the science available. For others, such a claim seems ludicrous. Although it may seem that climate change is a matter of science, underlying the disagreement are attachments to opposing
ideologies. - a system of concepts and relationships, an understanding of cause and effect
differential opportunity theory
illegitimate opportunity structures are unequally distributed across social classes
According to George Herbert Mead's stages of development, children first start to learn to recognize an "other" through
imitation.
A researcher observes that most teens entering a café choose to sit near other occupied tables, whereas most retirees choose a table that is farther away from other customers. The researcher then theorizes that youth like to feel that they are part of a larger group of people, whereas the elderly are more comfortable being alone. This is an example of which kind of research approach?
inductive - starts with empirical observations and then works to form a theory
Picking your nose in public is an example of which type of deviance?
informal - because it is not against a societal law
Suppose you are a participant in an online forum where people review online games, and one participant recently posted an angry rant in all caps, which elicited a harsh rebuke from several other users. Such a reprimand is a kind of
informal social sanction. - the usually unexpressed but widely known rules of group membership; the unspoken rules of social life
Joey grew up in an impoverished rural community in the Appalachian Mountains with a high joblessness rate. He learned early on that to be successful meant achieving financial wealth, but without any hope of landing a lucrative career in his hometown, he turned to selling stolen opioid painkillers and became relatively wealthy. According to Merton's strain theory, Joey is a(n)
innovator. - social deviant who accepts socially acceptable goals but rejects socially acceptable means to achieve them
One of the challenges faced by many colleges and universities is binge drinking on campus. Imagine you are tasked with developing solutions to this problem. Thinking sociologically, you suggest that it would be useful to understand the meaning placed on the parties where binge drinking happens, so solutions are based on a deeper understanding of the experience itself. Your approach relies on the methodology of
interpretive sociology - situate research and explanation within a time period and locality
Similar to hegemonic masculinity, social problems that exist within a dominant group in a society tend to be
invisible because they are regarded as the norm.
The functionalist perspective argues that deviance
is necessary for a society's survival.
Feminists argue that gender matters because
it structures social relations between people.
Getting ready to go out on a first date with someone she first contacted through a dating app, Jada tries on a dress and stilettos. Then, remembering that the person mentioned liking sporty women, Jada reconsidered and changed into shorts and a tank top. Jada's wardrobe change illustrates what social theory?
looking-glass self - self emerges from our ability to assume the POV of others and thereby imagine how they see us and refine our self-concept
Chad is the captain of the high-school golf team and son of a prominent business owner in town. Orhan is a refugee from Syria who attends the same school and lives with his single mother on the poor side of town. Both Chad and Orhan were caught cheating on a recent biology exam, but only Orhan was punished, which led him to drop out of school due to the shame he felt and to become involved in the illicit economy of street crime. Chad, on the other hand, went on to become a successful corporate executive after attending a prestigious college. This is an example of which theory of deviance?
labeling theory - the belief that individuals subconsciously notice how others see or label them, and their reactions to those labels over time form the basis of their self-identity
Under Adolf Hitler, the Nazis developed a carefully planned network of concentration camps. These were designed to hold all those deemed "undesirable" by the Nazi leadership. An individual consigned to a camp was forced to work, wore a specific uniform, had a limited ration of food, and faced a near certain death. This tragic episode in human history is an extreme example of
life in a total institution.
You have decided to conduct an interview-based study on your campus that examines sexual assault with the hope of offering recommendations to the administration for policy changes. You have selected as your sample the members of all the campus fraternities, as this is a subpopulation of the entire campus and seems often to be at the center of the cases. Although this is an interesting approach, your results will likely be
limited in generalizability because of your sampling decision. - only includes greek life - the extent to which we can claim that our findings inform us about a group larger than the one we studies
In his experiment, Duncan Watts created a website where respondents could rate songs. His sample size was 14,341 respondents. If Watts selected a new sample of 14,341 different respondents and their average ratings of each song were significantly different than the first sample, what problem would Watts's research suffer from?
low reliability - likelihood that you can obtain the same result using the same measure the next time
Montrice is conducting a study of the effect of economic recessions on marriage rates in European countries. What type of sociology is this?
macrosociology - big theories of society - social dynamics at a higher level of analysis across the breadth of a society
In 2011, a Toronto police officer, during a crime prevention talk, said "women should avoid dressing like sluts in order not to be victimized." The remark prompted formation of a protest movement dubbed SlutWalk, whose stated objective was to stop oppression by slut-shaming and "of being judged by our sexuality and feeling unsafe." Although controversial in many respects, the effort sparked a larger debate on rape culture, socially acceptable dress and appearance, and the idea of slut shaming. The idea that women are supposed to dress within a particular set of largely unspoken social boundaries, and thereby avoid being called sluts, speaks to the
maintenance of a gender order.
