learning ap psych chapter 7
true or false: all animals, including rats and birds, are biologically predisposed to associate taste cues with sickness
false
true or false: cognitive processes are of relatively little importance in learning
false
true or false: negative reinforcement decreases the likelihood that a response will recur
false
true or false: operant conditioning involves behavior that is primarily reflexive
false
true or false: the optimal interval between conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus is about fifteen seconds
false
true or false: whether the conditioned stimulus or unconditioned stimulus is presented first seems not to matter in terms of the ease of classical conditioning
false
example of variable-ratio
gambling/ slot machines
subjects often respond to a similar stimulus as they would to the original conditioned stimulus. this phenomenon is called _________
generalization
tendency for similar stimulus to evoke a conditioned response
generalization
bill's attitude is an example of ________. bill's friend andy also had an american-made car with similar problems. deciding that it was just that brand, andy decided to try another brand. rather than bunch all american-made cars together, he was a _______ buyer of cars
generalization; discriminating
children who are able to delay gratification tend to become _______ (more/ less) socially competent and high achieving as they mature
more
in one experiment, the child who viewed an adult punch an inflatable doll played ____________ (more/ less) aggressively than the child who had not observed the adult
more
in pavlov's original experiment with dogs, the tone was initially a __________; after it was paired with meat, it became a _________ stimulus
neutral; conditioned
higher-order conditioning
pairing an established conditioned stimulus with a neutral stimulus may cause the latter to become a weak conditioned stimulus itself
following a pause, however, the conditioned response reappears in response to the conditioned stimulus; this phenomenon is called ______________
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance of a weakened conditioned response
spontaneous recovery
law of effect
states that behaviors followed by favorable consequences are likely to recur, and that behaviors folowed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
conditioned reinforcers
stimuli that acquire their reinforcing power through their association with primary reinforcers; also called secondary reinforcers
positive reinforcement
strengthens a response by presenting a typically pleasurable stimulus after that response
negative reinforcement
strengthens a response by removing an aversive stimulus after that response
variable-ratio schedule
the one in which reinforcement is presented after a varying number of responses
shaping
the operant conditioning procedure for establishing a new response by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior
a desire to perform a behavior because of promised rewards
extrinsic motivation
what is an example of an example of shaping
a parrot is rewarded first for making any sound, then for making a sound similar to "laura", and then for "speaking" its owner's name
explain why the study of classical conditioning is important
-adaptive because conditioned reponses help organisms prepare for good/ bad events (unconditioned stimulus) -complex processes studied obectively -applications to human health/ well-being
punishment is a controversial way of controlling behavior because
-behavior is not forgotten and may return -punishing stimuli often create fear -punishment often increases aggressiveness
which is a form of associative learning
-classical conditioning -cognitive learning -observational learning
in which may classical conditioning play a role?
-emotional problems -the body's immune response -helping drug addicts
which is an example of reinforcement
-presenting a positive stimulus after a response -removing an unpleasant stimulus after a response -being told that you have done a good job
in promoting observational learning, the most effective models are those that we perceive as
-similar to ourselves -respected and admired -successful
in using operant conditioning to change your own behavior, you would follow these four steps
1. state goal in measurable terms 2. monitor behavior (when/ where) 3. reinforce desired behavior 4. reduce rewards gradually
by age _________________, infants will imitate various novel gestures, by age ____________, they will imitate acts modeled on television. children's brains enable their _________ and their _________ ______ _________
6-8 months; 14 months; empathy; theory of mind
conditioned stimulus
an originally neutral stimulus that comes to trigger a controlled response after association with an unconditioned stimulus
cognitive map
a mental picture of one's environment
learning definition
a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience
learning is best defined as
a relatively permanent change in the behavior of an organism due to experience
example of neutral stimulus
a tone
classical conditioning
a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes capable of triggering a conditioned response after having become associated with an unconditioned stimulus
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher; works on behaviors that operate on the environment
for the most rapid conditioning, a conditioned stimulus should be presented
about one-half second before the unconditioned stimulus
operant chamber (skinner box)
an experimental chamber for the operant conditioning of an animal such as a pigeon or rat; enables the presentation of visual or auditory stimuli, deliver reinforcement or punishment, and precisely measure simple responses such as bar presses or key pecking
both types of conditioning involve similar processes of __________, ___________, _________ _________, _______________, and ________________
acquisition; extinction; spontaneous recovery; generalization; discrimination
the initial learning of aconditioned response is called an _________. for many conditioning situations, the optimal interval between a neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is ___________
acquisition; one-half second
classical conditioning is one way that virtually all organisms learn to __________ to their environment
adapt
beingable to recognize differences among stimuli has ________ value because it lets us limit our learned responses to appropriate stimuli
adaptive
the more hours children spend watching violent programs, the more at risk they are for _________ and _______ as teens and adults
aggression; crime
punishment also often increases _________ and does not guide the individual toward more desirbale behavior
aggressiveness
the importance of cognitive processes in human conditioning is demonstrated by the failure of classical conditioning as a treatment for ___________ ___________
alcohol dependence
children will also model negative, or ________ behaviors. this may help explain why _________ parents might have __________ children. however, _________ factors may also be involved
anti-social; abusive; aggressive; genetic
reinforcer
any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
more than 200 years agi philosophers such as john locke and david hume argued that an important factor in learning is our tendency to _________ events that occur in sequence. even simple animals, such as the sea slug aplysia, can learn simple _________ between stimuli. this type of learning is called _________ __________
associate; associations; associative learning
classical conditioning and operant conditioning are both forms of __________ ____________
associative learning
the psychologist best known for research on observational learning is __________
bandura
operant behavior
behavior that operates on the environment producing consequences
results such as these demonstrate that the principles of learning are constrained by the ____________ predispositions of each animal species and that they help each species __________ to its environment. they also demonstrate the importance of different ______________ in understanding complex phenomena
biological; adapt; levels of analysis
similarities between classical and operant conditioning
both are forms of associative learning; both involve acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination; both are influenced by biological and cognitive predispositions
research studies demonstrate that the body's immune system ______ (can/ cannot) be classically conditioned
can
correlation does not prove __________. most researchers believe that watching violence on television __________(does/ does not) lead to aggressive behavior
causation; does
type of conditioning that is one way that virtually all organisms learn to adapt to their environment
classical
the type of learning in which the organism learns to associate two stimuli is ___________ conditioning. a situation or event that evokes a response is a __________
classical; stimulus (pavlov)
the early behaviorists believed that to understand behavior in various organisms, any presumption of ________ was unnessecary
cognition
skinner and other behaviorists resisted the growing belief that expectations, perceptions, and other _________ processes have a valid place in the science of psychology
cognitive
wwe acquire mental information that guides our behavior through __________ _________. copmlex animals often learn behaviors merely by __________ others perform them. this is called __________ ___________
cognitive learning; observing; observational learning
when a well-learned route in a maze is blocked, rats sometimes choose an alternative route, acting as if they were consulting a ________ _________
cognitive map
classical and operant conditioning are both subject to the influences of _________ processes and __________ predispositions
cognitive; biological
in experiments to determine what an animal can perceive, researchers have found that animals are capable of forming ________ and ____________ between stimuli. similar experiments have been conducted with babies, who also can't verbalize their responses
concepts; discriminating
an aquired reinforcer
conditioned reinforcer
your instructor invites you to her home as part of a select group of students to discuss possible careers in psychology. the invitation is an example of a __________ _________
conditioned reinforcer
eventually, the dogs in pavlov's experiment would salivate on hearing the tone, now called the ________ _______. this salivation is called the _______ _________
conditioned stimulus; conditioned response
reinforcers that must be conditioned and therefore derive their power through association are called _________________
conditioned/ secondary reinforcers
in operant conditioning, organisms associate their own actions with ________. actions followed by _________ increase; actions followed by ________ decrease
consequence; reinforcers; punishers
each and every response is reinforced
continuous reinforcement
the procedure involving reinforcement of each and every response is called ______________ ______________. under these conditions, learning is __________ (rapid/ slow). when this type of reinforcement is dicontinued, extinction is _________ (rapid/ slow)
continuous reinforcement; rapid; rapid
through classical conditioning, former drug users often feel a ________ when they are in the ________ associated with previous highs
craving; context
skinner's critics argued that he ___________ people by neglecting their personal _____________ and by seeking to __________ their actions
dehumanized; freedom; control
last evening may-ling ate her first cheeseburger and french fries at an american fast-food restaurant. a few hour later she became ill. it can be expected that may-ling will
develop an aversion to the taste of a cheeseburger and french fries
to obtain a reward, a monkey learns to press a lever when a 1000-hz tone is on but not when a 1200-hz tone is on. what kind of training is this?
