learning ap psych chapter 7

Pataasin ang iyong marka sa homework at exams ngayon gamit ang Quizwiz!

true or false: all animals, including rats and birds, are biologically predisposed to associate taste cues with sickness

false

true or false: cognitive processes are of relatively little importance in learning

false

true or false: negative reinforcement decreases the likelihood that a response will recur

false

true or false: operant conditioning involves behavior that is primarily reflexive

false

true or false: the optimal interval between conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus is about fifteen seconds

false

true or false: whether the conditioned stimulus or unconditioned stimulus is presented first seems not to matter in terms of the ease of classical conditioning

false

example of variable-ratio

gambling/ slot machines

subjects often respond to a similar stimulus as they would to the original conditioned stimulus. this phenomenon is called _________

generalization

tendency for similar stimulus to evoke a conditioned response

generalization

bill's attitude is an example of ________. bill's friend andy also had an american-made car with similar problems. deciding that it was just that brand, andy decided to try another brand. rather than bunch all american-made cars together, he was a _______ buyer of cars

generalization; discriminating

children who are able to delay gratification tend to become _______ (more/ less) socially competent and high achieving as they mature

more

in one experiment, the child who viewed an adult punch an inflatable doll played ____________ (more/ less) aggressively than the child who had not observed the adult

more

in pavlov's original experiment with dogs, the tone was initially a __________; after it was paired with meat, it became a _________ stimulus

neutral; conditioned

higher-order conditioning

pairing an established conditioned stimulus with a neutral stimulus may cause the latter to become a weak conditioned stimulus itself

following a pause, however, the conditioned response reappears in response to the conditioned stimulus; this phenomenon is called ______________

spontaneous recovery

the reappearance of a weakened conditioned response

spontaneous recovery

law of effect

states that behaviors followed by favorable consequences are likely to recur, and that behaviors folowed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

conditioned reinforcers

stimuli that acquire their reinforcing power through their association with primary reinforcers; also called secondary reinforcers

positive reinforcement

strengthens a response by presenting a typically pleasurable stimulus after that response

negative reinforcement

strengthens a response by removing an aversive stimulus after that response

variable-ratio schedule

the one in which reinforcement is presented after a varying number of responses

shaping

the operant conditioning procedure for establishing a new response by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior

a desire to perform a behavior because of promised rewards

extrinsic motivation

what is an example of an example of shaping

a parrot is rewarded first for making any sound, then for making a sound similar to "laura", and then for "speaking" its owner's name

explain why the study of classical conditioning is important

-adaptive because conditioned reponses help organisms prepare for good/ bad events (unconditioned stimulus) -complex processes studied obectively -applications to human health/ well-being

punishment is a controversial way of controlling behavior because

-behavior is not forgotten and may return -punishing stimuli often create fear -punishment often increases aggressiveness

which is a form of associative learning

-classical conditioning -cognitive learning -observational learning

in which may classical conditioning play a role?

-emotional problems -the body's immune response -helping drug addicts

which is an example of reinforcement

-presenting a positive stimulus after a response -removing an unpleasant stimulus after a response -being told that you have done a good job

in promoting observational learning, the most effective models are those that we perceive as

-similar to ourselves -respected and admired -successful

in using operant conditioning to change your own behavior, you would follow these four steps

1. state goal in measurable terms 2. monitor behavior (when/ where) 3. reinforce desired behavior 4. reduce rewards gradually

by age _________________, infants will imitate various novel gestures, by age ____________, they will imitate acts modeled on television. children's brains enable their _________ and their _________ ______ _________