Despite being a business executive and competitive athlete, Jorge is often treated as helpless by people he encounters in his daily life because he is paraplegic and uses a wheelchair. Jorge's disability is a(n)
master status. - when one status within a set stands out or overrides all others
Joan is a white, straight, middle-aged, working-class woman who lives in suburban New Mexico. Zia is a black lesbian woman who recently came to the United States from South Africa to attend Harvard University. Patricia Hill Collins would point out that these two women each face a different
matrix of domination. - The nature and extent of a person's oppression is a function of multiple factors, not just one. - Patricia Hill Collins
Em is a genderqueer individual who wants to be referred to as "ze" at college. Given today's policy environment, which is most likely? Em's college
may or may not have a policy for honoring student choices beyond traditional gender categories.
Baby names connect to gender, and names flow from male to androgynous to female but never in reverse. The reason for this is that
men have more power, so masculinity is more likely to be emulated than femininity.
cultural scripts
modes of behavior and understanding that are not universal or natural - shape our thoughts and concepts held by society
In her interview with Dalton Conley, Paula England highlights the changing gender dynamics of relationships for college students. England's research found that students hook up rather than date, and that when they did, "something sexual happens" (which may or may not be intercourse). Furthermore, the whole idea of a relationship is very tenuous. Dating has a very different meaning, with an expectation that it might mean a relationship, and that it is
monogamous.
In the Moynihan report, The Negro Family, released in 1965, it was found that 25 percent of black wives outearned their husbands, leading the report to conclude that there was a "pathological" matriarchy. One of the chief conclusions that emerged from this report was that black women
needed to be more feminine in order to be successful wives.
We can divide culture into two main categories. Of these, the one that includes values, beliefs, norms, and behaviors is known as
nonmaterial culture.
What, according to Neil Irvin Painter, is the foundation of white identity?
not thinking about being white
In her interview with Dalton Conley, Jen'nan Read discusses the meaning of the terms "Arab" and "Muslim." Prior to the terrorist attacks of 9/11, Arab Americans were mostly unnoticed in the United States. Since then, however, Arab Americans have been the targets of racism and discrimination, and they have now been effectively racialized because
of the tendency to conflate the terms "Arab" and "Muslim."
credentialism
one must go through a process of formal schooling and certification to enter certain professions rather than via promotion on experience and skill
When, during World War II, Japanese American families were given notice of their mandatory relocation to internment camps, how much time were they given to dispose of their lands and other property?
one week
moderating variables
other independent variables that affect the independent and dependent variables
Winona is picking up her children from day care. Her nine-hour minimum-wage shift as a temp leaves her exhausted. As she piles her two kids into the car, she loses her temper after one of them refuses to sit still for her to fasten the seatbelt. Winona's solution is to yell at the child until he does what she asks. A sociologist might say that Winona's situation is an example of the
parenting stress hypothesis. - a paradigm in which low income, unstable employment, a lack of cultural resources, and a feeling of inferiority from social class comparisons exacerbate household stress levels; this stress, in turn leads to detrimental parenting practices such as yelling and hitting which are not conducive to healthy child development
What data collection method was primarily used by Mary Pattillo to study the influx of black professionals into a Chicago neighborhood where many lower-class blacks already lived?
participant observation
Tyrone is frustrated by having submitted dozens of resumes to tech companies around the Pacific Northwest, resulting in zero job interviews. He decides to try submitting three resumes as "Tyler," and receives two calls from prospective employers. What is this an example of?
passing - blending in with the dominant group
Certain ideals about women's appearance are highly valued in the United States, such as thinness, muscular definition, and blemish-free skin. Reflection theory suggests that this obsession in our culture with the "perfect female body" emerges from our social structures and shapes the kinds of relationships we seek and value: we want to be around people who meet this standard of perfection. That is, the culture of women's bodies is a result of our own proclivities, and not a result of how women are depicted in the media. The primary difficulty with this idea is that it
presumes culture is a one-way process.
historical materialism
primarily conflicts btw classes that drove social change throughout history
What type of research describes people's behavior in rich detail and focuses on the meanings people give to their actions?
qualitative
Positivist sociologists tend to use which of the following types of methodological approaches?
quantitative
The text discusses the plight of Irish immigrants in the United States in the late 1800s, when vicious, racially motivated attacks were directed toward them. In 2014, there was a series of angry demonstrations in Waterford, a town in Ireland, directed against the Roma (formerly referred to as gypsies). The irony of the attacks on the Roma in Waterford is that, like the anti-Irish attacks in the United States, they are an example of
racism.