discrimination
a situation, or signal that a certain response will be reinforced is a _____________
discriminative stimulus
when the unconditioned stimulus is presented prior to a neutral stimulus, conditioning _________ (does/ does not) occur
does not
the manager of a manufacturing plant wishes to use positive reinforcement to increase the productivity of workers. which procedure is the most effective?
employees are given immediate bonuses for specific behaviors related to productivity
skinner's views were controversial because he insisted that _______ influences, rather than ___________ _____________ and ____________, shape behavior
external; internal thoughts; feelings
if a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, ___________ soon occurs; that is, the conditioned response diminishes
extinction
when a conditioned stimulus is presented without an accompanying unconditioned stimulus, ________ will soon take place
extinction
describe the typical patterns of response under fixed-interval, fixed-ratio, variable-interval, and variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement
fixed ratio: coffee shops reward with free drink after 10 purchases variable ratio: slot machines fixed interval: mailman/ quiz every friday variable interval: email/ text messages
leon's psychology instructor has scheduled an exam every third week of the term. leon will probably study the most just before an exam and the least just after an exam. this is because the schedule of exams is reinforcing studying according to which schedule
fixed-interval
you are expecting an important letter in the mail. as the regular delivery time approaches, you glance ore and more frequently out the window, searching for the letter carrier your behavior in this situation typifies that associated with which schedule of reinforcement?
fixed-interval
reinforcement of the first response after a set interval of time defines the _________-_______ schedule. an example of this schedule is _______________________
fixed-interval; checking mail as delivery time approaches
lars, a shoe saleman, is paid every two weeks, whereas tom receives a commission for each pair of shoes he sells. evidently, lars is paid on a _________ schedule of reinforcement, and tom on a _________ schedule reinforcement
fixed-interval; fixed-ratio
the "piecework," or commission, method of payment is an example of which reinforcement schedule
fixed-ratio
when behavior is reinforced after a set of number of responses, a ________-______ schedule is in effect
fixed-ratio
example of unconditioned stimulus
food
experiments on taste-aversion learning demonstrate that
for the conditioning of certain stimuli, the unconditoned need not immediately follow the conditioned stimulus
mirror neurons are found in the brain's ________ and are believed by some scientists to be the neural basis for __________
frontal lobe; observational learning
the violence-viewing effect stems from several factors, including _________ of observed aggression and the tendency of prolonged exposure to violence to _________ viewers
imitation; desensitize
for operant conditioning to be most effective, when should the reinforcers be presented in relation to the desired responses?
immediately after
cognitive processes are
important in both classical and operant conditioning
discrimination
in classical conditioning refers to the ability to distinguish the conditioned stimulus from similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. in operant conditioning, it refers to responding differently to stimuli that signal a behavior will be reinforced or will not be reinforced
one difference between classical and operant conditioning is that
in classical conditioning the responses are automically triggered by stimuli
differences between classical and operant conditioning
in classical conditioning, organisms associate different stimuli that they do not control and respond automatically; in operant conditioning, organisms associate their own behaviors with their consequences
two major characteristics that distinguish classical conditioning from operant conditioning
in classical conditioning, the organism learns associations between two stimuli, and its behavior is automatic; in operant conditioning, the organism learns associations between its behavior and resulting events and the organism operates on the environment
in distinguishing between negative reinforcers and punishment, we note that
in contrast to punishment, negative reinforcement decreases the likelihood of a response by the presentation of an aversive stimulus
primary reinforcers
inborn and do not depend on learning
during holiday breaks lionel watches wrestling, which ________ his aggressive tendencies. his brother michael won't watch the wrestling because he feels the pain of the choke hold, for example, as reflected in his brain's ________ _________. instead, michael spends time with grandma, who cooks for the poor during the holiday season, helping michael to learn ____________ behavior
increases; mirror neurons; prosocial
negative reinforcement _____________ (increases/ decreases) a response by __________ an aversive stimulus after that response. punishment _________ (increases/ decreases) a response by _______ an aversive stimulus after that response
increases; removing; decreases; presenting
biological constraints predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally ___________. when animals revert to their biologically predisposed patterns, they are exhibiting what is called ________
instinctive drift
the motivation to perform a behavior for its own sake
intrinsic motivation
excessive rewards may undermine _________ _______, which is the desire to perform a behavior for its own sake. the motivation to seek external rewards and avoid punishment is called __________ _________
intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation
nancy decided to take introductory psychology because she has always been interested in human behavior. jack enrolled in the same course because he thought it would be easy. nancy's behavior was motivated by ________, jack's by __________
intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation
the pupil of your eye dilates (open wider) after you enter a darkened theater: voluntary or involuntary
involuntary
you flinch when someone yells "duck": voluntary or involuntary
involuntary
operant conditioning __________ (is/ is not) constrained by an animal's biological predispositions
is
prosocial behavior
is positive, helpful, and constructive; subject to the same principles of observational learning as is undesirable behavior, such as aggression
immediate reinforcement _______ (is/ is not) more effective than its alternative, ________ reinforcement. this explains in part the difficulty that _______ users have in quitting their habits, as well as the tendency of some teens to engage in risky, _____________
is; delayed; drug; unprotected sex
classical conditioning was first explored by the russian physiologist _________. early in the twentieth century, psychologist __________ urged psychologists to discard references to mental concepts in favor of studying observable behavior. this view, called ________, influenced american psychology during the first half of that century
ivan pavlov; john watson; behaviorism
after exploring a complicated maze for several days, a rat subsequently ran the maze with very few errors when food was placed in the goal box for the first time. this performance illustrates
latent learning
animals may learn from experience even when reinforcement is not available. when learning is not apparent until reinforcement has been provided, ________ ________ is said to have occurred
latent learning
learning that becomes apparent only after reinforcement is provided
latent learning
b.f. skinner used thorndike's _____ ______ ______ as a starting point in developing a behavioral technology. this principle states that ________ behavior is likely to ______
law of effect; rewarded; recur
learning by observing and imitating others is called ________, or _____________________________________. this form of learning ___________ (occurs/ does not occur) in species other than our own
modeling; observational learning; occurs
the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors is called
learning
observational learning
learning by watching and imitating the behavior of others
which statement concerning reinforcement is correct
learning is most rapid with continuous reinforcement, but intermittent reinforcement produces the greatest resistance to extinction
latent learning
learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement but only becomes apparent when there is an incentive to demonstrate it
correlational studies, _________ (link/ do not link) watching television violence with violent behavior