6-8 months; 14 months; empathy; theory of mind

conditioned stimulus

an originally neutral stimulus that comes to trigger a controlled response after association with an unconditioned stimulus

cognitive map

a mental picture of one's environment

learning definition

a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience

learning is best defined as

a relatively permanent change in the behavior of an organism due to experience

example of neutral stimulus

a tone

classical conditioning

a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes capable of triggering a conditioned response after having become associated with an unconditioned stimulus

operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher; works on behaviors that operate on the environment

for the most rapid conditioning, a conditioned stimulus should be presented

about one-half second before the unconditioned stimulus

operant chamber (skinner box)

an experimental chamber for the operant conditioning of an animal such as a pigeon or rat; enables the presentation of visual or auditory stimuli, deliver reinforcement or punishment, and precisely measure simple responses such as bar presses or key pecking

both types of conditioning involve similar processes of __________, ___________, _________ _________, _______________, and ________________

acquisition; extinction; spontaneous recovery; generalization; discrimination

the initial learning of aconditioned response is called an _________. for many conditioning situations, the optimal interval between a neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is ___________

acquisition; one-half second

classical conditioning is one way that virtually all organisms learn to __________ to their environment

adapt

beingable to recognize differences among stimuli has ________ value because it lets us limit our learned responses to appropriate stimuli

adaptive

the more hours children spend watching violent programs, the more at risk they are for _________ and _______ as teens and adults

aggression; crime

punishment also often increases _________ and does not guide the individual toward more desirbale behavior

aggressiveness

the importance of cognitive processes in human conditioning is demonstrated by the failure of classical conditioning as a treatment for ___________ ___________

alcohol dependence

children will also model negative, or ________ behaviors. this may help explain why _________ parents might have __________ children. however, _________ factors may also be involved

anti-social; abusive; aggressive; genetic

reinforcer

any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

more than 200 years agi philosophers such as john locke and david hume argued that an important factor in learning is our tendency to _________ events that occur in sequence. even simple animals, such as the sea slug aplysia, can learn simple _________ between stimuli. this type of learning is called _________ __________

associate; associations; associative learning

classical conditioning and operant conditioning are both forms of __________ ____________

associative learning

the psychologist best known for research on observational learning is __________

bandura

operant behavior

behavior that operates on the environment producing consequences

results such as these demonstrate that the principles of learning are constrained by the ____________ predispositions of each animal species and that they help each species __________ to its environment. they also demonstrate the importance of different ______________ in understanding complex phenomena

biological; adapt; levels of analysis

similarities between classical and operant conditioning

both are forms of associative learning; both involve acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination; both are influenced by biological and cognitive predispositions

research studies demonstrate that the body's immune system ______ (can/ cannot) be classically conditioned

can

correlation does not prove __________. most researchers believe that watching violence on television __________(does/ does not) lead to aggressive behavior

causation; does

type of conditioning that is one way that virtually all organisms learn to adapt to their environment

classical

the type of learning in which the organism learns to associate two stimuli is ___________ conditioning. a situation or event that evokes a response is a __________

classical; stimulus (pavlov)

the early behaviorists believed that to understand behavior in various organisms, any presumption of ________ was unnessecary

cognition

skinner and other behaviorists resisted the growing belief that expectations, perceptions, and other _________ processes have a valid place in the science of psychology

cognitive

wwe acquire mental information that guides our behavior through __________ _________. copmlex animals often learn behaviors merely by __________ others perform them. this is called __________ ___________

cognitive learning; observing; observational learning

when a well-learned route in a maze is blocked, rats sometimes choose an alternative route, acting as if they were consulting a ________ _________

cognitive map

classical and operant conditioning are both subject to the influences of _________ processes and __________ predispositions

cognitive; biological

in experiments to determine what an animal can perceive, researchers have found that animals are capable of forming ________ and ____________ between stimuli. similar experiments have been conducted with babies, who also can't verbalize their responses

concepts; discriminating

an aquired reinforcer

conditioned reinforcer

your instructor invites you to her home as part of a select group of students to discuss possible careers in psychology. the invitation is an example of a __________ _________

conditioned reinforcer

eventually, the dogs in pavlov's experiment would salivate on hearing the tone, now called the ________ _______. this salivation is called the _______ _________

conditioned stimulus; conditioned response

reinforcers that must be conditioned and therefore derive their power through association are called _________________

conditioned/ secondary reinforcers

in operant conditioning, organisms associate their own actions with ________. actions followed by _________ increase; actions followed by ________ decrease

consequence; reinforcers; punishers

each and every response is reinforced

continuous reinforcement

the procedure involving reinforcement of each and every response is called ______________ ______________. under these conditions, learning is __________ (rapid/ slow). when this type of reinforcement is dicontinued, extinction is _________ (rapid/ slow)