The Industrial Revolution had a dramatic effect on the division of labor between (white) men and women, changing the nature of gender roles and shifting kinship networks. This represents a major shift in the
realms of the public and private.
Devah Pager's research on employment prospects for individuals with a prior criminal record exemplifies the serious consequences for certain stigmas. If an individual with a criminal record cannot easily find a job and decides to return to committing crimes to support his or her family, what sociological idea is this an example of?
recidivism - when an individual who has been involved with the criminal justice system reverts to criminal behavior
social regulation
refers to how many rules guide your daily life and what you can reasonably expect from the world day to day basis and familiarity day to day
Suppose that researchers find that if they ask respondents to report their happiness twice over the course of an interview, the respondents nearly always give identical responses. However, they also find that respondents are generally unwilling to report feeling unhappy because they think they will be judged negatively by the interviewer. This measure of happiness would be
reliable but not valid. - valid when it measures what is intended
As a budding sociologist, you decide to study American politics by attending presidential caucuses. You identify as a liberal independent, but you are interested in the process from different perspectives. Your first stop is at a caucus for Republican candidates. Everyone in the audience is passionate about their beliefs, and you find yourself swept up in the process, reacting against ideas that you see as extreme. In developing the paper discussing your study results, what is one of the challenges you in particular must overcome to produce an unbiased study?
remembering that everyone, including you, is inculcated into systems of beliefs that influence thinking and perceptions
In Discipline and Punish, the French theorist Michel Foucault examines how the modern penal system
represents a transformation in social control.
Lawrence Bobo calls ________ "the structural linchpin of American racial inequality."
residential segregation - perpetual poverty by limiting its ties to upwardly mobile social networks (opportunities) - culture of segregation via isolation
Zayvon has conducted a study in which he found that college students with more friends tend to have higher GPAs. He concluded that as a person makes more friends, she has more social support and that helps her do better academically. However, when he collected longitudinal data in a follow-up study and was able to take into account time order, Zayvon found that, actually, as a person increases her GPA, she gains status on campus and attracts more friends. This is a case of
reverse causality. - situation where you think A is causing B, but B is causing A
Since the 1970s, both violent and overall crime rates have gone down, while at the same time, incarceration rates in the United States have
risen dramatically.
Tracy rejects the goals of owning a big house and earning lots of money, which she feels are defined by society. However, she still works hard and follows the rules. Robert Merton would classify Tracy as a(n)
ritualist. - reject goals & accept means
As a mother, Linda sometimes feels torn. Most of the time she focuses on being loving and supportive, but sometimes she needs to be firm to discipline her children. These opposing expectations are an example of
role strain. - the incompatibility among roles corresponding to a single status
The decision to marry is a major life step. Contemporary Americans do so with certain cultural expectations: that our partner will love and care for us, will share the duties of managing a household (nowadays, fairly equally and regardless of gender), and will support us in our lives when problems arise at work or with other family members. These expectations of a spouse are an example of
roles - the duties and behaviors expected of someone who holds a particular status
formal social control
rules/laws prohibiting deviant criminal behavior via formal expressions of group sentiment
A classmate has been talking for weeks about trying out for the school dance team. The day after the tryouts, you ask her how it went, and she answers that she couldn't go because she was sick. (In reality, however, she did try out but wasn't selected.) The way your classmate reported the situation to you is an example of what?
saving face - avoid humiliation
youth control complex
school to prison pipeline where excessive police presence in all areas, marking children at young ages
Suppose a teenage girl caught smoking marijuana in her car in the high-school parking lot is suspended. As a result, she gains a reputation around school as a "druggie." After that, she begins using cocaine and eventually tries heroin. The girl's actions following the initial suspension are an example of
secondary deviance. - deviant acts that occur after primary deviance as a result of your deviant label
Shelly shoplifted once. Her peers on social media have labeled her "shoplifting Shelly," and this label follows her everywhere online and at school. She feels hopeless and shoplifts regularly now to alleviate her anxiety and because it is what everyone expects her to do anyway. Labeling theory would interpret her ongoing shoplifting as
secondary deviance. - it happens after her first act and the label "shoplifting shelly"
social control
set of mechanisms that create normative compliance and abiding by group life and societal norms
The model family in the 1950s in America was a happy, simple one. Mom stayed home and raised the kids. Dad went to work and made a good living. Even the dog was happy. In this Father Knows Best model, we can clearly see the structure of
sex role theory.
