Learning plan 2 homework assignment

What is the most significant cause of hemorrhoids during pregnancy?

Compression of veins

Why is capacitation of sperm important for their ability to fertilize the oocyte?

It removes a glycoprotein coat on the acrosome.

Together, the hypoblast and epiblast form the

bilateral germinal disc.

Initially, sperm are not capable of fertilizing the oocyte. They must first undergo

capacitation

The outermost extraembryonic membrane that will eventually form the placenta is the

chorion

When the pre-embryo undergoes a series of mitotic divisions after the 2-cell stage, this is called __________.

cleavage

For the first few days after birth, the baby will receive __________ from the breast rather than breast milk.

colostrum

During pregnancy, many hormones contribute to insulin resistance. This may lead to gestational __________.

diabetes

A woman is in labor and her water broke. She is in the midst of the __________ stage of labor.

dilation

The developmental processes that occur during pre-embryonic and embryonic periods are known collectively as ___________.

embryogenesis

During the embryonic stage, the primary germ layers develop from the

embryonic disc.

A patient has weak contractions that are irregularly spaced. She is likely experiencing _________ labor.

false

T or F: Compared to the embryonic period, growth of the body slows significantly during the fetal period.

false

T or F: During true labor, Braxton-Hicks contractions dominate.

false

T or F: Spanking a newborn is required to initiate the infant's first breaths.

false

T or F: The uterus of a mother who does not breastfeed will return to normal size faster than a mother who does breastfeed.

false

During pregnancy, the uterus undergoes

hypertrophy.

During ____________, the blastocyst embeds in the endometrium of the uterus.

implantation

After birth, the foramen ovale is closed as a result of

increasing pressure in the left atrium.

Does a fetus usually gain the greatest amount of weight during weeks 13-16?

No

Human placental lactogen

helps conserve maternal glucose for the fetus.

Substances that can cause birth defects or death of the embryo are referred to as _____________.

teratogens

Nutrients and wastes are exchanged between mother and fetus through the

placenta.

During labor, oxytocin stimulates the uterus to contract. Contraction of the uterus increases pressure on the cervix, causing more oxytocin to be released from the hypothalamus. This is an example of ___________ feedback.

positive

Cleavage occurs during the _______ stage.

pre-embryonic

T or F: A patient is pregnant and her uterus has not yet enlarged. She must be less than 4 weeks pregnant.

true

T or F: A postpartum patient is experiencing what seems like a heavy period for several weeks after giving birth. She is likely experiencing the release of lochia.

true

T or F: After birth, the mother's estrogen and progesterone levels drop sharply, which may result in sadness and depression.

true

T or F: During pregnancy, hCG is important because it keeps the corpus luteum from degenerating.

true

T or F: During pregnancy, increasing estrogen causes the uterine myometrium to increase its oxytocin receptors.

true

T or F: Oxytocin is released from the fetus and plays a role in true labor.

true

A patient is having contractions that are increasing in intensity and frequency, and her cervix is dilated. She is likely experiencing

true labor.

Fertilization usually occurs in the

uterine tube.

Put the steps of lactation in order. 1. Nipple or areola of breast is stimulated - oxytocin causes myoepithelial cells surrounding alveolar glands to contract - Nerve impulses travel to hypothalamus - Hypothalamus signals posterior lobe of pituitary gland to release oxytocin - milk is released from ductile system through nipple

- Nerve impulses travel to hypothalamus - Hypothalamus signals posterior lobe of pituitary gland to release oxytocin - oxytocin causes myoepithelial cells surrounding alveolar glands to contract- milk is released from ductile system through nipple

Put the steps in the activation of uterine contractions in order. 1. Cervix is stretched - fetus is moved downward - Stretch receptors are stimulated - Reflex is elicited that causes stronger uterine contractions - Fetal head is forced toward cervix

- Stretch receptors are stimulated - Reflex is elicited that causes stronger uterine contractions - Fetus is moved downward - Fetal head is forced toward cervix

Put the following events of cleavage into the correct order of occurrence. - The pre-embryo divides to become a blastocyst. - Cell division forms a morula. - The cell reaches the 8-cell stage.

- The cell reaches the 8-cell stage. - Cell division forms a morula. - The pre-embryo divides to become a blastocyst.

Complete the following fill-in-the-blank sentences regarding the derivatives of the inner cell mass and the trophoblast. The hollow sphere known as the ______ consists of a single layer of cells called the _______ and a thickened area called the _______. Some of the cells of the _______ give rise to the embryonic disk; while the _______ gives rise to extraembryonic structures such as the placenta.