continuous reinforcement; rapid; rapid

through classical conditioning, former drug users often feel a ________ when they are in the ________ associated with previous highs

craving; context

skinner's critics argued that he ___________ people by neglecting their personal _____________ and by seeking to __________ their actions

dehumanized; freedom; control

last evening may-ling ate her first cheeseburger and french fries at an american fast-food restaurant. a few hour later she became ill. it can be expected that may-ling will

develop an aversion to the taste of a cheeseburger and french fries

to obtain a reward, a monkey learns to press a lever when a 1000-hz tone is on but not when a 1200-hz tone is on. what kind of training is this?

discrimination

a situation, or signal that a certain response will be reinforced is a _____________

discriminative stimulus

when the unconditioned stimulus is presented prior to a neutral stimulus, conditioning _________ (does/ does not) occur

does not

the manager of a manufacturing plant wishes to use positive reinforcement to increase the productivity of workers. which procedure is the most effective?

employees are given immediate bonuses for specific behaviors related to productivity

skinner's views were controversial because he insisted that _______ influences, rather than ___________ _____________ and ____________, shape behavior

external; internal thoughts; feelings

if a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, ___________ soon occurs; that is, the conditioned response diminishes

extinction

when a conditioned stimulus is presented without an accompanying unconditioned stimulus, ________ will soon take place

extinction

describe the typical patterns of response under fixed-interval, fixed-ratio, variable-interval, and variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement

fixed ratio: coffee shops reward with free drink after 10 purchases variable ratio: slot machines fixed interval: mailman/ quiz every friday variable interval: email/ text messages

leon's psychology instructor has scheduled an exam every third week of the term. leon will probably study the most just before an exam and the least just after an exam. this is because the schedule of exams is reinforcing studying according to which schedule

fixed-interval

you are expecting an important letter in the mail. as the regular delivery time approaches, you glance ore and more frequently out the window, searching for the letter carrier your behavior in this situation typifies that associated with which schedule of reinforcement?

fixed-interval

reinforcement of the first response after a set interval of time defines the _________-_______ schedule. an example of this schedule is _______________________

fixed-interval; checking mail as delivery time approaches

lars, a shoe saleman, is paid every two weeks, whereas tom receives a commission for each pair of shoes he sells. evidently, lars is paid on a _________ schedule of reinforcement, and tom on a _________ schedule reinforcement

fixed-interval; fixed-ratio

the "piecework," or commission, method of payment is an example of which reinforcement schedule

fixed-ratio

when behavior is reinforced after a set of number of responses, a ________-______ schedule is in effect

fixed-ratio

example of unconditioned stimulus

food

experiments on taste-aversion learning demonstrate that

for the conditioning of certain stimuli, the unconditoned need not immediately follow the conditioned stimulus

mirror neurons are found in the brain's ________ and are believed by some scientists to be the neural basis for __________

frontal lobe; observational learning

the violence-viewing effect stems from several factors, including _________ of observed aggression and the tendency of prolonged exposure to violence to _________ viewers

imitation; desensitize

for operant conditioning to be most effective, when should the reinforcers be presented in relation to the desired responses?

immediately after

cognitive processes are

important in both classical and operant conditioning

discrimination

in classical conditioning refers to the ability to distinguish the conditioned stimulus from similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. in operant conditioning, it refers to responding differently to stimuli that signal a behavior will be reinforced or will not be reinforced

one difference between classical and operant conditioning is that

in classical conditioning the responses are automically triggered by stimuli

differences between classical and operant conditioning

in classical conditioning, organisms associate different stimuli that they do not control and respond automatically; in operant conditioning, organisms associate their own behaviors with their consequences

two major characteristics that distinguish classical conditioning from operant conditioning

in classical conditioning, the organism learns associations between two stimuli, and its behavior is automatic; in operant conditioning, the organism learns associations between its behavior and resulting events and the organism operates on the environment

in distinguishing between negative reinforcers and punishment, we note that

in contrast to punishment, negative reinforcement decreases the likelihood of a response by the presentation of an aversive stimulus