At a party, you listen in on a conversation about sex. One person states that he has had sex in some pretty far-out places. He is referring to
sexuality.
Which of the following is a primary focus for symbolic interactionists?
shared meaning
When fears of contagious diseases such as avian flu and Ebola arise, public health officials encourage people to replace greetings involving close contact (handshakes, hugs) with an elbow bump. This change in greetings represents a shift in
social norms. - how values are put into play
At a friend's housewarming, you meet a young engaged couple from India. They tell you that their relationship was arranged when they both very young (she was 12, he was 14). They seem happy with this arrangement, but you're taken aback. The couple's comfort with the arrangement, as well as your initial discomfort, are examples of
socialization.
The experience of internalizing a culture's norms, values, and the like is known as
socialization.
formal sociology
sociology of pure numbers - george simmel
Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the United States undertook the internment of all people of Japanese ancestry living in the United States. The government stated that this action was to protect national security. Many of those sent to these internment camps were US citizens, with parents or grandparents born in Japan. This action relied on the use of
stereotypes. - exaggerated generalization about an entire category of people
Devah Pager's research on how criminal records affect hiring illustrates the consequences of
stigma.
In her interview with Dalton Conley, Devah Pager discusses her field work in Milwaukee and New York, in which she sent out job applicants, both black and white, with half of them pretending to have prison records. Pager found that having a criminal record negatively affected an applicant's ability to be offered a job. In addition, she found that black applicants were far less likely to be called back for an interview than white applicants. This racial disparity in hiring indicates unconscious stereotypes in the minds of the hirers, in addition to the challenge of a criminal record's
stigma. - negative social label that not only changes others behavior toward a person but also alters that person's own self-concept and social identity
When groups are arranged hierarchically with different levels of power, social prestige, status, or economic resources, this is called
stratification.
Skateboarding is a popular youth pastime. Within the activity, there are distinct variations on how it's done, and the skating vocabulary can vary by place. In addition, skateboarders have distinctive gear, such as skate shoes designed to provide grip and durability. All this sets skaters apart as a kind of
subculture. - groups united by sets of concepts, values, symbols, and shared meaning specific to the members of that group
altruistic suicide
suicide bc a group dominates the life of the individual so much that they feel meaningless aside from this
egotistic suicide
suicide bc one is not well integrated with the gorup
anomic suicide
suicide due to insufficient social regulation (stock market crash)
fatalistic suicide
suicide due to too much social regulation
social identity
sum of individual stories told between pairs of individuals - details are dependent on audience
A researcher spends time with small organic farmers on their land and at market in order to understand their particular subculture, noting the brands of work clothes they prefer; their conversations about hoop houses, compost, and aquaponics; and the nonverbal greetings they give other drivers on rural roads. This focus reflects which approach to research?
symbolic interactionism - how F2F interactions create the social world making signs and signals hold meaning
In her interview with Dalton Conley, Annette Lareau discusses the work found in her book, Unequal Childhoods, and gives numerous examples of the ways in which different parenting strategies play out in the home, and the results of those different strategies. Socioeconomic class differences (middle-class, working-class, and poor) figure prominently into the results, and she notes that the success of the child often hinges upon the knowledge and acceptance that what matters is
that children enter institutions, and institutions have rules.
When a child is born, doctors make a decision about what sex they are. Usually, this is very straightforward. However, when a baby is born with atypical or ambiguous genitalia, most doctors recommend sex-reassignment surgery during infancy to make them conform to typical male or female genitalia. While this decision may or may not be a good choice, a sociologist might view the doctor's rationale as resulting from
the belief in a binary sex system.
labeling theory
the belief that individuals subconsciously notice how others see/label them and their reactions to those labels over time form the basis of their self identity
Sara runs a blog called "Home and Hearth" that focuses on tips for stay-at-home wives and mothers to express their true feminine nature by making their homes a warm, nurturing haven for their husbands and children. Sara is promoting the notion of ____.
the cult of domesticity - the notion that true womanhood centers on domestic responsibility and child rearing
One of the consequences of mass incarceration in the United States has been
the disenfranchisement of millions of former felons.
The Gautreaux Assisted Living Program in Chicago and the Moving to Opportunity study provided opportunities to explore
the effects on families of living in a low-poverty versus a high-poverty neighborhood.