- blastocyst - trophoblast - inner cell mass - inner cell mass - trophoblast

Place the events that occur during cleavage in the correct sequence from beginning to end. - 4-cell stage - fertilization - morula - 8-cell stage - implantation - zygote - 2-cell stage - blastocyst

- fertilization - zygote - 2-cell stage - 4-cell stage - 8-cell stage - morula - blastocyst - implantation

Match the component of the placenta with its description. 1. Forms the fetal portion of the placenta 2. Contains umbilical arteries and veins 3. Forms the maternal portion of the placenta - Chorion - Functional layer of uterus -Umbilical cord

1. Forms the fetal portion of the placenta - chorion 2. Contains umbilical arteries and veins - umbilical cord 3. Forms the maternal portion of the placenta - functional layer of uterus

Match the primary germ layer with its location. 1. Inner layer 2. Middle layer 3. Outer layer - ectoderm - mesoderm - endoderm

1. Inner layer - endoderm 2. Middle layer - mesoderm 3. Outer layer - ectoderm

Match the information given with the correct stage of labor: 1st (dilation), 2nd (expulsion), or 3rd (placental). 1. Stage that has the onset of regular uterine contractions and dilation of the cervix 2. Stage in which the cervix dilates to a diameter of about 10 cm 3. The stage which commonly lasts 8-24 hours 4. The stage in which the amniotic sac ruptures 5. The stage in which the baby exits the vagina 6. The stage which commonly lasts from a few minutes to an hour 7. The stage in which contraction of the woman's abdominal muscles assists the uterine contractions 8. The stage in which the placenta is expelled from the uterus

1. Stage that has the onset of regular uterine contractions and dilation of the cervix - First stage 2. Stage in which the cervix dilates to a diameter of about 10 cm - First stage 3. The stage which commonly lasts 8-24 hours First stage 4. The stage in which the amniotic sac ruptures - First stage 5. The stage in which the baby exits the vagina - Second stage 6. The stage which commonly lasts from a few minutes to an hour - Second stage 7. The stage in which contraction of the woman's abdominal muscles assists the uterine contractions - Second stage 8. The stage in which the placenta is expelled from the uterus - Third stage

Match the term with the correct definition. 1. The developing human from the period from conception until birth 2. The developing human from the time of fertilization to the end of the eighth week 3. The developing human from 8 weeks to birth 4. Uses the mother's last menstrual period to calculate the age of the developing human 5. Uses the date of fertilization to calculate the age of the developing human 6. Diploid cell resulting from the union of a sperm cell and an oocyte

1. The developing human from the period from conception until birth -Prenatal period 2. The developing human from the time of fertilization to the end of the eighth week - Embryo 3. The developing human from 8 weeks to birth - Fetus 4. Uses the mother's last menstrual period to calculate the age of the developing human -Clinical age of the unborn 5. Uses the date of fertilization to calculate the age of the developing human - Developmental age of the unborn 6. Diploid cell resulting from the union of a sperm cell and an oocyte -Zygote

Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding fertilization and blastocyst formation. 1. When a secondary oocyte is released from the ovary, it completes its meiotic division in the absence of fertilization. 2. Fertilization stimulates a released secondary oocyte to complete its meiotic division. 3. Fertilization must take place within 24 hours of ovulation, due to the disintegration of the oocyte. 4. Cleavage is the process of the zygote dividing by mitosis.

1. When a secondary oocyte is released from the ovary, it completes its meiotic division in the absence of fertilization. False 2. Fertilization stimulates a released secondary oocyte to complete its meiotic division. True 3. Fertilization must take place within 24 hours of ovulation, due to the disintegration of the oocyte. True 4. Cleavage is the process of the zygote dividing by mitosis. True

Match the tissue or organ with the germ layer from which it develops. 1. ectoderm 2. mesoderm 3. endoderm - amnion - bones - muscles - heart - spinal cord - digestive tract - brain - skin - allantois

1. ectoderm - amnion - spinal cord - brain - skin 2. mesoderm - bones - muscles - heart 3. endoderm - digestive tract - allantois

Many pregnancy tests detect human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). If a patient's pregnancy test was positive, the embryo was at least ____________ old when she took the test.

2 weeks

When does implantation typically begin after fertilization?

7 days

Epiblast cells form three primary germ layers in a process called _____________.

gastrulation

The chorion is the _____ and the amnion is the _____.

outermost covering of an embryo and helps form the placenta; a membrane that encircles a developing embryo

The placenta allows

oxygen and nutrients to diffuse from maternal blood to the embryo.

Contractions of the uterus during breastfeeding occur due to a spike in the hormone ________.

oxytocin