primary reinforcers

inborn and do not depend on learning

during holiday breaks lionel watches wrestling, which ________ his aggressive tendencies. his brother michael won't watch the wrestling because he feels the pain of the choke hold, for example, as reflected in his brain's ________ _________. instead, michael spends time with grandma, who cooks for the poor during the holiday season, helping michael to learn ____________ behavior

increases; mirror neurons; prosocial

negative reinforcement _____________ (increases/ decreases) a response by __________ an aversive stimulus after that response. punishment _________ (increases/ decreases) a response by _______ an aversive stimulus after that response

increases; removing; decreases; presenting

biological constraints predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally ___________. when animals revert to their biologically predisposed patterns, they are exhibiting what is called ________

instinctive drift

the motivation to perform a behavior for its own sake

intrinsic motivation

excessive rewards may undermine _________ _______, which is the desire to perform a behavior for its own sake. the motivation to seek external rewards and avoid punishment is called __________ _________

intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation

nancy decided to take introductory psychology because she has always been interested in human behavior. jack enrolled in the same course because he thought it would be easy. nancy's behavior was motivated by ________, jack's by __________

intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation

the pupil of your eye dilates (open wider) after you enter a darkened theater: voluntary or involuntary

involuntary

you flinch when someone yells "duck": voluntary or involuntary

involuntary

operant conditioning __________ (is/ is not) constrained by an animal's biological predispositions

is

prosocial behavior

is positive, helpful, and constructive; subject to the same principles of observational learning as is undesirable behavior, such as aggression

immediate reinforcement _______ (is/ is not) more effective than its alternative, ________ reinforcement. this explains in part the difficulty that _______ users have in quitting their habits, as well as the tendency of some teens to engage in risky, _____________

is; delayed; drug; unprotected sex

classical conditioning was first explored by the russian physiologist _________. early in the twentieth century, psychologist __________ urged psychologists to discard references to mental concepts in favor of studying observable behavior. this view, called ________, influenced american psychology during the first half of that century

ivan pavlov; john watson; behaviorism

after exploring a complicated maze for several days, a rat subsequently ran the maze with very few errors when food was placed in the goal box for the first time. this performance illustrates

latent learning

animals may learn from experience even when reinforcement is not available. when learning is not apparent until reinforcement has been provided, ________ ________ is said to have occurred

latent learning

learning that becomes apparent only after reinforcement is provided

latent learning

b.f. skinner used thorndike's _____ ______ ______ as a starting point in developing a behavioral technology. this principle states that ________ behavior is likely to ______

law of effect; rewarded; recur

learning by observing and imitating others is called ________, or _____________________________________. this form of learning ___________ (occurs/ does not occur) in species other than our own

modeling; observational learning; occurs

the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors is called

learning

observational learning

learning by watching and imitating the behavior of others

which statement concerning reinforcement is correct

learning is most rapid with continuous reinforcement, but intermittent reinforcement produces the greatest resistance to extinction

latent learning

learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement but only becomes apparent when there is an incentive to demonstrate it

correlational studies, _________ (link/ do not link) watching television violence with violent behavior

link

a cognitive map is a

mental representation of one's environment

neuroscientists have found ___________ neurons in the brain's _______ live that may provide a neural basis for __________ learning. these neurons have been observed to fire when monkeys perform a simple task and when they ____________________________. whether the human ability to ________ and __________ is due to these neurons or to distributed brain ___________ is an issue currently being debated

mirror; frontal; observational; observe other monkeys performing; empathize; imitate; networks

in boosting productivity in the workplace, positive reinforcement is _____________ (more/ less) effective when applied to specific behaviors than when given to reward general merit and when the desired performance is well defined and _____________. for such behaviors, immediate reinforcement is ____________ (more/ no more) effective than delayed reinforcement

more; achievable; more

as a child, you were playing in the yard one day when a neighbor's cat wandered over. your mother (who has a terrible fear of animals) screamed and snatched you into her arms. her behavior caused you to cry. you now have a fear of cats (the unconditioned stimulus is: )

mother's behavior

unconditioned stimulus

naturally and automatically triggers the reflexive unconditioned response

parents grounding you is (positive/ negative) punishment

negative (withdraw)

jack finally takes out the garbage in order to get his father to stop pestering him. jack's behavior is being influenced by ________ _________

negative reinforcement

putting on your coat when it is cold outside is a behavior that is maintained by

negative reinforcement

removal of an aversive stimulus

negative reinforcement

a stimulus that strengthens a response by reducing or removing an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus is a _____________

negative reinforcer

a response that leads to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus is one being

negatively reinforced

mirror neurons

neural basis for observational learning; generate impulses when certain actions are performed or when another individual who performs these actions is observed

in pavlov's classic experiment, a tone, or _________ __________, is sounded just before food, the ________ ________ is placed in the animal's mouth

neural stimulus; unconditioned stimulus

you always rattle the box of dog biscuits before giving your dog a treat. as you do so, your dog salivates. at first, rattling the box is a ___________ which eventually becomes a _________. your dog's salivation is a __________

neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus; conditioned response

classical conditioning associates ___________ stimuli with stimuli that trigger responses that are __________. thus, in this form of conditioning, the organism ____________ (does/ does not) control the responses

neutral; automatic; does not

the procedure in which an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a different _________ stimulusm thereby establishing the latter as a _________ stimulus, is called _____________

neutral; conditioned; higher-order conditioning

another aspect of pavlov's legacy is that he showed how a process such as learning could be studied ___________

objectively

after watching coverage of the olympics on television recently, lynn and susan have been staging their own "summer games". which best accounts for their behavior?

observational learning

learning by imitating others' behaviors is called _________ learning the researcher best known for studing this type of learning is

observational; bandura

respondent behavior

occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

fixed-interval schedule

one in which a response is reinforced after a specified time has elapsed

fixed-ratio schedule

one in which reinforcement is presented after a set number of responses

variable-interval schedule

one in which responses are reinforced after varying intervals of time

on an intermittent reinforcement schedule, reinforcement is given

only some of the time

in contrast, behavior that is more spontaneous and that is influenced by its consequences is called __________ behavior

operant

the tendency of organisms to associate a response and its consequence forms the basis of _________ conditioning

operant

the type of learning associated with skinner is

operant conditioning

you teach your dog to fetch the paper by giving him a cookie each time he does so. this is an example of

operant conditioning

reggie's mother tells him that he can watch tv after he cleans his room. evidently, reggie's mother is attempting to use ________ to increase room cleaning

operant conditioning, secondary reinforcement, and positive reinforcement

skinner also advocated the use of ___________ principles to influence people in ways that promote more desirable ___________

operant; behavior

shaping is a __________ technique for _________ a behavior

operant; establishing

associative learning

organisms learn that certain events occur together; two variations include classical conditioning and operant conditioning

the procedure in which responses are reinforced only part of the time is called ___________ reinforcement. under these conditions, learning is generally _________ (faster/ slower) than it is with continuous reinforcement. behavior reinforced in this manner is ______ (very/ not very) resistant to extinction

partial/ intermittent; slower; very

which psychologist used a dog in an experiment

pavlov

which two psychologists are most associated with classical conditioning?

pavlov and watson

a pigeon can easily be taught to flap its wings to avoid shock but not for food reinforcement. according to the text, this is most likely so because

pigeons are biologically predisposed to flap their wings to escape aversive events and to use their beaks to obtain food

spanking is __________ (positive/ negative) punishment

positive (administers

presentation of a desired stimulus

positive reinforcement

a stimulus that strengthens a response by presenting a typcally stimulus after a response is a ________ _________

positive reinforcer

experiments by rescorla and wagner demonstrate that a conditioned stimulus must reliably ________ the unconditioned stimulus for an association to develop and, more generally, that _________ processes play a role in conditioning. it is as if the animal learns to __________ that the unconditioned stimulus will occur

predict; cognitive; expect

an innately reinforcing stimulus

primary reinforcer

reinforcers, such as food and shock, that are related to basic needs and therefore do not rely on learning are called _______ ______

primary reinforcers

children will model positive, or ________, behaviors

prosocial

presentation of an aversive stimulus

punishment

an aversive consequence that decreases the likelihood of the behavior that preceded it is called ___________. if an aversive stimulus is administered, it is called _________ __________. if a desirable stimulus is withdrawn, it is called __________ ___________

