Learning Check 4

Controlled processing involves

Close attention

Illusory conjunctions are

Combinations of features from different stimuli

Dichotic listening occurs when

Different messages are presented to the left and right ears

Ability to pay attention to, or carry out, two or more different tasks simultaneously is known as

Divided attention

The Stroop effect demonstrates

How automatic processing can interfere with controlled processing.

In Schneider and Shiffrin's experiment, in which participants were asked to indicate whether a target stimulus was present in a series of rapidly presented "frames," divided attention was easier.

In the consistent-mapping condition.

Flanker compatibility experiments have been conducted using a variety of stimulus conditions. By definition, this procedure must include at least one target and one distractor. In any condition where we find that distractor influenced reaction time, we can conclude that the distractor

Increased the cognitive load of the task.

A high threshold in Treisman's model of attention implies that

It takes a strong signal to cause activation

The main difference between early and late selection models of attention is that in late selection models, selection of stimuli for final processing doesn't occur until the information is analyzed for

Meaning

The use of an eye tracker can help reveal the shifting of one's _____ attention

Overt

In Simons and Chabris's inattentional blindness experiment, participants watch a film of people playing basketball. Many participants failed to report that a gorilla walked through because the

Participants were counting the number of ball passes

Suppose two teenagers are vying for their mother's attention. The mother is trying to pay attention to one of her daughters, though both girls are talking (one about her boyfriend, one about a school project). According to the operating characteristics of Treisman's attenuator, it is most likely the attenuator is analyzing the incoming messages in terms of the

Physical characteristics and meaning of the message.

Broadbent's filter model proposes that the filter identifies the attended message based on the

Physical characteristics of the message

According to Treisman's feature integration theory, the first stage of perception is called the ____ stage.

Preattentive

When a person is shadowing a message, he or she is

Saying the message out loud

When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of ______ attention.

Selective

Strayer and Johnston's (2001) experiment involving stimulated driving and the use of hands free vs handheld cells phones found that

Talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent.

Automatic processing occurs when

Tasks are well practiced.

The cocktail party effect is

The ability to pay attention to one message and ignore others, yet hear distinctive features of the unattended messages

Research on the use of cell phones while driving indicates that

The main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone.