LearnSmart Readings Ch 1, 2 & 3

Elements in the furthest left column of the periodic table have ____ electrons in their valence shell.

1

Rank the following terms from simplest to most complex

1. Cells 2. Tissues 3. Organs 4. Organ systems 5. Organism

Chapter 2

Atoms, Ions, and Molecules

The chemical symbol for carbon is

C

Cranial

Caudal

The abdomen is _______ to the head

Caudal

The abdomen is ______to the head

Caudal

Which are examples of negitive feedback regulation?

Changes in blood pressure when exercising and changing breathing rate in response to an increase of CO2

______ may explore how the lower limb differs between humans and chimps

Comparative

Nervous system

Controls body movement and conducts impulses for internal communication

Superficial

Deep

Pericardium

Heart

Which element is the smallest and lightest

Hydrogen

In a carbon skeleton, if a carbon atom does not have it's required four bonds shown in the structural formula, the additional atoms are assumed to be ________ atoms

Hydrogen atoms

Protons are found ____

In the atomic nucleus

Pleura

Lungs

The plane known as the______ plane passes through the specimen at an angle.

Oblique

In a negative feedback process, the resulting action will always be in the ____ direction of the stimulus

Opposite

Receptors

Organs in the skin detect heat Free nerve endings in the skin detect cold

Receptor

Perceives a stimulus

A serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is called the

Peritoneum

Muscular system

Produces body movement and heat

Skeletal system

Provide support and protection, site of hemopoiesis

_____ investigates the relationships among internal structures that may be visualized by specific scanning procedures?

Radiographic anatomy

If one is studying the axillary (armpit) area of the body and its nerves, blood vessels, lymph, nodes, musculature, connective tissue and skin, _________ is the type of anatomy that is being studied.

Regional Anatomy

Substances that dissolve in water are called

Solutes

_________is an accurate description of the anatomic position?

The eyes look forward, and head is level

Histology refers to

The study of tissues

A _____ plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Transverse

Proteins are made up of

amino acids

____ are scientists who study the structure and form of organisms

anatomists

Monosaccharides are a type of _______

carbohydrate

Biomolecules always contain

carbon and hydrogen

Amino acids are linked _________ by ________ bonds

covalently, peptide bonds

The octet rule refers to the number of ________ in an atom.

electrons

Atoms are composed of protons, ____, and electrons.

neutrons

The unit of measurement for the number of particles in a solution are ______

osmoles

Scientists who examine how organs and body systems function under normal circumstances, as well as how their functions may change with disease are called

physiologists

Distal

proximal

The outermost (energy) electron shell is referred to as the _______ shell

valence

_____ trends to focus on the form and structure, while ____ focuses on the mechanisms and functions of these structures

Anatomy and physiology

Anatomy is the study of what?

Form and structure

The midsagittal plane is termed a

Sagittal plane

The ______ plane is a vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior parts

coronal

The chemical level of an organization is

- Composed of atoms and molecules - The simplest level of organization

Rank the elements in order of increasing electronegativity. The element with the GREATEST electronegativity will be LAST.

1. Hydrogen 2. Carbon 3. Nitrogen 4. Oxygen

How many elements exist in our body at levels higher than trace amounts?

12

iron (Fe) has an atomic number of

26

Carbon 13 has______ protons & ____________ neutrons and _______ electrons

6 protons, 7 neutrons, 6 electrons

A neutral solution has a pH of

7

Electrons have ____

A negative charge

Respiratory Physiology

A study of how gas exchange occurs

Neurophysiology

An examination of nerve impulses that travel throughout the body.

Visualizing the body in the ________ ________ is significant because all observers have a common point of reference when describing and discussing its regions

Anatomic position

______ is the scientific discipline that studies the relationship among parts of the body as well as the structure of individual organs; whereas, ________ is the discipline in which the function of body structures is the focus

Anatomy and Physiology

The _____ region is composed of the upper and lower limbs.

Appendicular region

Effectors

Blood vessels dilate, sweat glands secrete sweat Blood vessels in the skin constrict, muscles shiver

Homeostasis

Body temperature returns to normal

Effector

Brings about change in response to the stimulus

Carbon can form ____ covalent bond and nitrogen can form

C- 4; N-3

The ______ plane would divide the chest from the back?

Coronal

The posterior aspect of the axial region of the body contains the _______

Cranial cavity and vertebral canal.

Physiology

Describes the mechanisms by which different nutrients are broken down

Anatomy

Describes the muscle layers in the wall of the small intestine

Peritoneum

Digestive organs

Ventral

Dorsal

The _____ is the structure that brings about the change to alter the stimulus

Effector

Sagittal Plane

Extends through the body vertically and divides structures into left and right portions.

Reproductive physiology

Gamete production and related hormones and physiologic cycles.

_____ anatomy is also called macroscopic anatomy

Gross

Control center

Hypothalamus of brain sets body temperature

Which of the following body structures can serve as effectors?

Insulin secreting cells of pancreases and smooth muscles of bronchioles

Control center

Integrates input and initiates change

Midsagittal plane

Is a vertical plane and divides the body or organ into equal left and right halves.

The median space in the thoracic cavity is called

Mediastinum

The _____ plane would divide the head into a left half and right half (each containing one ear, one ear, and half of the nose and mouth).

Midsagittal

The serous membrane forming the outer most layer of the sac that surrounds the heart is the

Parietal Pericardium

The _____ lines the internal surface of the thoracic wall.

Parietal Pleura

Regarding the series membranes of the vertical cavity, a ______ layer lines the internal surface of the body wall, while a _______ layer covers the external surface of organs

Parietal layer that typically lines the internal surface of the body wall Visceral layer that covers the external surface of organs

Uterine contraction of childbirth are an example of which type of a _____ feedback loop.

Positive feedback

When a stimulus is reinforced to continue in the same direction until a climactic event occurs, it is best as described as ________.

Positive feedback

Integumentary System

Provides protection, regulates body temperature, prevents water loss

A _______ plane extends through the body vertically divides it into UNequal left and right halves

Sagittal Plane

Negative feedback mechanisms work by maintaining the variable within a normal level or what is called a

Set Point

Matter is present in the body in three forms:

Solid (bone), liquid (blood), and gases (Oxygen O2 and Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Water is present in three phases; gas (water vapor) liquid (water), and ____

Solid (ice)

Organs of the abdominal cavity include the

Stomach

Cardiovascular Physiology

The function of the heart, blood and blood vessels are examined.

________ is an example of a directional term that is correct

The heart is medial to the lungs

T/F: Anatomists and physiologists use the scientific method to explain and understand the workings of the body

True

T/F: Most homeostatic variables aren't constant over time but fluctuate around a set point.

True

T/F: Physiology focuses on the molecular or cellular level to gain an understanding of how organ systems work

True

The _____ canal contains the spinal cord

Vertebral

Stimulus

Vigorous exercise raises body temperature Cold temperature lowers body temperature below normal

The ______ covers the surfaces of most digestive organs

Visceral Peritoneum

Which are examples of negative feedback regulation?

Withdrawal reflex from stepping on glass, regulating heart rate, and regulating blood pressure

_____ examine the relationships among parts of the body as well as the structure of individual organs

anatomists

Identify the four most common elements of the human body

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

Lipids are water-insoluble or:

hydrophobic

Cytology refers to

the study of cells and their internal structures