punishment; positive punishment; negative punishment

which is the best example of a conditioned reinforcer

receiving an approving nod from the boss for a job well done

acquisition

refers to the initial stage of conditioning in which the new response is established and gradually strengthened; in operant, the strengthening of a reinforced response

generalization

refers to the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus to evoke a conditioned response

extinction

refers to the weakening of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is no longer followed by the unconditioned stimulus; in operant conditioning it occurs when a response is no longer reinforced

a _________________ is a pattern specifying how often a ________ _______ is reinforced

reinforcement schedule; desired response

for instance, with animals it is difficult to use food as a _________ to __________ behaviors that are not naturally associated with ________

reinforcer; shape; food

the reflexive responses of classical conditioning involve __________ behavior

respondant

some psychologists once believed that any natural ___________ could be conditioned to any neural ________

response; stimulus

bandura believes people imitate a model because of __________ and _________ those received by the model as well as by imitators

rewards; punishments

example of unconditioned response

salivation

example of negative reinforcer

seat belt sound

reinforcing closer and closer approximations of a behavior

shaping

online testing systems and interactive software are applications of the operant conditioning principles of

shaping and immediate reinforcement

the procedure in which a person teaches an animal to perform an intricate behavior by building up to it in small steps is called ________. this method involves reinforcing successive _________ of the desired behavior

shaping; discriminating

the use of teaching machines and programmed textbooks was an early applcation of the operant conditioning procedure of _________ to education. online ___________ systems, software that is __________, and _______-based learning are newer examples of this application of operant principles. reinforcement principles can also be used to enhance _________ abilities by shaping successive approximations of new skills

shaping; testing; interactive; web; athletic

garcia discovered that rats would associate ________ with taste but not with other stimuli. garcia found that taste-aversion conditioning ___________ (would/ would not) occur when the delay between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus was more than an hour. conditioning is speedier, stronger, and more durable when the conditioned stimulus is ___________ relevant

sickness; would; ecologically

humans and other animals can also be trained not to respond to __________ stimuli. this learned ability is called _________

similar; discrimination

models are most effective when they are perceived as _______, ________, or ___________. models are also most effective when their words and actions are _________

similar; successful; admirable; consistent

skinner designed an apparatus, called the _________ _________ (or _______ ________), to investigate learning in animals. this design creates a stage on which organisms act out Skinner's concept of _________, any event that increases the frequency of a preceding response

skinner box; operant chamber; reinforcement

operant conditioning is to _________ as classical conditioning is to _____

skinner; pavlov

example of fixed-ratio

smoothie card

because punished behavior is merely ___________, it may reappear. also, punishment teaches __________, that behavior that is unacceptable in one context may be acceptable in another. punishment can also lead to _________ and a sense of helplessness, as well as to the association of the aversive event with __________________

suppressed; discrimination; fear; the person who administered the punishment

sexual conditioning studies with qual demonstrate that classical conditioning is highly adaptive because it helps animals ________ and _________

survive; reproduce

in garcia and koelling's studies of taste-aversion learning, rats learned to associate

taste with sickness

ms. ramirez often tells her children that it is important to bucke their seat belts while riding in the car, but she rarely does so herself. her children will probably learn to

tell others it is important to use seat belts but rarely use them themselves

two rate are independently placed in a maze. one rat is rewarded with food in the goal box. the other receives no food reward. on a later trial, food is placed in the goal box for the "unrewarded" rat. what can you say about the rat's behavior on that trial?

the "unrewarded" rat will run to the goal box just as quickly as the rewarded rat