link
a cognitive map is a
mental representation of one's environment
neuroscientists have found ___________ neurons in the brain's _______ live that may provide a neural basis for __________ learning. these neurons have been observed to fire when monkeys perform a simple task and when they ____________________________. whether the human ability to ________ and __________ is due to these neurons or to distributed brain ___________ is an issue currently being debated
mirror; frontal; observational; observe other monkeys performing; empathize; imitate; networks
in boosting productivity in the workplace, positive reinforcement is _____________ (more/ less) effective when applied to specific behaviors than when given to reward general merit and when the desired performance is well defined and _____________. for such behaviors, immediate reinforcement is ____________ (more/ no more) effective than delayed reinforcement
more; achievable; more
as a child, you were playing in the yard one day when a neighbor's cat wandered over. your mother (who has a terrible fear of animals) screamed and snatched you into her arms. her behavior caused you to cry. you now have a fear of cats (the unconditioned stimulus is: )
mother's behavior
unconditioned stimulus
naturally and automatically triggers the reflexive unconditioned response
parents grounding you is (positive/ negative) punishment
negative (withdraw)
jack finally takes out the garbage in order to get his father to stop pestering him. jack's behavior is being influenced by ________ _________
negative reinforcement
putting on your coat when it is cold outside is a behavior that is maintained by
negative reinforcement
removal of an aversive stimulus
negative reinforcement
a stimulus that strengthens a response by reducing or removing an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus is a _____________
negative reinforcer
a response that leads to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus is one being
negatively reinforced
mirror neurons
neural basis for observational learning; generate impulses when certain actions are performed or when another individual who performs these actions is observed
in pavlov's classic experiment, a tone, or _________ __________, is sounded just before food, the ________ ________ is placed in the animal's mouth
neural stimulus; unconditioned stimulus
you always rattle the box of dog biscuits before giving your dog a treat. as you do so, your dog salivates. at first, rattling the box is a ___________ which eventually becomes a _________. your dog's salivation is a __________
neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus; conditioned response
classical conditioning associates ___________ stimuli with stimuli that trigger responses that are __________. thus, in this form of conditioning, the organism ____________ (does/ does not) control the responses
neutral; automatic; does not
the procedure in which an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a different _________ stimulusm thereby establishing the latter as a _________ stimulus, is called _____________
neutral; conditioned; higher-order conditioning
another aspect of pavlov's legacy is that he showed how a process such as learning could be studied ___________
objectively
after watching coverage of the olympics on television recently, lynn and susan have been staging their own "summer games". which best accounts for their behavior?
observational learning
learning by imitating others' behaviors is called _________ learning the researcher best known for studing this type of learning is
observational; bandura
respondent behavior
occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
fixed-interval schedule
one in which a response is reinforced after a specified time has elapsed
fixed-ratio schedule
one in which reinforcement is presented after a set number of responses
variable-interval schedule
one in which responses are reinforced after varying intervals of time
on an intermittent reinforcement schedule, reinforcement is given
only some of the time
in contrast, behavior that is more spontaneous and that is influenced by its consequences is called __________ behavior
operant
the tendency of organisms to associate a response and its consequence forms the basis of _________ conditioning
operant
the type of learning associated with skinner is
operant conditioning
you teach your dog to fetch the paper by giving him a cookie each time he does so. this is an example of
operant conditioning
reggie's mother tells him that he can watch tv after he cleans his room. evidently, reggie's mother is attempting to use ________ to increase room cleaning
operant conditioning, secondary reinforcement, and positive reinforcement
skinner also advocated the use of ___________ principles to influence people in ways that promote more desirable ___________
operant; behavior
shaping is a __________ technique for _________ a behavior
operant; establishing
associative learning
organisms learn that certain events occur together; two variations include classical conditioning and operant conditioning
the procedure in which responses are reinforced only part of the time is called ___________ reinforcement. under these conditions, learning is generally _________ (faster/ slower) than it is with continuous reinforcement. behavior reinforced in this manner is ______ (very/ not very) resistant to extinction
partial/ intermittent; slower; very
which psychologist used a dog in an experiment
pavlov
which two psychologists are most associated with classical conditioning?