The gender wage gap generates considerable discussion. As defined by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), this gap is the "difference between male and female earnings expressed as a percentage of male earnings." Critics of the pay gap note that women do not work as many hours as men, that children necessitate women as primary caregivers (as the sole persons able to bear children), and that the entire problem "can be explained away by simply taking account of college majors." All of this debate underscores what basic idea?
the extent of male dominance in society
After facing persecution by the Nazis in Poland, many Jews left the country for good. Which group response to domination is this an example of?
withdrawal - leaving to another location
When Marla gets dressed, she looks at herself in a mirror and reflects on what other people will think about her choice to wear sweatpants to jury duty. She isn't thinking of a specific person's reaction but rather that of people in general. This ability to imagine how society perceives the self is known as
the generalized other.
Talib was starving as he got on the crowded bus with a greasy cheeseburger he had just purchased. As tempting as it was to eat his messy meal right then and there, he worried what the other passengers might think of him if he did so, and decided to wait until he got home. As illustrated here, Talib is fully socialized because he has developed a concept of
the generalized other. - an internalized sense of the total expectations of others in a variety of settings, regardless of whether we've encountered those people/places before
Average household net worth is much higher for white families than for black and Latino families. This "equity inequality" is BEST explained as a result of
the historical disadvantage of minority groups.
The Nazi regime's belief that it had to protect a superior race from contamination by inferior races stemmed in part from
the notion of social Darwinism. - application of Dawrinian ideas to society aka survival of the fittest
The divorce rate in the United States rose steadily since the nineteenth century. In his interview with Dalton Conley, Andrew Cherlin suggests that one of the primary reasons for this paradox of the increasing divorce rate at the same time the "love of marriage" persists is due to
the pervasive idea of individualism that has flourished in America since the Colonial period.
The Chicago School of Sociology emphasized the importance of
the social environment in shaping people's behavior and personality.
The first naturalization law in the United States in 1790 limited citizenship to "free white persons," which set up a relatively broad and inclusive definition of "whiteness." However, the definition of whiteness narrowed such that it applied only to Anglos by the early twentieth century. What social change led to this increasingly exclusive definition of whiteness?
the surge in immigration of non-Anglo Europeans to the United States
social cohesion
the way people form social bonds, relate to each other, and get along on a daily basis - organic or mechanical
In the United States, black women and women in poverty have come to rely on ________ in order to manage their child care and work responsibilities?
their extrafamilial female networks
It was not until 1967 that black-white marriage was legalized in the United States as a result of the case of Loving v. Virginia. For many people, that couple's union represented a violation of social norms because
they married outside their group.
Generally speaking, what does it mean to think like a sociologist?
to think of the world in such a way as to make the familiar strange
backstage
true feelings that you may want to keep secret
given-off gestures
unconscious signals of our true feelings
In the United States, poverty is usually thought of as severe economic deprivation that prevents people from living with dignity. Despite decades of effort and billions of dollars, poverty in the United States continues unabated. Recent research suggests that poverty is a kind of proxy, or stand-in, for the
underlying social disease of inequality and economic segregation.
What is an example of using one's sociological imagination?
understanding that the divorce of one's parents is part of a larger societal trend toward marriage dissolution
How could you operationalize the variable "academic achievement"?
use overall GPA as a precise measure - clearly defining a measurement
Sociologist Allison Pugh researched consumer culture and socioeconomic class differences through parental purchases for children. In their relationship with their children, low-income parents tended to strive for symbolic indulgence, whereas high-income parents tended toward symbolic deprivation. Both of these approaches are an attempt to ensure that kids "fit in" at school, indicating that parents of all classes shy away from difference. These actions reflect
values. - moral beliefs
If you were to tell someone that you were conducting breaching experiments, you would be telling them that you were intentionally
violating social norms to see what happens. - type of ethnomethodology
Sandra wants to study how students in their senior year of high school prepare for college. She starts by visiting an elite boarding school nearby. Sandra knows that to make general claims about seniors preparing for college, she will need to
visit more schools so that her sample is representative of the group she wants to generalize to. - currently just about elite boarding school seniors not all high school seniors
Which of the following is always a cultural behavior?
waving good-bye
Quantitative sociologists view data as numbers. Qualitative sociologists view data as
words.
accomplished natural growth
working-class and poor parents give resources and room BUT let children decide how they develop and structure free time
You would like to understand why some high-school students in a private religious school are prone to being cyberbullied. After thoroughly operationalizing the terms, developing well-honed variables, and identifying a sample, you must apply to an institutional review board in order to conduct the research. One of the main concerns is that
you are dealing with a protected population group. - need additional approval to study these groups - include minors, prisoners, those with disabilities, and pregnant women and their fetuses