As a child, you were playing in the yard one day when a neighbor's cat wandered over. Your mother (who has a terrible fear of animals) screamed and snatched you into her arms. Her behavior caused you to cry. You now have a fear of cats (the neural stimulus, then conditioned stimulus is: )

the cat

instrinsic motivation

the desire to perform a behavior for its own sake, rather than for some external reason, and to be effective

extrinsic motivation

the desire to perform a behavior in order to obtain a reward or avoid a punishment

conditioned response

the learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus, which results from the aquired association between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus

partial (intermittent) reinforcement

the operant procedure of reinforcing a response intermittently; a response that has been partially reinforced is much more resistant to extinction than one that has been continuously reinforced

continuous reinforcement

the operant procedure of reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs; in promoting the acquisition of a new response it is best to use continuous reinforcement

classical conditioning experiments by rescorla and wagner demonstrate that an important factor in conditioning is

the predictability of an association

punishment

the presentation of an aversive stimulus, such as shock, which dereases the behavior it follows

modeling

the process of watching and then imitating a specific behavior and is thus an important means through which observational learning occurs

spontaneous recovery

the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest period

the unconditioned response

the unlearned, involuntary response to the unconditioned stimulus

behaviorism

the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies only observable behaviors without reference to mental processes

true or false: although punishment may be effective in suppressing behavior, it can have several undesirable side effects

true

true or false: as a rule, variable schedules of reinforcement produce more consistent rates of responding than fixed schedules

true

true or false: elementary schoolchildren with heavy exposure to media violence also tend to get into more fights

true

true or false: spontaneous recovery refers to the tendency of extinguished behaviors to reappear suddenly

true

true or false: the learning of a new behavior proceeds most rapidly with continuous reinforcement

true

an animal will salivate when food is placed in its mouth. this salivation is called the _________ __________

unconditioned response

in pavlov's original experiment with dogs, salivation to meat was the

unconditioned response

in pavlov's original experiment with dogs, the meat served as a

unconditioned stimulus

during extinction, the _______ is omitted; as a result, the ________ seems to disappear

unconditioned stimulus; conditioned response

in watson and rayner's experiment, the loud noise was the _______ and the white rat was the ________

unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus

after discovering that her usual route home was closed due to road repairs, sharetta used her knowledge of the city and sense of direction to find an alternative route. this is an example of

using a cognitive map

when the first response after varying amounts of time is reinforced, a ____________-___________ schedule is in effect

variable-interval

responses are reinforced after an unpredictable amount of time

variable-interval schedule

from a casino owner's viewpoing, which of the following jackpot-payout schedules would be the most desirable for reinforcing customer use of a slot machine?

variable-ratio

the highest and most consistent rate of response is produced by a ________ schedule

variable-ratio

three year old yusef know that if he cries when he wants a treat, his mother will sometimes give in. when, as in this case, reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable number of responses, a _________-________ schedule is being used

variable-ratio

compared with the real world, television depicts a much higher percentage of crimes as being ________ in nature

violent

after receiving a mild shock from the "invisible fence" surrounding his yard, a god no longer crosses the boundary: voluntary/ involuntary

voluntary

you ask more questions in class after the professor praises you for a good question: voluntary or involuntary

voluntary

children in devloped countries spend more time _____________ than they spend in school

watching tv

regarding the impact of watching television violence on children, most researchers believe that

watching violence on television leads to aggressive behavior

which psychologist used baby albert in an experiment

watson

describe the watson and rayner experiment

watson and rayner experiment: classical conditioning used to condition fear of a white rat in baby albert, an 11-month old infant

in pavlov's studies of classical conditioning of a dog's salivary responses, spontaneous recovery occurred

when the conditioned stimulus was reintroduced following extinction of the conditioned response and a rest period

as a child, you were playing in the yard one day when a neighbor's cat wandered over. your mother (who has a terrible fear of animals) screamed and snatched you into her arms. her behavior caused you to cry. you now have a fear of cats. (the unconditioned response is: )

your crying

as a child, you were playing in the yard one day when a neighbor's cat wandered over. your mother (who has a terrible fear of animals) screamed and snatched you into her arms. her behavior caused you to cry. you now have a fear of cats (the conditioned response is: )

your fear


Kaugnay na mga set ng pag-aaral

Compensation Test 2 (Chapter 4,5,8,13)

View Set

1. Personal Financial Planning in Action

View Set

Leadership: Fiscal Resources: Balancing Cost Control and Quality Care

View Set

Introduction to Financial Management

View Set

***Final Exam Computer Forensics***

View Set

Mental Health - Prep U - Chapter 18

View Set