pavlov and watson
a pigeon can easily be taught to flap its wings to avoid shock but not for food reinforcement. according to the text, this is most likely so because
pigeons are biologically predisposed to flap their wings to escape aversive events and to use their beaks to obtain food
spanking is __________ (positive/ negative) punishment
positive (administers
presentation of a desired stimulus
positive reinforcement
a stimulus that strengthens a response by presenting a typcally stimulus after a response is a ________ _________
positive reinforcer
experiments by rescorla and wagner demonstrate that a conditioned stimulus must reliably ________ the unconditioned stimulus for an association to develop and, more generally, that _________ processes play a role in conditioning. it is as if the animal learns to __________ that the unconditioned stimulus will occur
predict; cognitive; expect
an innately reinforcing stimulus
primary reinforcer
reinforcers, such as food and shock, that are related to basic needs and therefore do not rely on learning are called _______ ______
primary reinforcers
children will model positive, or ________, behaviors
prosocial
presentation of an aversive stimulus
punishment
an aversive consequence that decreases the likelihood of the behavior that preceded it is called ___________. if an aversive stimulus is administered, it is called _________ __________. if a desirable stimulus is withdrawn, it is called __________ ___________
punishment; positive punishment; negative punishment
which is the best example of a conditioned reinforcer
receiving an approving nod from the boss for a job well done
acquisition
refers to the initial stage of conditioning in which the new response is established and gradually strengthened; in operant, the strengthening of a reinforced response
generalization
refers to the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus to evoke a conditioned response
extinction
refers to the weakening of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is no longer followed by the unconditioned stimulus; in operant conditioning it occurs when a response is no longer reinforced
a _________________ is a pattern specifying how often a ________ _______ is reinforced
reinforcement schedule; desired response
for instance, with animals it is difficult to use food as a _________ to __________ behaviors that are not naturally associated with ________
reinforcer; shape; food
the reflexive responses of classical conditioning involve __________ behavior
respondant
some psychologists once believed that any natural ___________ could be conditioned to any neural ________
response; stimulus
bandura believes people imitate a model because of __________ and _________ those received by the model as well as by imitators
rewards; punishments
example of unconditioned response
salivation
example of negative reinforcer
seat belt sound
reinforcing closer and closer approximations of a behavior
shaping
online testing systems and interactive software are applications of the operant conditioning principles of
shaping and immediate reinforcement
the procedure in which a person teaches an animal to perform an intricate behavior by building up to it in small steps is called ________. this method involves reinforcing successive _________ of the desired behavior
shaping; discriminating
the use of teaching machines and programmed textbooks was an early applcation of the operant conditioning procedure of _________ to education. online ___________ systems, software that is __________, and _______-based learning are newer examples of this application of operant principles. reinforcement principles can also be used to enhance _________ abilities by shaping successive approximations of new skills
shaping; testing; interactive; web; athletic
garcia discovered that rats would associate ________ with taste but not with other stimuli. garcia found that taste-aversion conditioning ___________ (would/ would not) occur when the delay between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus was more than an hour. conditioning is speedier, stronger, and more durable when the conditioned stimulus is ___________ relevant
sickness; would; ecologically
humans and other animals can also be trained not to respond to __________ stimuli. this learned ability is called _________
similar; discrimination
models are most effective when they are perceived as _______, ________, or ___________. models are also most effective when their words and actions are _________
similar; successful; admirable; consistent
skinner designed an apparatus, called the _________ _________ (or _______ ________), to investigate learning in animals. this design creates a stage on which organisms act out Skinner's concept of _________, any event that increases the frequency of a preceding response
skinner box; operant chamber; reinforcement
operant conditioning is to _________ as classical conditioning is to _____
skinner; pavlov
example of fixed-ratio
smoothie card
because punished behavior is merely ___________, it may reappear. also, punishment teaches __________, that behavior that is unacceptable in one context may be acceptable in another. punishment can also lead to _________ and a sense of helplessness, as well as to the association of the aversive event with __________________
suppressed; discrimination; fear; the person who administered the punishment
sexual conditioning studies with qual demonstrate that classical conditioning is highly adaptive because it helps animals ________ and _________
survive; reproduce
in garcia and koelling's studies of taste-aversion learning, rats learned to associate
taste with sickness
ms. ramirez often tells her children that it is important to bucke their seat belts while riding in the car, but she rarely does so herself. her children will probably learn to
tell others it is important to use seat belts but rarely use them themselves
two rate are independently placed in a maze. one rat is rewarded with food in the goal box. the other receives no food reward. on a later trial, food is placed in the goal box for the "unrewarded" rat. what can you say about the rat's behavior on that trial?
the "unrewarded" rat will run to the goal box just as quickly as the rewarded rat
As a child, you were playing in the yard one day when a neighbor's cat wandered over. Your mother (who has a terrible fear of animals) screamed and snatched you into her arms. Her behavior caused you to cry. You now have a fear of cats (the neural stimulus, then conditioned stimulus is: )
the cat
instrinsic motivation
the desire to perform a behavior for its own sake, rather than for some external reason, and to be effective
extrinsic motivation
the desire to perform a behavior in order to obtain a reward or avoid a punishment
conditioned response
the learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus, which results from the aquired association between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
partial (intermittent) reinforcement
the operant procedure of reinforcing a response intermittently; a response that has been partially reinforced is much more resistant to extinction than one that has been continuously reinforced
continuous reinforcement
the operant procedure of reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs; in promoting the acquisition of a new response it is best to use continuous reinforcement
classical conditioning experiments by rescorla and wagner demonstrate that an important factor in conditioning is
the predictability of an association
punishment
the presentation of an aversive stimulus, such as shock, which dereases the behavior it follows
modeling
the process of watching and then imitating a specific behavior and is thus an important means through which observational learning occurs
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest period
the unconditioned response
the unlearned, involuntary response to the unconditioned stimulus
behaviorism
the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies only observable behaviors without reference to mental processes
true or false: although punishment may be effective in suppressing behavior, it can have several undesirable side effects
true
true or false: as a rule, variable schedules of reinforcement produce more consistent rates of responding than fixed schedules
true
true or false: elementary schoolchildren with heavy exposure to media violence also tend to get into more fights
true
true or false: spontaneous recovery refers to the tendency of extinguished behaviors to reappear suddenly
true
true or false: the learning of a new behavior proceeds most rapidly with continuous reinforcement
true
an animal will salivate when food is placed in its mouth. this salivation is called the _________ __________
unconditioned response
in pavlov's original experiment with dogs, salivation to meat was the
unconditioned response
in pavlov's original experiment with dogs, the meat served as a
unconditioned stimulus
during extinction, the _______ is omitted; as a result, the ________ seems to disappear
unconditioned stimulus; conditioned response
in watson and rayner's experiment, the loud noise was the _______ and the white rat was the ________
unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus
after discovering that her usual route home was closed due to road repairs, sharetta used her knowledge of the city and sense of direction to find an alternative route. this is an example of
using a cognitive map
when the first response after varying amounts of time is reinforced, a ____________-___________ schedule is in effect
variable-interval
responses are reinforced after an unpredictable amount of time
variable-interval schedule
from a casino owner's viewpoing, which of the following jackpot-payout schedules would be the most desirable for reinforcing customer use of a slot machine?
variable-ratio
the highest and most consistent rate of response is produced by a ________ schedule
variable-ratio
three year old yusef know that if he cries when he wants a treat, his mother will sometimes give in. when, as in this case, reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable number of responses, a _________-________ schedule is being used
variable-ratio
compared with the real world, television depicts a much higher percentage of crimes as being ________ in nature
violent
after receiving a mild shock from the "invisible fence" surrounding his yard, a god no longer crosses the boundary: voluntary/ involuntary
voluntary
you ask more questions in class after the professor praises you for a good question: voluntary or involuntary
voluntary
children in devloped countries spend more time _____________ than they spend in school
watching tv
regarding the impact of watching television violence on children, most researchers believe that
watching violence on television leads to aggressive behavior
which psychologist used baby albert in an experiment
watson
describe the watson and rayner experiment
watson and rayner experiment: classical conditioning used to condition fear of a white rat in baby albert, an 11-month old infant
in pavlov's studies of classical conditioning of a dog's salivary responses, spontaneous recovery occurred
when the conditioned stimulus was reintroduced following extinction of the conditioned response and a rest period
as a child, you were playing in the yard one day when a neighbor's cat wandered over. your mother (who has a terrible fear of animals) screamed and snatched you into her arms. her behavior caused you to cry. you now have a fear of cats. (the unconditioned response is: )
your crying
as a child, you were playing in the yard one day when a neighbor's cat wandered over. your mother (who has a terrible fear of animals) screamed and snatched you into her arms. her behavior caused you to cry. you now have a fear of cats (the conditioned response is: )
your fear
